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Udo T, Matsuoka Y, Takahashi M, Izumi Y, Saito K, Tazoe K, Tanaka M, Naka H, Bamba T, Yamada KI. Structural Analysis of Intracellular Lipid Radicals by LC/MS/MS Using a BODIPY-Based Profluorescent Nitroxide Probe. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4585-4591. [PMID: 36847588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO) induces the formation of numerous lipid radicals, which contribute to the development of several oxidative diseases. To understand the mechanism of LPO in biological systems and the significance of these radicals, identifying the structures of individual lipid radicals is imperative. In this study, we developed an analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and a profluorescent nitroxide probe, N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-pentylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(5,5-difluoro-1,3-dimethyl-3H,5H-5l4-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2',1'-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-7-yl)propanamide (BDP-Pen), for the detailed structural analysis of lipid radicals. The MS/MS spectra of BDP-Pen-lipid radical adducts showed product ions and thus allow the prediction of the lipid radical structures and individual detection of isomeric adducts. Using the developed technology, we separately detected the isomers of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived radicals generated in AA-treated HT1080 cells. This analytical system is a powerful tool for elucidating the mechanism of LPO in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Udo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kota Saito
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kaho Tazoe
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Moe Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideto Naka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Korbecki J, Rębacz-Maron E, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Synthesis and Significance of Arachidonic Acid, a Substrate for Cyclooxygenases, Lipoxygenases, and Cytochrome P450 Pathways in the Tumorigenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Including a Pan-Cancer Comparative Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030946. [PMID: 36765904 PMCID: PMC9913267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive gliomas. New and more effective therapeutic approaches are being sought based on studies of the various mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis, including the synthesis and metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). PubMed, GEPIA, and the transcriptomics analysis carried out by Seifert et al. were used in writing this paper. In this paper, we discuss in detail the biosynthesis of this acid in GBM tumors, with a special focus on certain enzymes: fatty acid desaturase (FADS)1, FADS2, and elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 5 (ELOVL5). We also discuss ARA metabolism, particularly its release from cell membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, iPLA2, and sPLA2) and its processing by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenases (5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, and 15-LOX-2), and cytochrome P450. Next, we discuss the significance of lipid mediators synthesized from ARA in GBM cancer processes, including prostaglandins (PGE2, PGD2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2)), thromboxane A2 (TxA2), oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4), lipoxins, and many others. These lipid mediators can increase the proliferation of GBM cancer cells, cause angiogenesis, inhibit the anti-tumor response of the immune system, and be responsible for resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębacz-Maron
- Department of Ecology and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
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Biswas P, Datta C, Rathi P, Bhattacharjee A. Fatty acids and their lipid mediators in the induction of cellular apoptosis in cancer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 160:106637. [PMID: 35341977 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid through enzymes like lipoxygenases (LOXs) are common and often leads to the production of various bioactive lipids that are important both in acute inflammation and its resolution and thus in disease progression. Amongst the several isoforms of LOX that are expressed in mammals, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) has shown to be crucial in the context of inflammation. Moreover, being expressed in cells of the immune system, as well as in epithelial cells; the enzyme has been shown to crosstalk with a number of important signalling pathways. Mounting evidences from recent reports suggest that 15-LOX has anti-cancer activities which are dependent or independent of its metabolites, and is executed through several downstream pathways like cGMP, PPAR, p53, p21 and NAG-1. However, it is still unclear whether the up-regulation of 15-LOX is associated with cancer cell apoptosis. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), on the other hand, is a mitochondrial flavoenzyme which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammation and in many other neurological disorders. MAO-A has also been reported as a potential therapeutic target in different types of cancers like prostate cancer, lung cancer etc. In this review, we discussed about the role of fatty acids and their lipid mediators in cancer cell apoptosis. Here we particularly focused on the contribution of oxidative enzymes like 15-LOX and MAO-A in mediating apoptosis in lung cancer cell after fatty acid induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandreyee Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Parul Rathi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India.
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Pang L, Shah H, Xu Y, Qian S. Delta-5-desaturase: A novel therapeutic target for cancer management. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101207. [PMID: 34438249 PMCID: PMC8390547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
D5D is an independent prognostic factor in cancer. D5D aggravates cancer progression via mediating AA/PGE2 production from DGLA. AA/PGE2 promotes cancer progression via regulating the tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of D5D redirects COX-2 catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, producing 8-HOA. 8-HOA suppress cancer by regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis.
