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Kraus B, Harrison G, Santos R, Vils Pedersen MR. Ultrasound education across European Federation of Radiographers Societies (EFRS) countries: Similarities and differences. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:715-722. [PMID: 38428195 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultrasound education varies greatly across European healthcare systems. This paper focuses on ultrasound academic education as a part of wider suite of surveys on radiographers working in ultrasound. The aim was to investigate sonography educational levels, methods of training, course duration and other factors in European Federation of Radiographers Societies (EFRS) member countries. METHOD In 2019 an online survey was sent to the 38 EFRS member societies to distribute to higher education institutions within their own country. The survey was in English and contained different types of questions such as closed questions, free text options, and scale responses, to investigate sonography education including academic course types and duration, curriculum content, learning and teaching methods. RESULTS A total of 45 responses were received, showing wide variation in the duration of training between the respective countries. Academic level 7 (part-time) ultrasound education was most frequently reported (n = 13), followed by direct entry ultrasound courses (n = 9) and bachelor's degree programmes at EQF level 6 (n = 7). The duration of part-time courses ranged from nine months up to four years. CONCLUSION Sonography training and education varies among EFRS member countries ranging from short focused courses to postgraduate awards. Few countries offer sonography education leading to an award. The majority of clinical teaching and learning takes place in the learner's workplace. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE High quality academic and clinical education for radiographers extending their role into ultrasound is important to ensure safe, effective sonography practice and good patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kraus
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, Radiological Technology, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Favoritenstrasse 226, A-1100 Vienna, Austria.
| | - G Harrison
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV Utrecht, the Netherlands; Society and College of Radiographers, 207 Providence Square Mill Street, London SE1 2EW, UK; School of Health and Psychological Sciences. City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - R Santos
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV Utrecht, the Netherlands; Medical Imaging Radiotherapy Department, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rue 5 de Outubro, 3046-854, Portugal
| | - M R Vils Pedersen
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Hospital Southern Denmark, Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital, Beriderbakken 4, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Health, Campusvej 55, Odense, Denmark
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Abuzaid MM, Elshami W. Voices from the field: A qualitative exploration of sonography professionals in the United Arab Emirates through focus group discussions. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:834-839. [PMID: 38552563 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The practice of sonography in the United Arab Emirates is evolving rapidly. This study explores the professional landscape and challenges of sonography practice in the United Arab Emirates, focusing on identifying areas for improvement in education, practice scope, and professional development. METHODS Employing qualitative methodologies, using focus group discussions and thematic analysis, this research gathers insights from practicing sonographers across various healthcare settings in the UAE to assess current practices, educational needs, and workplace challenges. RESULTS Findings reveal a consensus among sonographers on the need for a structured professional framework, standardized education pathways, and clear career progression routes. Additionally, the study highlights a desire among sonographers for an expanded scope of practice, particularly in specialized areas, amidst challenges such as workload and equipment quality. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that enhancing the sonography profession in the UAE requires a comprehensive approach that includes developing a regulatory framework, improving access to specialized training, and recognizing sonographers' advanced practice roles. IMPLICATIONS OF PRACTICE Recommendations include establishing accredited educational programs, developing a formal competency framework, and advocating for role expansion and professional recognition. These steps are essential for meeting the evolving needs of the healthcare system and improving patient care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Abuzaid
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - W Elshami
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Pedersen MRV, Kusk MW, Lysdahlgaard S, Mork-Knudsen H, Malamateniou C, Jensen J. Nordic radiographers' and students' perspectives on artificial intelligence - A cross-sectional online survey. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:776-783. [PMID: 38461583 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the domain of radiography holds substantial potential in various aspects including workflow efficiency, image processing, patient positioning, and quality assurance. The successful implementation of AI within a Radiology department necessitates the participation of key stakeholders, particularly radiographers. The study aimed to provide a comprehensive investigation about Nordic radiographers' perspectives and attitudes towards AI in radiography. METHODS An online 29-item survey was distributed via social media platforms to Nordic students and radiographers working in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands including items on demographics, specialization, educational background, place of work and perspectives and knowledge on AI. The items were a mix of closed-type and scaled questions, with the option for free-text responses when relevant. RESULTS The survey received responses from all Nordic countries with 586 respondents, 26.8% males, 72.1% females, and 1.1% non-binary/self-defined or preferred not to say. The mean age was 37.2 with a standard deviation (SD) of ±12.1 years, and the mean number of years since qualification was 14.2 SD ± 10.3 years. A total of 43% (n = 254) of the respondents had not received any AI training in clinical practice. Whereas 13% (n = 76) had received AI during radiography undergrad training. A total of 77.9% (n = 412) expressed interest in pursuing AI education. The majority of respondents were aware of the potential use of AI (n = 485, 82.8%) and 39.1% (n = 204) had no reservations about AI. CONCLUSION Overall, this study found that Nordic radiographers have a positive attitude toward AI. Very limited training or education has been provided to the radiographers. Especially since 82.8% reports on plans to implement AI in clinical practice. In general, awareness of AI applications is high, but the educational level is low for Nordic radiographers. