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Weinberg BA, Sackstein PE, Yu J, Kim RD, Sommovilla J, Amarnath SR, Krishnamurthi SS. Evolving Standards of Care in the Management of Localized Colorectal Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2024; 44:e432034. [PMID: 38768426 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_432034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of patients with localized rectal cancer is complex and requires input from a multidisciplinary team. Baseline local staging and mismatch repair protein testing are vital to develop individualized treatment plans. There are multiple options in terms of treatment modalities and sequencing, including transanal excision, short-course radiation, long-course chemoradiation, chemotherapy doublet or triplet, nonoperative management, and immune checkpoint blockade for patients with mismatch repair deficient tumors. While localized colon cancer is typically treated with surgical resection and consideration of adjuvant chemotherapy, emerging data suggest that neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be beneficial in patients with higher-risk disease. Quality-of-life considerations are imperative to prevent potential chronic effects on psychosocial health, neuropathy, fertility, and bowel, bladder, and sexual function. The omission of radiation or surgery can mitigate these toxicities without diminishing oncologic outcomes. The optimal treatment plan and sequence is not a one-size-fits-all approach but rather should be personalized to the patient's disease burden, tumor location, comorbidities, and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Weinberg
- Ruesch Center for Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Paul E Sackstein
- Ruesch Center for Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - James Yu
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard D Kim
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua Sommovilla
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sudha R Amarnath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
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Edelmann M, Rieken S, Dröge LH. [A 5-year follow-up of the RAPIDO trial: Back to the future of long-course radiochemotherapy in total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT) for locally advanced rectal cancer?]. Strahlenther Onkol 2024:10.1007/s00066-024-02232-8. [PMID: 38647565 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-024-02232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Edelmann
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
- Göttingen Comprehensive Cancer Center (G-CCC), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Bar-Str. 2/4, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Rieken
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
- Göttingen Comprehensive Cancer Center (G-CCC), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Bar-Str. 2/4, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Leif Hendrik Dröge
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland.
- Göttingen Comprehensive Cancer Center (G-CCC), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Bar-Str. 2/4, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland.
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Wang L, Tan Y, Yao L, He D. A taste alteration-related scale assesses megestrol to improve chemotherapy-induced anorexia. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:300. [PMID: 38644409 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the efficacy of megestrol in improving chemotherapy-related anorexia by analyzing the related scales of taste alteration. METHODS We conducted the current study on a group of advanced patients with cancer with two or more chemotherapy cycles. The chemotherapy-induced taste alteration scale (CiTAs) scale helped assess the megestrol effects on basic taste perception, aversive taste changes, unpleasant symptoms, and associated concerns. Furthermore, the Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire scale (SNAQ) helped measure the impact of megestrol on malnutrition likelihood in patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced anorexia. The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF Scale was used to evaluate the quality of life of participants, producing scores related to physical health, psychological well-being, environmental factors, and social relationships. RESULTS The CiTAs scale assessment indicated that administering megestrol significantly enhanced taste perception among advanced patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Notably, the megestrol group patients showed significantly higher Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) scores than the control group. The megestrol group patients also exhibited higher physiological (PHYS) scores than their control group counterparts. However, this distinction was not statistically significant. The study findings indicate that patients who received megestrol demonstrated significantly higher scores in psychological (PSYCH) and environmental(ENVIR) domains than the control group. Furthermore, megestrol administration was associated with significantly elevated SOCIL and ENVIR levels in patients. CONCLUSION The proficient efficacy evaluation of megestrol in enhancing appetite, mitigating malnutrition likelihood, and improving the quality of life of chemotherapy-induced anorexic patients can be achieved through taste-related scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology Ward 3, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaling Tan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology Ward 3, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Daqiang He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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Ng YY, Seow-En I, Chok AY, Lee TS, Palanisamy P, Tan EK. Surgical and short-term oncological