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) is a rate-limiting enzyme that introduces double-bonds to the delta-5 position of the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid chain. Since fatty acid metabolism is a vital factor in cancer development, several recent studies have revealed that D5D activity and expression could be an independent prognostic factor in cancers. However, the mechanistic basis of D5D in cancer progression is still controversial. The classical concept believes that D5D could aggravate cancer progression via mediating arachidonic acid (AA)/prostaglandin E2 production from dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), resulting in activation of EP receptors, inflammatory pathways, and immunosuppression. On the contrary, D5D may prevent cancer progression through activating ferroptosis, which is iron-dependent cell death. Suppression of D5D by RNA interference and small-molecule inhibitor has been identified as a promising anti-cancer strategy. Inhibition of D5D could shift DGLA peroxidation pattern from generating AA to a distinct anti-cancer free radical byproduct, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid, resulting in activation of apoptosis pathway and simultaneously suppression of cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of D5D on cancer may therefore facilitate the development of novel therapeutical applications. Given that D5D may serve as a promising target in cancer, in this review, we provide an updated summary of current knowledge on the role of D5D in cancer development and potentially useful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 108, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 108, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 108, 1401 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, USA
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Pang L, Shah H, Qian S, Sathish V. Iminodibenzyl redirected cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation pattern in lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:167-180. [PMID: 34102280 PMCID: PMC8355066 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is up-regulated by redox imbalance and is considered a target for cancer therapy. The rationale of the COX-2 inhibitor lies in suppressing COX-2 catalyzed peroxidation of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential and pervasive in our daily diet. However, COX-2 inhibitors fail to improve cancer patients' survival and may lead to severe side effects. Here, instead of directly inhibiting COX-2, we utilize a small molecule, iminodibenzyl, which could reprogram the COX-2 catalyzed omega-6 PUFAs peroxidation in lung cancer by inhibiting delta-5-desaturase (D5D) activity. Iminodibenzyl breaks the conversion from dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid, resulting in the formation of a distinct byproduct, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid, in lung cancer cells and solid tumors. By utilizing COX-2 overexpression in cancer, the combination of DGLA supplementation and iminodibenzyl suppressed YAP1/TAZ pathway, decreasing the tumor size and lung metastasis in nude mice and C57BL/6 mice. This D5D inhibition-based strategy selectively damaged lung cancer cells with a high COX-2 level, whereas it could avoid harassing normal lung epithelial cells. This finding challenged the COX-2 redox basis in cancer, providing a new direction for developing omega-6 (DGLA)-based diet/regimen in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Steven Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Osuntokun OS, Abdulwahab UF, Akanji NO, Adedokun KI, Adekomi AD, Olayiwola G. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of carbamazepine-levetiracetam adjunctive treatment in convulsive status epilepticus rat model: Inhibition of cholinergic transmission. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136167. [PMID: 34389480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), levetiracetam (LEV), and CBZ + LEV adjunctive treatment in convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) rat model. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n = 5). Groups I and II received 0.2 ml of normal saline intraperitoneally (i.p), while groups III-V received CBZ (25 mg/kg i.p), LEV (50 mg/kg i.p) or combination of sub-therapeutic doses of CBZ (12.5 mg/kg i.p) and LEV (25 mg/kg i.p). Thirty minutes later, seizure was kindled with pilocarpine hydrochloride (350 mg/kg) in group II-V rats. Seizure indices, markers of excitotoxicity, and astroglioses were determined, while the hippocampal morphometry was also evaluated. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while the results were presented as mean ± SEM in graphs or tables, and the level of significance was taken at p < 0.05. The anticonvulsant treatments delayed the inception of seizure indices (p = 0.0006), while the percentage mortality decreased significantly (p = 0.0001) in all the treatment groups. The hippocampal concentrations of acetylcholine, malondialdehyde, and tissue necrotic factor-alpha decreased significantly (p = 0.0077) in all the treated group relative to the positive control. The reactive astrogliosis in the hippocampus (CA 1) increased significantly (p = 0.0001) compared with the control but abrogated in all the treatment groups relative to the positive control. The anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects are in this order: LEV < CBZ + CBZ < CBZ. The drug efficacy is attributable to the inhibition of cholinergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Umar Faruq Abdulwahab
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Nafisat Omolola Akanji
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Kabiru Isola Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Xiao J, Cong H, Wang S, Yu B, Shen Y. Recent research progress in the construction of active free radical nanoreactors and their applications in photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2384-2412. [PMID: 33576752 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is the most important treatment strategy in free radical therapy. However, tumor microenvironment hypoxia is a key obstacle in PDT. In order to overcome this obstacle, the strategy of in situ production of O2/radicals by catalytic reaction in solid tumors was proposed. In recent years, it has been found that there are many oxygen-independent carbon-based free radicals that can generate toxic active free radicals under laser irradiation and lead to tumor cell death. Based on the rational design of multifunctional nano-medicine, the active free radical nano-generator has opened up a new way for the highly developed nanotechnology and tumor cooperative therapy to improve the therapeutic effect. In this paper, the research status of active free radical nano-generators, especially reactive oxygen species, including the construction mechanism of active free radical nanomaterials, is reviewed and the application of free radical nano-generators in tumor therapy is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Sadiq M, Pang L, Johnson M, Sathish V, Zhang Q, Wang D. 2D Nanomaterial, Ti 3C 2 MXene-Based Sensor to Guide Lung Cancer Therapy and Management. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11020040. [PMID: 33557033 PMCID: PMC7913740 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in cancer control can be greatly aided by early diagnosis and effective treatment in its pre-invasive state. Lung cancer (small cell and non-small cell) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among both men and women around the world. A lot of research attention has been directed toward diagnosing and treating lung cancer. A common method of lung cancer treatment is based on COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors. This is because COX-2 is commonly overexpressed in lung cancer and also the abundance of its enzymatic product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Instead of using traditional COX-2 inhibitors to treat lung cancer, here, we introduce a new anti-cancer strategy recently developed for lung cancer treatment. It adopts more abundant omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids such as dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in the daily diet and the commonly high levels of COX-2 expressed in lung cancer to promote the formation of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) through a new delta-5-desaturase (D5Di) inhibitor. The D5Di does not only limit the metabolic product, PGE2, but also promote the COX-2 catalyzed DGLA peroxidation to form 8-HOA, a novel anti-cancer free radical byproduct. Therefore, the measurement of the PGE2 and 8-HOA levels in cancer cells can be an effective method to treat lung cancer by providing in-time guidance. In this paper, we mainly report on a novel sensor, which is based on a newly developed functionalized nanomaterial, 2-dimensional nanosheets, or Ti3C2 MXene. The preliminary results have proven to sensitively, selectively, precisely, and effectively detect PGE2 and 8-HOA in A549 lung cancer cells. The capability of the sensor to detect trace level 8-HOA in A549 has been verified in comparison with the traditional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. The sensing principle could be due to the unique structure and material property of Ti3C2 MXene: a multilayered structure and extremely large surface area, metallic conductivity, and ease and versatility in surface modification. All these make the Ti3C2 MXene-based sensor selectively adsorb 8-HOA molecules through effective charge transfer and lead to a measurable change in the conductivity of the material with a high signal-to-noise ratio and excellent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahek Sadiq
- Biomedical Engineering Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
| | - Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (L.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Michael Johnson
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.J.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (L.P.); (V.S.)
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.J.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Danling Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.J.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-701-231-8396
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Shah H, Pang L, Wang H, Shu D, Qian SY, Sathish V. Growth inhibitory and anti-metastatic activity of epithelial cell adhesion molecule targeted three-way junctional delta-5-desaturase siRNA nanoparticle for breast cancer therapy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2020; 30:102298. [PMID: 32931930 PMCID: PMC7680439 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) produced through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) peroxidation in delta-5-desaturase inhibitory (D5D siRNA) condition showed an inhibitory effect on breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. However, in vivo use of naked D5D siRNA was limited by off-target silencing and degradation by endonucleases. To overcome the limitation and deliver the D5D siRNA in vivo, we designed an epithelia cell adhesion molecule targeted three-way junctional nanoparticle having D5D siRNA. In this study, we have hypothesized that 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA will target and inhibit the D5D enzyme in cancer cells leading to peroxidation of supplemented DGLA to 8-HOA resulting in growth inhibitory effect in the orthotopic breast cancer model developed by injecting 4T1 cells. On analysis, we observed a significant reduction in tumor size and metastatic lung nodules in animals treated with a combination of 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA and DGLA through activating intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and by reducing endothelial-mesenchymal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Association between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species Production of Neutrophils in the General Population. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113222. [PMID: 33105547 PMCID: PMC7690262 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the general population. Therefore this study aimed to describe the association of PUFAs with ROS according to age and sex in the general population and to determine whether PUFA levels are indicators of ROS. This cross-sectional study included 895 participants recruited from a 2015 community health project. Participants were divided into 6 groups based on sex and age (less than 45 years old (young), aged 45–64 years (middle-aged), and 65 years or older (old)) as follows: male, young (n = 136); middle-aged (n = 133); old (n = 82); female, young (n = 159); middle-aged (n = 228); and old (n = 157). The PUFAs measured were arachidonic acid (AA), dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), AA/DGLA ratio, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ROS considered in the analysis were basal ROS and stimulated ROS levels. Multiple linear analyses showed: (1) significant correlations between PUFA levels, especially DGLA and AA/DGLA ratio, and neutrophil function in the young and middle-aged groups; (2) no significant correlations in old age groups for either sex. Because PUFAs have associated with the ROS production, recommendation for controlled PUFA intake from a young age should be considered.