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE This study emphasises the favourable view of AI held by students and Nordic radiographers. However, there is a need for continuous professional development to facilitate the implementation and effective utilization of AI tools within the field of radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R V Pedersen
- Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital - Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Kolding Hospital- Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Discipline of Medical Imaging & Radiation Therapy, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - M W Kusk
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; IRIS - Imaging Research Initiative Southwest, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Radiography and Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Lysdahlgaard
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; IRIS - Imaging Research Initiative Southwest, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - H Mork-Knudsen
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - C Malamateniou
- Department of Radiography, Division of Midwifery and Radiography, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, UK; European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Jensen
- Research and Innovation Unit of Radiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Pedersen MRV, Kraus B, Santos R, Harrison G. Sonographers' perspectives on research - A worldwide online questionnaire study. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:483-491. [PMID: 38219390 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has been performed by sonographers (also known as ultrasound reporting radiographers) for many years for improving diagnosis of disease, developing new imaging approaches, and enhancing patient outcomes. Despite this, sonographers' perspectives on research have not been well studied. To understand the views of sonographers is essential, as they have an important role in the successful implementation of research outcomes during their daily work. The study aimed to explore sonographers' perspectives on research. METHODS This cross-sectional online questionnaire was developed, and pilot tested, before distribution on social media platforms by the research group to sonographers or reporting radiographers in ultrasound worldwide. The questionnaire included 21-items. The link was open for 8 weeks in the spring of 2023. A mix of closed, open and scale questions were used. Informed consent was mandatory, and information about the study and anonymity was presented. RESULTS A total of 165 sonographers participated in the questionnaire of which 66.1 % were from Europe (n = 109), 6.1 % from North America (n = 10), 0.6 % from South America (n = 1), 2.4 % from Asia (n = 4), 13.3 % from Africa (n = 22) and 11.5 % from Oceania (n = 19). A total of 32 % of the participants had performed research. Also, 68.5 % would like to become more involved in research. CONCLUSION Most sonographers work in large hospitals, and half of them have obtained academic level 7 education. A limited number of sonographers have published peer reviewed papers. Many sonographers expressed an interest in research. This suggests a potential for future development of the sonographers' role in research. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings for this study provide insight that could be used to improve research practice for sonographers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R V Pedersen
- Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital - Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Kolding Hospital- Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS), Rue Marechal Teixeira Rebelo 425, 5030-058 Cumiera, Portugal.
| | - B Kraus
- Department of Health Sciences, Radiological Technology, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Favoritenstrasse 226, A-1100 Vienna, Austria; European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS), Rue Marechal Teixeira Rebelo 425, 5030-058 Cumiera, Portugal
| | - R Santos
- Medical Imaging Radiotherapy Department, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rue 5 de Outubro, 3046-854, Portugal; Laboratory for Applied Health Research ((LabinSaúde), Coimbra 3046-854, Portugal; European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS), Rue Marechal Teixeira Rebelo 425, 5030-058 Cumiera, Portugal
| | - G Harrison
- Society and College of Radiographers, 207 Providence Square Mill Street, London SE1 2EW, UK; European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS), Rue Marechal Teixeira Rebelo 425, 5030-058 Cumiera, Portugal
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Parker P, Edwards H, Twiddy M, Whybrow P, Rigby A. Embedding new technology into clinical ultrasound practice: Is role extension for sonographers the key to improving patient pathways? ULTRASOUND (LEEDS, ENGLAND) 2023; 31:84-90. [PMID: 37144232 PMCID: PMC10152321 DOI: 10.1177/1742271x221139210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction MicroUS is a new imaging technique that may have potential to reliably monitor prostate disease and therefore release capacity in MRI departments. Firstly, however, it is essential to identify which healthcare staff may be suitable to learn to use this modality. Based on previous evidence, UK sonographers may be well placed to harness this resource. Topic Currently, there is sparse evidence on the performance of MicroUS for monitoring prostate disease but early findings are encouraging. Although its uptake is increasing, it is believed that only two sites in the UK have MicroUS systems