safety of total neoadjuvant therapy in high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. ANZ J Surg 2024; 94:175-180. [PMID: 37849414 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) conventionally comprises long-course chemoradiotherapy (LCCRT), total mesorectal excision (TME), and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, the RAPIDO study published in 2021 showed that total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) led to better oncological outcomes without increased toxicity. We review the surgical and short-term oncological outcomes of patients with high-risk LARC who underwent TNT or LCCRT before TME. METHODS Patients with high-risk LARC who underwent TNT or LCCRT before TME between 2021 and 2022 were reviewed. RESULTS Thirty-five patients (66%) had TNT as per RAPIDO whilst 18 underwent LCCRT. Median follow-up was 16 months (range 5-25). Of the patients who had TNT, median age was 65 years old (range 44-79), 34 (97%) had clinical Stage 3 LARC and median height FAV was 5 cm (range 0.5-14). Nine (26%) required a dose delay/reduction due to treatment toxicity. Seven (50%) showed resolution of previously enlarged lateral nodes. Three (9%) had pathological complete response. Postoperative major morbidity was 23%, of which 4 patients required a reoperation. Six (17%) patients had disease-related treatment failure, with two having disease progression during TNT, two developed local recurrence, and two developed distal metastasis following surgery. Median duration to surgery following completion of chemotherapy was significantly shorter with TNT (36 days versus 74 days) (P < 0.001). There were no other significant differences in outcomes. CONCLUSION TNT is clinically safe in high-risk LARC patients with no significant difference to surgical and short-term oncological outcomes compared to LCCRT, although a higher incidence of early surgical morbidity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Y Ng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isaac Seow-En
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik Yong Chok
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terence S Lee
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prasad Palanisamy
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emile K Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Yu L, Zhou Y, Sun S, Wang R, Yu W, Xiao H, Yu Z, Luo C. Tumor-suppressive effect of Reg3A in COAD is mediated by T cell activation in nude mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115922. [PMID: 38011786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating family protein 3 A (Reg3A) is highly expressed in a variety of organs and inflammatory tissues, and is closely related to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, clinical statistics show that high expression of Reg3A is associated with better prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, suggesting a tumor-suppressive effect. The precise action and underlying mechanism of Reg3A in CRC remain controversial. The present study sought to investigate the relationship among Reg3A expression, CRC development, and immune cell alteration in patients using the TCGA, GEPIA, PrognoScan, TIMER and TISIDB databases. Reg3A-overexpressing LoVo cell line (LoVo-Reg3A), a representative of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), was constructed and the action of Reg3A was assessed in a xenograft nude mouse model. Our bioinformatical analyses revealed that Reg3A upregulation is highly associated with CRC, along with increased frequency of immune cell infiltration. In the xenograft nude mice, Reg3A overexpression offered a tumor-suppressive effect by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The result of RNA-seq suggested a positive regulation of leukocytes and an upregulation of T cells in LoVo-Reg3A tumor tissue. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumors, splenic Reg3A-reactive IFN-γ+/CD4+ T cells, and serum TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 were significantly increased by Reg3A overexpression. In the ex vivo co-culture experiment, elevated cytotoxic effect, increased proportion of CD3ε+ T cells, and upregulated expressions of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 were detected in the PBMCs isolated from LoVo-Reg3A cell-xenografted nude mice. In conclusion, high expression of Reg3A could activate and recruit T cells in COAD leading to the cytotoxic tumor-suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China; School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihan Zhou
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaozheng Sun
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | - Runlin Wang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Yu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyu Xiao
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuxi Yu
- Department of critical care medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chen Luo
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Chan H, Savoie MB, Munir A, Moslehi J, Anwar M, Laffan A, Rowen T, Salmon R, Varma M, Van Loon K. Multi-Disciplinary Management in Rectal Cancer Survivorship: A Clinical Practice Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:1102-1115. [PMID: 36622517 PMCID: PMC10754749 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-022-00885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the USA and worldwide. In the USA, nearly one-third of CRC cases are anatomically classified as rectal cancer. Over the past few decades, continued refinement of multimodality treatment and the introduction of new therapeutic agents have enhanced curative treatment rates and quality of life outcomes. As treatments improve and the incidence of young onset rectal cancer rises, the number of rectal cancer survivors grows each year. This trend highlights the growing importance of rectal cancer