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Pang L, Shah H, Wang H, Shu D, Qian SY, Sathish V. EpCAM-Targeted 3WJ RNA Nanoparticle Harboring Delta-5-Desaturase siRNA Inhibited Lung Tumor Formation via DGLA Peroxidation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:222-235. [PMID: 33230429 PMCID: PMC7515975 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Knocking down delta-5-desaturase (D5D) expression by D5D small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been reported that could redirect the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) peroxidation from producing prostaglandin E2 to 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA), resulting in the inhibition of colon and pancreatic cancers. However, the effect of D5D siRNA on lung cancer is still unknown. In this study, by incorporating epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) aptamer and validated D5D siRNA into the innovative three-way junction (3WJ) RNA nanoparticle, target-specific accumulation and D5D knockdown were achieved in the lung cancer cell and mouse models. By promoting the 8-HOA formation from the COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, the 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA nanoparticle inhibited lung cancer growth in vivo and in vitro. As a potential histone deacetylases inhibitor, 8-HOA subsequently inhibited cancer proliferation and induced apoptosis via suppressing YAP1/TAZ nuclear translocation and expression. Therefore, this 3WJ-RNA nanoparticle could improve the targeting and effectiveness of D5D siRNA in lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Corresponding author: Venkatachalem Sathish, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Sudro 203, 1401 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
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N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cancer: Accumulating Evidence from Prospective Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092523. [PMID: 32825393 PMCID: PMC7551408 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cancer have focused on n-3 PUFAs. To investigate the association between intake or blood levels of n-6 PUFAs and cancer, we searched the PubMed and Embase databases up to March 2020 and conducted a meta-analysis. A total of 70 articles were identified. High blood levels of n-6 PUFAs were associated with an 8% lower risk of all cancers (relative risk (RR) = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86-0.98) compared to low blood levels of n-6 PUFAs. In the subgroup analyses by cancer site, type of n-6 PUFAs, and sex, the inverse associations were strong for breast cancer (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.98), linoleic acid (LA) (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82-1.00), and women (RR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.97). In the dose-response analysis, a 2% and 3% decrease in the risk of cancer was observed with a 5% increase in blood levels of n-6 PUFAs and LA, respectively. Thus, there was no significant association between n-6 PUFA intake and the risk of cancer. The pooled RR of cancer for the highest versus lowest category of n-6 PUFA intake was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99-1.05). Evidence from prospective studies indicated that intake of n-6 PUFAs was not significantly associated with risk of cancer, but blood levels of n-6 PUFAs were inversely associated with risk of cancer.
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FADS1 promotes the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through activating AKT/mTOR signaling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:272. [PMID: 32332698 PMCID: PMC7181692 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic abnormality is the major feature of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), however, the underlying mechanism remain largely elusive. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), as the key rate-limiting enzyme of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), catalyzes dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA). In this study, we reported that the expression of FADS1 was upregulated in LSCC, high FADS1 expression was closely associated with the advanced clinical features and poor prognosis of the recurrent LSCC patients after chemotherapy. Liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed that FADS1 overexpression induced greater conversion of DGLA to AA, suggesting an increased activity of FADS1. Similarly, the level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a downstream metabolite of AA, was also elevated in cancerous laryngeal tissues. Functional assays showed that FADS1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of LSCC cells, while FADS1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Bioinformatic analysis based on microarray data found that FADS1 could activate AKT/mTOR signaling. This hypothesis was further validated by both in vivo and in vitro assays. Hence, our data has supported the viewpoint that FADS1 is a potential promoter in LSCC progression, and has laid the foundation for further functional research on the PUFA dietary supplementation interventions targeting FADS1/AKT/mTOR pathway for LSCC prevention and treatment.