and only one of those uses just sonographers to undertake and interpret this new imaging technique. Discussion UK sonographers have a history of role extension dating back several decades and have proven repeatedly that they are reliable and accurate when measured against a gold standard. We explore the background of UK sonographer role extension and postulate that sonographers are best placed to adopt and embed new imaging techniques and technology into routine clinical practice. This is of particular importance given the dearth of ultrasound focussed radiologists in the UK. To effectively introduce challenging new work streams, multi-professional collaboration in imaging, alongside sonographer role extension, will ensure precious resources are maximised thus ensuring optimum patient care. Conclusion UK sonographers have repeatedly demonstrated reliability in many areas of role extension in various clinical settings. Early data indicate that the adoption of MicroUS for use in prostate disease surveillance may be another role suited to sonographers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Parker
- University of Hull & Hull University
Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Hazel Edwards
- British Medical Ultrasound Society, Milton
Keynes, UK
| | - Maureen Twiddy
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health
Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
| | - Paul Whybrow
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health
Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
| | - Alan Rigby
- Institute of Clinical and Applied Health
Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
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Reeve R, Higginson A, Ball C, Beable R, Smith M. Role extension in advanced ultrasound practice: A framework approach and case study. ULTRASOUND (LEEDS, ENGLAND) 2023; 31:4-10. [PMID: 36794119 PMCID: PMC9923144 DOI: 10.1177/1742271x221102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Role extension into novel areas of ultrasound practice can be challenging for health care professionals. Expansion into existing areas of advanced practice typically occurs using established processes and accredited training; however, in areas where there is no formal training, there can be a lack of support for how to develop new and progressive clinical roles. Topic Description This article presents how the use of a framework approach for establishing areas of advanced practice can support individuals and departments with safely and successfully developing new roles in ultrasound. The authors illustrate this via the example of a gastrointestinal ultrasound role, developed in an NHS department. Discussion The framework approach comprises three elements, each interdependent upon and inform each other: (A) Scope of practice, (B) Education and competency and (C) Governance. (A) Defines (and communicates) the role extension and area(s) of subsequent ultrasound imaging, interpretation and reporting. By identifying the why, how and what is required this informs (B) the education and assessment of competency for those taking on new roles or areas of expertise. (C) Is informed by (A) and is an ongoing process of quality assurance to safeguard high standards in clinical care. In supporting role extension, this approach can facilitate new workforce configurations, skill expansion and enable increasing service demands to be met. Summary By defining and aligning the components of scope of practice, education/competency and governance, role development in ultrasound can be initiated and sustained. Role extension utilising this approach brings benefits for patients, clinicians and departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Reeve
- Portsmouth University Hospital NHS
trust, Portsmouth, UK,University of Southampton, Southampton,
UK,Ruth Reeve, Portsmouth University Hospital
NHS trust, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK.
| | | | | | - Richard Beable
- Portsmouth University Hospital NHS
trust, Portsmouth, UK
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Lobo MJCD, Tavares SCCNM, Pereira de Almeida RP. Point of care prehospital ultrasound in Basic Emergency Services in Portugal. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e847. [PMID: 36189415 PMCID: PMC9489087 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The Point of Care Ultrasound and Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound in Resource‐Limited Settings are differentiated diagnostic methods using ultrasound, essential in urgent patients screening, allowing better guidance in the diagnostic process and therapeutic approach. This study intends to observe the impact of these techniques in two Basic Emergency Services (SUB) in Portugal. Methods A longitudinal study was carried out in two remote locations in Portugal (SUB N and SUB S). Data were collected by trained radiographers in each location, and a total of 972 exams were considered. Imaging findings were documented by exam type, the exam normality and the resolution after exam. χ2 and Cramer's V tests were performed to check significant correlations between the variables. Results Regarding the type of echographic findings, 289 (29.7%) were considered normal, 628 (64.6%) were classified as abnormal and 55 (5.7%) were considered inconclusive. As for the type of resolution, 58% had local resolution, 24% were referred to a hospital emergency service and 18% referred to ambulatory care. Regarding the Location versus Resolution after exam versus Findings variables, it was verified a stronger statistically significant association for the exams considered “Abnormal” (Cramer's V = 0.414; p < 0.001). In the variables Location versus Findings versus Resolution after exam, it was verified a stronger statistical significance for “Referral to Ambulatory” (Cramer V = 0.443; p < 0.001) although Referral for Hospital (Cramer V = 0.252; p = 0.003) or Local Resolution (Cramer V = 0.252; p < 0.001) also had a moderate association strength. Conclusion Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic tool for patients screening, having an influence on patient management in remote settings. Given the limited literature in Portugal about this matter, further research and literature will be needed to support and complement the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel José Cruz Duarte Lobo