survivorship. Multimodality therapy with systemic chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and surgery can result in chronic toxicities in multiple organ systems, requiring a multi-disciplinary care model with services ranging from appropriate cancer surveillance to management of long-term toxicities and optimization of modifiable risk factors. Here, we review the evidence on these long-term toxicities and provide management considerations from consensus guidelines. Specific topics include bowel dysfunction from radiation and surgery, oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy, accelerated bone degeneration, the impact of fluoropyrimidines on long-term cardiovascular health, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and psychosocial distress. Additionally, we review modifiable risk factors to inform providers and rectal cancer survivors of various lifestyle and behavioral changes that can be made to improve their long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, Floor 06, Room 6803, Box 3211, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marissa B Savoie
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir Munir
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Javid Moslehi
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mekhail Anwar
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Angela Laffan
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tami Rowen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Salmon
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madhulika Varma
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Van Loon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, Floor 06, Room 6803, Box 3211, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kreisel SI, Sharabiany S, Rothbarth J, Hompes R, Musters GD, Tanis PJ. Quality of life in patients with a perineal hernia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:107114. [PMID: 37839295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients who develop a perineal hernia after abdominoperineal resection may experience discomfort during daily activities and urogenital dysfunction, but the impact on quality of life has never been formally assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer between 2014 and 2022 in two prospective multicenter trials were included. Primary outcome was defined as median overall scores or scores on functional and symptom scales of the following quality of life questionnaires: 5-level version of the 5-dimensional EuroQol, Short Form-36, and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL Questionnaire Colorectal cancer 29 and 30, Urogenital Distress Inventory-6, Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7. RESULTS Questionnaires were available in 27 patients with a perineal hernia and 62 patients without a perineal hernia. The 5-dimensional EuroQol score was significantly lower in patients with a perineal hernia (83 vs 87, p = 0.048), which implies a reduced level of functioning. The median scores of pain-specific domains were significantly worse in patients with a perineal hernia as measured by the SF-36 (78 vs. 90, p = 0.006), the EORTC-CR29 (17 vs. 11, p=<0.001) and EORTC-C30 (17 vs. 0, p = 0.019). Also, significantly worse physical (73 vs. 100, p = 0.049) and emotional (83 vs. 100, p = 0.048) functioning based on EORTC-C30 was observed among those patients. Minimally important differences were found for role, physical and social functioning of the SF-36 and EORTC-C30. The urological function did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION A symptomatic perineal hernia can significantly worsen quality of life on several domains, indicating the severity of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia I Kreisel
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sarah Sharabiany
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Joost Rothbarth
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roel Hompes
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijsbert D Musters
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter J Tanis
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Boublikova L, Novakova A, Simsa J, Lohynska R. Total neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: the evidence and expectations. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 192:104196. [PMID: 37926376 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current management of locally advanced rectal cancer achieves high cure rates, distant metastatic spread being the main cause of patients' death. Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) employs (chemo)radiotherapy and combined chemotherapy prior to surgery to improve the treatment outcomes. TNT has been shown to reduce significantly distant metastases, increase disease-free survival by 5 - 10% in 3 years, and finally also overall survival (≈ 5% in 7 years). It proved to double the rate of pathologic complete responses, making it an attractive strategy for non-operative management to avoid permanent colostomy in patients with distal tumors. In addition, it endorses adherence to the therapy due to better tolerance and, potentially, shortens its overall duration. A number of questions related to TNT remain currently unresolved including the indications, preferred radiotherapy and chemotherapy regimens, their sequence, timing of surgery, and role of adjuvant therapy. A stratified approach may be the optimal way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Boublikova
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; CLIP - Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Novakova
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Simsa
- Department of Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Lohynska