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Li X, Liu Y, Fu F, Cheng M, Liu Y, Yu L, Wang W, Wan Y, Yuan Z. Single NIR Laser-Activated Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Cascaded Photothermal and Oxygen-Independent Photodynamic Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:68. [PMID: 34137996 PMCID: PMC7770756 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Inconvenient dual-laser irradiation and tumor hypoxic environment as well as limited judgment of treating region have impeded the development of combined photothermal and photodynamic therapies (PTT and PDT). Herein, Bi2Se3@AIPH nanoparticles (NPs) are facilely developed to overcome these problems. Through a one-step method, free radical generator (AIPH) and phase transition material (lauric acid, LA, 44-46 °C) are encapsulated in hollow bismuth selenide nanoparticles (Bi2Se3 NPs). Under a single 808-nm laser irradiation at the tumor area, hyperthermia produced by Bi2Se3 not only directly leads to cell death, but also promotes AIPH release by melting LA and triggers free radical generation, which could further eradicate tumor cells in hypoxic environments. Moreover, Bi2Se3 with high X-ray attenuation coefficient endows the NPs with high computed tomography (CT) imaging capability, which is important for treating area determination. The results exhibit that Bi2Se3@AIPH NPs possesses 31.2% photothermal conversion efficiency for enhanced PTT, ideal free radical generation for oxygen-independent PDT, and 37.77 HU mL mg-1 X-ray attenuation coefficient for CT imaging with high quality. Most importantly, the tumor growth inhibition rate by synergistic PTT, PDT, and following immunotherapy is 99.6%, and even one tumor disappears completely, which demonstrates excellent cascaded synergistic effect of Bi2Se3@AIPH NPs for the tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Fu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300210, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeda Wan
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300210, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Pakiet A, Kobiela J, Stepnowski P, Sledzinski T, Mika A. Changes in lipids composition and metabolism in colorectal cancer: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:29. [PMID: 30684960 PMCID: PMC6347819 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism of lipids is currently considered a hallmark characteristic of many malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Lipids are a large group of metabolites that differ in terms of their fatty acid composition. This review summarizes recent evidence, documenting many alterations in the content and composition of fatty acids, polar lipids, oxylipins and triacylglycerols in CRC patients' sera, tumor tissues and adipose tissue. Some of altered lipid molecules may be potential biomarkers of CRC risk, development and progression. Owing to a significant role of many lipids in cancer cell metabolism, some of lipid metabolism pathways may also constitute specific targets for anti-CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pakiet
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
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16
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Xu Y, Yang X, Gao D, Yang L, Miskimins K, Qian SY. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid inhibits xenograft tumor growth in mice bearing shRNA-transfected HCA-7 cells targeting delta-5-desaturase. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1268. [PMID: 30567534 PMCID: PMC6299961 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that knockdown of delta-5-desaturase via siRNA transfection together with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation inhibited colon cancer cell growth and migration, by promoting the production of the anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid from Cyclooxygenase-2-catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation. Here, we extend our study to investigate the effects of delta-5-desaturase-knockdown and the resulting intensified dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation in xenograft tumor mice model. Methods Four-week old nude mice bearing the human colon cancer cell HCA-7/C29 vs. its delta-5-desaturase knockdown analog (via shRNA transfection) were subject to 4-week treatments of: vehicle control, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation, 5-Fluorouracil, and combination of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and 5-Fluorouracil. Tumor growth was monitored during the treatment. At the endpoint, the mice were euthanized and the tumor tissues were collected for further mechanism analysis. Results Delta-5-desaturase knockdown (shRNA) together with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation increased 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid production to a threshold level in xenograft tumors, which consequently induced p53-dependent apoptosis and reduced tumors significantly. The promoted 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid formation was also found to suppress the tumors’ metastatic potential via regulating MMP-2 and E-cadherin expressions. In addition, our in vivo data showed that delta-5-desaturase knockdown along with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation resulted in anti-tumor effects comparable to those of 5-Fluorouracil. Conclusions We have demonstrated that our paradigm-shifting strategy of knocking down delta-5-desaturase and taking advantage of overexpressed Cyclooxygenase-2 in tumor cells can be used for colon cancer suppression. Our research outcome will lead us to develop a better and safer anti-cancer therapy for patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5185-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA.