- Local Health Unit of the Northeast (ULSNE), International Society of Clinical Ultrasound (SIEC), Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Portuguese Association (APIMR), International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) Bragança Portugal
| | | | - Rui Pedro Pereira de Almeida
- Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Center for Studies and Development in Health (CES) University of Algarve, Portugal, CHCR ‐ Compreensive Health Research Center, Évora ‐ Portugal. APIMR (Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Portuguese Assciation) Faro Portugal
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Williams I, Baird M, Schneider M. Comparison between radiographers with sonography education working in remote Australia and radiologists' interpretation of ultrasound examinations. J Med Radiat Sci 2022; 69:293-298. [PMID: 35297211 PMCID: PMC9442297 DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radiographers working in remote Far North Queensland (FNQ), Australia, need to possess unique skills sets in order to provide culturally safe practice to predominantly Indigenous communities. Due to the lack of onsite radiologists in FNQ, radiographers need to provide preliminary findings to referring practitioners including sonographic findings. The accuracy of such findings has not been evaluated to date. The objective of this study was to compare the level of agreement and recommendations for further investigations of FNQ radiographers to teleradiologists’ reports. As radiographic findings are not recorded or stored as part of routine practice, only sonographic findings were included in the study. Methods Consecutive de‐identified ultrasound cases were extracted between January and March 2019 inclusively by an independent investigator. The researcher scored the ultrasound cases between 1 and 4 according to levels of agreement between sonographic findings and teleradiologists’ reports, and recommendations between radiographers and teleradiologists were also compared using frequency analysis. Results Five‐hundred and thirty‐two ultrasound cases were included for this study. Of those, 517 (97.2%) were in complete agreement and 15 (2.8%) reported minor discrepancies. There were no moderate or major discrepancies suggesting an overall accuracy rate of 100% as the radiographer/sonographer findings were in close agreement with the teleradiologists’ reports. There was complete agreement regarding further clinical recommendations in 453 (85%) cases. The discrepancy in the remaining 15% of cases did not lead to any adverse or changed patient management. Conclusions This study supports existing evidence about the accuracy and timely communication of sonographic findings to radiologists and other health care professionals, in keeping with the Medical Radiation Practice Board of Australia expectations. It is likely that radiographer comments on plain radiographic images are equally as reliable, but this remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Williams
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Marilyn Baird
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Michal Schneider
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Pedersen MRV, Kraus B, Santos R, Harrison G. Radiographers' individual perspectives on sonography - A survey of European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS). Radiography (Lond) 2021; 28:31-38. [PMID: 34391653 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiographers can elect to work within many different modalities, one being ultrasound. Within Europe there are differing opinions about how much of a role radiographers should take in relation to the ultrasound examination, particularly report writing. This paper provides findings exploring the radiographer's views on working within sonography. METHODS In 2019 an electronic survey was disseminated to radiographer members by European Federation of Radiographer Societies (EFRS) national radiographer societies, following a pilot study. A mix of closed questions, free text, and scale responses aimed to investigate radiographers' practice, legal responsibilities, report writing, educational level and experiences of support and mentoring. RESULTS Of 561 radiographers participating, most (92%) reported performing ultrasound scans. Challenges with legislation, medical protectionism and lack of high-quality education restricted other radiographers. On average, the respondents have practiced ultrasound for 13.5 years. A total of 60% had postgraduate education and carried out a wide range of examinations. A full interpretative report, including advice on further investigations is performed by 52%, whilst 22% provide a checklist or descriptive report. Over 55% of radiographers took legal responsibility for the examination and the majority had clear protocols, good mentoring and support in the workplace. Peer review of their work was less common. CONCLUSION The result shows that in 21 (n = 25) countries radiographers perform ultrasound, however not without challenges. Educational levels range from no formal education or short courses to an MSc in ultrasound. Report writing practice differs across the EFRS countries responding to the survey, as does peer review to enhance skills and clinical practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE National Radiographer societies could review findings to support campaigning for a change in legislation and improvements to educational offerings in ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R V Pedersen
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Hospital Southern Denmark, Department of Radiology, Vejle, Beriderbakken 4, 7100, Vejle, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Department of Regional Health, Campusvej 55, Odense, Denmark.
| | - B Kraus
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, Radiological Technology, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Favoritenstrasse 226, A-1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Santos
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Department of Clinical Physiology, Rua 5 de Outubro - SM Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854, Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory for Applied Health Research (LabinSaúde), Rua 5 de Outubro - SM Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - G Harrison
- European Federation of Radiographer Societies, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Society and College of Radiographers, 207 Providence Square Mill Street, London, SE1 2EW, UK
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