- Department of Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Dijkstra EA, Nilsson PJ, Hospers GA, Bahadoer RR, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Roodvoets AG, Putter H, Berglund Å, Cervantes A, Crolla RM, Hendriks MP, Capdevila J, Edhemovic I, Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ, Glimelius B, van Etten B. Locoregional Failure During and After Short-course Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy and Surgery Compared With Long-course Chemoradiotherapy and Surgery: A 5-Year Follow-up of the RAPIDO Trial. Ann Surg 2023; 278:e766-e772. [PMID: 36661037 PMCID: PMC10481913 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze risk and patterns of locoregional failure (LRF) in patients of the RAPIDO trial at 5 years. BACKGROUND Multimodality treatment improves local control in rectal cancer. Total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT) aims to improve systemic control while local control is maintained. At 3 years, LRF rate was comparable between TNT and chemoradiotherapy in the RAPIDO trial. METHODS A total of 920 patients were randomized between an experimental (EXP, short-course radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery) and a standard-care group (STD, chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and optional postoperative chemotherapy). LRFs, including early LRF (no resection except for organ preservation/R2 resection) and locoregional recurrence (LRR) after an R0/R1 resection, were analyzed. RESULTS Totally, 460 EXP and 446 STD patients were eligible. At 5.6 years (median follow-up), LRF was detected in 54/460 (12%) and 36/446 (8%) patients in the EXP and STD groups, respectively ( P =0.07), in which EXP patients were more often treated with 3-dimensional-conformed radiotherapy ( P =0.029). In the EXP group, LRR was detected more often [44/431 (10%) vs. 26/428 (6%); P =0.027], with more often a breached mesorectum (9/44 (21%) vs. 1/26 (4); P =0.048). The EXP treatment, enlarged lateral lymph nodes, positive circumferential resection margin, tumor deposits, and node positivity at pathology were the significant predictors for developing LRR. Location of the LRRs was similar between groups. Overall survival after LRF was comparable [hazard ratio: 0.76 (95% CI, 0.46-1.26); P =0.29]. CONCLUSIONS The EXP treatment was associated with an increased risk of LRR, whereas the reduction in disease-related treatment failure and distant metastases remained after 5 years. Further refinement of the TNT in rectal cancer is mandated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée A. Dijkstra
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Per J. Nilsson
- Department of Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geke A.P. Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renu R. Bahadoer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annet G.H. Roodvoets
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Putter
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Åke Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrés Cervantes
- Department of medical oncology, Biomedical Research Institute Incliva, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaume Capdevila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibrahim Edhemovic
- Department of surgical oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Corrie A.M. Marijnen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Boudewijn van Etten
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Puri R, Rastogi M, Gandhi AK, Khurana R, Hadi R, Sapru S, Pandey A, Agarwal A, Srivastava AK, Mishra SP, Khatoon F, Bharati A, Mishra VK, Manral A, Mishra P. Prospective evaluation of dose-escalated preoperative concurrent chemo-radiation with image guided-IMRT in locally advanced rectal cancers. Ecancermedicalscience 2023; 17:1583. [PMID: 37533948 PMCID: PMC10393306 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyse the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NACRT) with dose-escalated image-guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) in locally advanced (T3/4; T1-4N1-2) rectal cancers (LARCs). Materials and methods Twenty patients with the diagnosis of LARC were recruited in this prospective interventional single-arm study treated by IG-IMRT with 45 Gray (Gy) in 25 fractions to elective nodal volumes and 55 Gy in 25 fractions to the gross primary and nodal disease with concurrent capecitabine 825 mg/m2 twice daily on radiotherapy days. Patients underwent total mesorectal excision 6-8 weeks post completion of NACRT followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (Capecitabine and oxaliplatin every 3 weekly for 6-8 cycles). Primary end point was acute toxicity assessment and secondary end points were pathological complete response (pCR) and loco-regional control (LRC). Results Clinical T stage was T3:T4 in 19:1 and clinical N0:N1: N2 in 2:7:11 patients, respectively. With a median follow up of 21.2 months (13.8-25.6 months), 18 of 20 (90%) patients received the full course of treatment. Tumour and nodal downstaging was achieved in 78% and 84% of patients, respectively. pCR and overall complete response (defined as pCR and near CR) was achieved in 22.2% and 44.4% of patients, respectively. 2 (10%) patients completed NACRT, and achieved complete clinical response but refused surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy course was completed by 17/18 (94.5%) patients. Grade 3 toxicities were observed in 2 (10%) patients during NACRT. All patients were disease-free at the time of the last follow up. Conclusion Dose-escalation of NACRT therapy with IG-IMRT in LARC patients offers decent rates of pCR and overall response with excellent LRC and acceptable toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunaq Puri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Madhup Rastogi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar Gandhi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Rohini Khurana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Rahat Hadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Shantanu Sapru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Anshuman Pandey