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17
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Xu Y, Pang L, Wang H, Xu C, Shah H, Guo P, Shu D, Qian SY. Specific delivery of delta-5-desaturase siRNA via RNA nanoparticles supplemented with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid for colon cancer suppression. Redox Biol 2018; 21:101085. [PMID: 30584980 PMCID: PMC6305700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that DGLA treatment along with Delta-5-Desaturase (D5D) siRNA in various types of cancer cells enhances the formation of 8-HOA from COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, which in turn inhibits cancer cell growth and migration. However, delivery of naked siRNA remains a formidable challenge due to its "off-target" effect. In this study, we employed RNA nanotechnology for specific delivery of D5D-siRNA to xenograft colon tumors using 3WJ RNA nanoparticles. When a targeting module, i.e., the EpCAM aptamer, was incorporated, the 3WJ pRNA nanoparticles were able specifically deliver D5D siRNA to human colon cancer HCA-7 cells both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in significant downregulation of D5D expression. Co-treatment with DGLA in combination with 3WJ-EpCAM-siRNA induced a higher DGLA/AA ratio and enhanced formation of 8-HOA at a threshold level, and in HCA-7 tumor-bearing mice, induced significant tumor suppression. We further confirmed that 8-HOA formation, promoted by COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, inhibited HDAC and consequently induced apoptosis in tumor cells. Therefore, the 3WJ RNA nanoparticle system holds great promise as a suitable therapeutic delivery platform for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Congcong Xu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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18
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Yang X, Xu Y, Gao D, Yang L, Qian SY. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid inhibits growth of xenograft tumors in mice bearing human pancreatic cancer cells (BxPC-3) transfected with delta-5-desaturase shRNA. Redox Biol 2018; 20:236-246. [PMID: 30384258 PMCID: PMC6205412 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that siRNA-knockdown of delta-5-desaturase (D5D), the rate-limiting enzyme converting upstream ω − 6 dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid, promoted formation of the anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) from COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, consequently suppressing pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration and invasion. In this study, we have further investigated the anti-tumor effects of D5D-knockdown and the resulting intensified COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation in subcutaneous xenograft tumors. Four-week old female nude mice (Jackson Laboratory, J:Nu-007850) were injected with human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 or its D5D knockdown counterpart (via shRNA), followed by 4-week treatments of: vehicle control, DGLA supplementation (8 mg/mouse, twice a week), gemcitabine (30 mg/kg, twice a week), and a combination of DGLA and gemcitabine. In D5D-knockdown tumors, DGLA supplementation promoted 8-HOA formation to a threshold level (> 0.3 µg/g) and resulted in significant tumor reduction (30% vs. control). The promoted 8-HOA not only induced apoptosis associated with altered expression of Bcl-2, cleaved PARP, procaspase 3 and procaspase 9, but also suppressed the tumor metastatic potential via altering MMP-2 and E-cadherin expression. DGLA supplementation resulted in similar anti-tumor effects to those of gemcitabine in our experiments, while the combined treatment led to most significant inhibitory effect on D5D-knockdown tumor growth (70% reduction vs. control). Compared to conventional COX-2 inhibition in cancer treatment, our new strategy that takes advantage of overexpressed COX-2 in cancer cells and tumors, and of abundant ω − 6 fatty acids in the daily diet, should lead us to develop a better and safer anti-pancreatic cancer therapy for patients. D5D knockdown and DGLA supplement promote 8-HOA formation in BxPC-3 cells and tumors. 8-HOA production inhibits growth and metastasis potential of BxPC-3 tumors. Combination of D5D knockdown and DGLA supplement improve gemcitabine's cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Hari AD, Naidu VGM, Das UN. n-6 and n-3 Fatty acids and their metabolites augment inhibitory action of doxorubicin on the proliferation of human neuroblastoma (IMR-32) cells by enhancing lipid peroxidation and suppressingRas, Myc, andFos. Biofactors 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/biof.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Devi Hari
- Bio-Science Research Centre; Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering Campus, Madhurawada; Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh, 530048 India
| | - Vegi G. M. Naidu
- Department of pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar; Hyderabad Telangana, 500037 India
| | - Undurti N. Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St; Battle Ground WA, 98604 USA
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20