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Akash Agarwal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Surendra Prasad Mishra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Farhana Khatoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Avinav Bharati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Vachaspati Kumar Mishra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Akanksha Manral
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
| | - Prasoon Mishra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, India
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11
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Basch E, Dueck AC, Mitchell SA, Mamon H, Weiser M, Saltz L, Gollub M, Rogak L, Ginos B, Mazza GL, Colgrove B, Chang G, Minasian L, Denicoff A, Thanarajasingam G, Musher B, George T, Venook A, Farma J, O'Reilly E, Meyerhardt JA, Shi Q, Schrag D. Patient-Reported Outcomes During and After Treatment for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer in the PROSPECT Trial (Alliance N1048). J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:3724-3734. [PMID: 37270691 PMCID: PMC10351948 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer in North America is neoadjuvant pelvic chemoradiation with fluorouracil (5FUCRT). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) is an alternative that may spare patients the morbidity of radiation. Understanding the relative patient experiences with these options is necessary to inform treatment decisions. METHODS PROSPECT was a multicenter, unblinded, noninferiority, randomized trial of neoadjuvant FOLFOX versus 5FUCRT, which enrolled adults with rectal cancer clinically staged as T2N+, cT3N-, or cT3N+ who were candidates for sphincter-sparing surgery. Neoadjuvant FOLFOX was given in six cycles over 12 weeks, followed by surgery. Neoadjuvant 5FUCRT was delivered in 28 fractions over 5.5 weeks, followed by surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy was suggested but not mandated in both groups. Enrolled patients were asked to provide patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at baseline, during neoadjuvant treatment, and at 12 months after surgery. PROs included 14 symptoms from the National Cancer Institute's Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE). Additional PRO instruments measured bowel, bladder, sexual function, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). RESULTS From June 2012 to December 2018, 1,194 patients were randomly assigned, 1,128 initiated treatment, and 940 contributed PRO-CTCAE data (493 FOLFOX; 447 5FUCRT). During neoadjuvant treatment, patients reported significantly lower rates of diarrhea and better overall bowel function with FOLFOX while anxiety, appetite loss, constipation, depression, dysphagia, dyspnea, edema, fatigue, mucositis, nausea, neuropathy, and vomiting were lower with 5FUCRT (all multiplicity adjusted P < .05). At 12 months after surgery, patients randomly assigned to FOLFOX reported significantly lower rates of fatigue and neuropathy and better sexual function versus 5FUCRT (all multiplicity adjusted P < .05). Neither bladder function nor HRQL differed between groups at any time point. CONCLUSION For patients with locally advanced rectal cancer choosing between neoadjuvant FOLFOX and 5FUCRT, the distinctive PRO profiles inform treatment selection and shared decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Basch
- Division of Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amylou C. Dueck
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | | | - Harvey Mamon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Martin Weiser
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Leonard Saltz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marc Gollub
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lauren Rogak
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Brenda Ginos
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Gina L. Mazza
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Brian Colgrove
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - George Chang
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Musher
- The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas George
- NRG Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Alan Venook
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey Farma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eileen O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Qian Shi
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Deborah Schrag
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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12
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Shi J, Sun Z, Gao Z, Huang D, Hong H, Gu J. Radioimmunotherapy in colorectal cancer treatment: present and future. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105180. [PMID: 37234164 PMCID: PMC10206275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a deadly form of cancer worldwide. Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and metastatic CRC have a poor long-term prognosis, and rational and effective treatment remains a major challenge. Common treatments include multi-modal combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy; however, recurrence and metastasis rates remain high. The combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy (radioimmunotherapy [RIT]) may offer new solutions to this problem, but its prospects remain uncertain. This review aimed to summarize the current applications of radiotherapy and immunotherapy, elaborate on the underlying mechanisms, and systematically review the preliminary results of RIT-related clinical trials for CRC. Studies have identified several key predictors of RIT efficacy. Summarily, rational RIT regimens can improve the outcomes of some patients with CRC, but current study designs have limitations. Further studies on RIT should focus on including larger sample sizes and optimizing the combination therapy regimen based on underlying influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoya Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haopeng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University International Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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13
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Aschele C, Glynne-Jones R. Selecting a TNT Schedule in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Can We Predict Who Actually Benefits? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092567. [PMID: 37174033 PMCID: PMC10177050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many consider the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) to be preoperative chemoradiotherapy, radical surgery involving a total mesorectal excision, and post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy based on the pathology of the specimen. The poor impact on distant control is a major limitation of this strategy, with metastasis rates remaining in the 25-35% range and recovery after radical surgery leading to reluctance with prescription and inconsistent patient compliance with adjuvant chemotherapy. A second limitation is the low rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) (around 10-15%) despite multiple efforts to potentiate preoperative chemoradiation regimens, which in turn means it is less effective at achieving non-operative management (NOM). Total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT) is a pragmatic approach to solving these problems by introducing systemic chemotherapy at an early timepoint. Enthusiasm for delivering TNT for patients with LARC is increasing in light of the results of published randomized phase III trials, which show a doubling of the pCR rate and a significant reduction in the risk of subsequent metastases. However, there has been no demonstrated improvement in quality of life or overall survival. A plethora of potential chemotherapy schedules are available around the radiotherapy component, which include preoperative induction or consolidation with a range of options (FOLFOXIRI, FOLFOX, or CAPEOX,) and a varying duration of 6-18 weeks, prior to long course chemoradiation (LCCRT) or consolidation NACT following short-course preoperative radiation therapy (SCPRT) using 5 × 5 Gy or LCCRT using 45-60 Gy, respectively. The need to maintain optimal local control is a further important factor, and preliminary data appear to indicate that the RT schedule remains a crucial issue, especially in more advanced tumors, i.e., mesorectal fascia (MRF) invasion. Thus, there is no consensus as to the optimum combination, sequence, or duration of TNT. The selection of patients most likely to benefit is challenging, as clear-cut criteria to individuate patients benefiting from TNT are lacking. In this narrative review, we examine if there are any necessary or sufficient criteria for the use of TNT. We explore potential selection for the individual and their concerns with a generalized use of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Aschele
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19121 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Robert Glynne-Jones
- Radiotherapy Department, Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer Treatment, Mount Vernon Hospital, Rickmansworth Rd., Northwood, London HA6 2RN, UK
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14
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Bahadoer RR, Hospers GA, Marijnen CA, Peeters KC, Putter H, Dijkstra EA, Kranenbarg EMK, Roodvoets AG, van Etten B, Nilsson PJ, Glimelius B, van de Velde CJ. Risk and location of distant metastases in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer after total neoadjuvant treatment or chemoradiotherapy in the RAPIDO trial. Eur J Cancer 2023; 185:139-149. [PMID: 36996624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although optimising rectal cancer treatment has reduced local recurrence rates, many patients develop distant metastases (DM). The current study investigated whether a total neoadjuvant treatment strategy influences the development, location, and timing of metastases in patients diagnosed with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer included in the Rectal cancer And Pre-operative Induction therapy followed by Dedicated Operation (RAPIDO) trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to short-course radiotherapy followed by 18 weeks of CAPOX or FOLFOX4 before surgery (EXP), or long-course chemoradiotherapy with optional postoperative chemotherapy (SC-G). Assessments for metastatic disease were performed pre- and post-treatment, during surgery, and 6, 12, 24, 36, and 60 months postoperatively. From randomisation, differences in the occurrence of DM and first site of metastasis were evaluated. RESULTS In total, 462 patients were evaluated in the EXP and 450 patients in the SC-G groups. The cumulative probability of DM at 5 years after randomisation was 23% [95% CI 19-27] and 30% [95% CI 26-35] (HR 0.72 [95% CI 0.56-0.93]; P = 0.011) in the EXP and SC-G, respectively. The median time to DM was 1.4 (EXP) and 1.3 years (SC-G). After diagnosis of DM, median survival was 2.6 years [95% CI 2.0-3.1] in the EXP and 3.2 years [95% CI 2.3-4.1] in the SC-G groups (HR 1.39 [95% CI 1.01-1.92]; P = 0.04). First occurrence of DM was most often in the lungs (60/462 [13%] EXP and 55/450 [12%] SC-G) or the liver (40/462 [9%] EXP and 69/450 [15%] SC-G). A hospital policy of postoperative chemotherapy did not influence the development of DM. CONCLUSIONS Compared to long-course chemoradiotherapy, total neoadjuvant treatment with short-course radiotherapy and chemotherapy significantly decreased the occurrence of metastases, particularly liver metastases.
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15
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Rooney MK, De B, Corrigan K, Smith GL, Taniguchi C, Minsky BD, Ludmir EB, Koay EJ, Das P, Koong AC, Peacock O, Chang G, You YN, Morris VK, Nogueras-González G, Holliday EB. Patient-reported Bowel Function and Bowel-related Quality of Life After Pelvic Radiation for Rectal Adenocarcinoma: The Impact of Radiation Fractionation and Surgical Resection. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2023; 22:211-221. [PMID: 36878805 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multimodality treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) can include long-course radiotherapy (LCRT) or short course radiotherapy (SCRT). Nonoperative management is increasingly pursued for those achieving a complete clinical response. Data regarding long-term function and quality-of-life (QOL) are limited. METHODS Patients with LARC treated with radiotherapy from 2016 to 2020 completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy- General (FACT-G7), the Low Anterior Resection Syndrome Score (LARS) and the Fecal Incontinence QOL Scale (FIQOL). Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses identified associations between clinical variables including radiation fractionation and the use of surgery versus non-operative management. RESULTS Of 204 patients surveyed, 124 (60.8%) responded. Median (interquartile range) time from radiation to survey completion was 30.1 (18.3-43) months. Seventy-nine (63.7%) respondents received LCRT, and 45 (36.3%) received SCRT; 101 (81.5%) respondents underwent surgery, and 23 (18.5%) pursued nonoperative management. There were no differences in LARS, FIQoL or FACT-G7 between patients receiving LCRT versus SCRT. On multivariable analysis, only nonoperative management was associated with lower LARS score signifying less bowel dysfunction. Nonoperative management and female sex were associated with a higher FIQoL score signifying less disruption and distress from fecal incontinence issues. Finally, lower BMI at the time of radiation, female sex, and higher FIQoL score were associated with higher FACT-G7 scores signifying better overall QOL. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest long-term patient-reported bowel function and QOL may be similar for individuals receiving SCRT and LCRT for the treatment of LARC, but nonoperative management may lead to improved bowel function and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rooney
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brian De
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelsey Corrigan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Grace L Smith
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Cullen Taniguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Bruce D Minsky
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ethan B Ludmir
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Prajnan Das
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Oliver Peacock
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George Chang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Y Nancy You
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Emma B Holliday
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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16
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Determinants of Pre-Surgical Treatment in Primary Rectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041154. [PMID: 36831497 PMCID: PMC9954598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
When preoperative radiotherapy (RT) is best used in rectal cancer is subject to discussions and guidelines differ. To understand the selection mechanisms, we analysed treatment decisions in all patients diagnosed between 2010-2020 in two Swedish regions (Uppsala with a RT department and Dalarna without). Information on staging and treatment (direct surgery, short-course RT, or combinations of RT/chemotherapy) in the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry were used. Staging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permitted a division into risk groups, according to national guidelines. Logistic regression explored associations between baseline characteristics and treatment, while Cohen's kappa tested congruence between clinical and pathologic stages. A total of 1150 patients without synchronous metastases were analysed. Patients from Dalarna were older, had less advanced tumours and were pre-treated less often (52% vs. 63%, p < 0.001). All MRI characteristics (T-/N-stage, MRF, EMVI) and tumour levels were important for treatment choice. Age affected if chemotherapy was added. The correlation between clinical and pathological T-stage was fair/moderate and poor for N-stage. The MRI-based risk grouping influenced treatment choice the most. Since the risk grouping was modified to diminish the pre-treated proportion, fewer patients were irradiated with time. MRI staging is far from optimal. A stronger wish to decrease irradiation may explain why fewer patients from Dalarna were irradiated, but inequality in health care cannot be ruled out.
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Does the Gain of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Outweigh the Harm in Rectal Cancer? Importance of the ATRESS (neoAdjuvant Therapy-RElated Shortening of Survival) Phenomenon: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041016. [PMID: 36831360 PMCID: PMC9954766 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate whether total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) results in long-term overall survival (OS) or quality of life (QoL) benefit compared with chemoradiation if all patients are being considered for radical resection, and whether the ATRESS phenomenon (i.e., reduction in post-metastatic survival) impacts OS after TNT. METHODS Systematic review of randomised trials comparing TNT with neoadjuvant (chemo)radiation. RESULTS Six trials were identified. Follow-ups were too short to resolve whether TNT improves long-term OS. QoL analysis in one trial showed worse long-term neurotoxicity-related QoL (any neurotoxicity: 14% vs. 3%), higher rate of grade III+ acute toxicity (48% vs. 25%), longer duration of neoadjuvant treatment (19 vs. 6 weeks) and higher rate of locoregional failure (10% vs. 7%) in TNT vs. chemoradiation. This should be weighed against an absolute 8% reduction in the incidence of distant metastases (DM) after TNT. ATRESS could explain a discrepancy between reduction of DM and the absence of OS improvement after TNT in one trial. CONCLUSION In the light of unproven OS benefit, the gain of TNT (reduction of DM) does not seem to outweigh the harm (excess of toxicity). ATRESS can be a reason for the absence of the OS benefit despite the reduction in DM.
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18
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Kazi M, Saklani A. Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for All Rectal Cancers: Is This the Way Ahead of the OPRA Trial? J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:415-416. [PMID: 36126238 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mufaddal Kazi
- Mufaddal Kazi, MS, MCh, and Avanish Saklani, MS, FRCS, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Avanish Saklani
- Mufaddal Kazi, MS, MCh, and Avanish Saklani, MS, FRCS, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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19
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van Kooten RT, Elske van den Akker-Marle M, Putter H, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, van de Velde CJH, Wouters MWJM, Tollenaar RAEM, Peeters KCMJ. The Impact of Postoperative Complications on Short- and Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life After Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2022; 21:325-338. [PMID: 36210321 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival for rectal cancer patients has improved over the past decades. In parallel, long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is gaining interest. This study focuses on the effect of complications following rectal cancer surgery on HRQoL and survival. METHODS The TME-trial (1996-1999) randomized patients with operable rectal cancer between surgery with preoperative short-course radiotherapy and surgery. Questionnaires including the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist were sent at 6 time points within the first 24 months and after 14 years the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-CR29 questionnaires. Differences in HRQoL and survival between patients with and without complications were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 1207 patients were included, of which 482 (39.9%) patients experienced complications, surgical complications occurred in 177 (14.6%) patients, non-surgical complications in 197 (16.3%) and 108 patients (8.9%) had a combination of both types of complications. Three months after surgery, patients with a combination of surgical- and non-surgical complications, especially patients with anastomotic leakage, had the worst HRQoL. Twelve months postoperative HRQoL returned to a similar level as before surgery, regardless of complications. In patients who survived 14 years, no significant differences in HRQoL were seen between patients with and without complications. However, patients with complications did have lower overall survival. CONCLUSION This study shows that survival and short-term HRQoL are negatively affected by complications. Twelve months after surgery HRQoL had returned to the preoperative level regardless, of complications. Also, in patients that survived 14 years, there was no effect of complications on HRQoL detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T van Kooten
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Hein Putter
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J H van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W J M Wouters
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob A E M Tollenaar
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Koen C M J Peeters
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Kumar AR, Sanford NN. Toxicity Management in the Era of Changing Treatment Paradigms for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2022; 18:55-59. [PMCID: PMC9638185 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-022-00478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Treatment paradigms for locally advanced rectal cancer have evolved over the last several decades. Patients now have several different “standard” options with different radiation courses, sequencing of treatment modality and in some scenarios potentially avoidance of surgery. In this context, an updated understanding of treatment toxicity is needed to help patients make informed decision regarding their treatment. Recent Findings The RAPIDO study showed no difference in cumulative rate or grade of toxicity between short and long course radiation. Based upon our experience, patients with short course radiation tend to present with acute symptoms 1–2 weeks after completion of radiation, while those receiving long course chemoradiation have symptoms towards the end of treatment. Treatments that may be helpful particularly for short course radiation toxicity include Bentyl (dicycloverine) and steroids. Summary The most common toxicities from radiation are due to bowel and rectal inflammation leading to diarrhea, cramping, and urgency. The combination of surgery and radiation can exacerbate these symptoms. The most common late toxicity in patients receiving doublet chemotherapy is neurotoxicity. Rates of infertility differ in men versus women; all efforts for fertility preservation should be completed prior to initiation of any therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika R. Kumar
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, 2280 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Nina N. Sanford
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, 2280 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX USA
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