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Del Cornò M, D'Archivio M, Conti L, Scazzocchio B, Varì R, Donninelli G, Varano B, Giammarioli S, De Meo S, Silecchia G, Pennestrì F, Persiani R, Masella R, Gessani S. Visceral fat adipocytes from obese and colorectal cancer subjects exhibit distinct secretory and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles and deliver immunosuppressive signals to innate immunity cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63093-63105. [PMID: 27494857 PMCID: PMC5325349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammatory state representing an important risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Adipocytes strongly contribute to inflammation by producing inflammatory mediators. In this study we investigated the role of human visceral fat adipocytes in regulating the functions of innate immunity cells. Adipocyte-conditioned media (ACM) from obese (n = 14) and CRC (lean, n = 14; obese, n = 13) subjects released higher levels of pro-inflammatory/immunoregulatory factors as compared to ACM from healthy lean subjects (n = 13). Dendritic cells (DC), differentiated in the presence of ACM from obese and CRC subjects, expressed elevated levels of the inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2, and showed a reduced IL-12/IL-10 ratio in response to both TLR ligand- and γδ T lymphocyte-induced maturation. Furthermore, CRC patient-derived ACM inhibited DC-mediated γδ T cell activation. The immunosuppressive signals delivered by ACM from obese and CRC individuals were associated with a pro-inflammatory secretory and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of adipocytes. Interestingly, STAT3 activation in adipocytes correlated with dihomo-γlinolenic acid content and was further induced by arachidonic acid, which conversely down-modulated PPARγ. These results provide novel evidence for a cross-talk between human adipocytes and innate immunity cells whose alteration in obesity and CRC may lead to immune dysfunctions, thus setting the basis for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Del Cornò
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo D'Archivio
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Conti
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Scazzocchio
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Varì
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Donninelli
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Varano
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Giammarioli
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone De Meo
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Silecchia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotecnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Masella
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Departments of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Xu Y, Yang X, Wang T, Yang L, He YY, Miskimins K, Qian SY. Knockdown delta-5-desaturase in breast cancer cells that overexpress COX-2 results in inhibition of growth, migration and invasion via a dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation dependent mechanism. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:330. [PMID: 29587668 PMCID: PMC5870477 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible COX form, is a bi-functional membrane-bound enzyme that typically metabolizes arachidonic acid (downstream ω-6 fatty acid) to form 2-series of prostaglandins known to be involved in cancer development. Overexpression of COX-2 has been found in a majority of breast carcinomas, and has also been associated with increased severity and the development of the metastasis. Our lab recently demonstrated that COX-2 can also metabolize dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, a precursor of ω-6 arachidonic acid) to produce an anti-cancer byproduct, 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) that can inhibit growth and migration of colon and pancreatic cancer cells. We thus tested whether our strategy of knocking down delta-5-desaturase (D5D, the key enzyme that converts DGLA to arachidonic acid) in breast cancer cells overexpressing COX-2 can also be used to promote 8-HOA formation, thereby suppressing cancer growth, migration, and invasion. Methods SiRNA and shRNA transfection were used to knock down D5D expression in MDA-MB 231 and 4 T1 cells (human and mouse breast cancer cell lines expressing high COX-2, respectively). Colony formation assay, FITC Annexin V/PI double staining, wound healing and transwell assay were used to assess the effect of our strategy on inhibition of cancer growth, migration, and invasion. GC/MS was used to measure endogenous 8-HOA, and western blotting was performed to evaluate the altered key protein expressions upon the treatments. Results We demonstrated that D5D knockdown licenses DGLA to inhibit growth of breast cancer cells via promoting formation of 8-HOA that can inhibit histone deacetylase and activate cell apoptotic proteins, such as procaspase 9 and PARP. Our strategy can also significantly inhibit cancer migration and invasion, associated with altered expression of MMP-2/− 9, E-cadherin, vimentin and snail. In addition, D5D knockdown and DGLA supplementation greatly enhanced the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil on breast cancer growth and migration. Conclusions Consistent to our previous studies on colon and pancreatic cancer, here we demonstrate again that the high level of COX-2 in breast cancer cells can be capitalized on inhibiting cancer growth and migration. The outcome of this translational research could guide us to develop new anti-cancer strategy and/or to improve current chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4250-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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ω-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Sensitizing Agents and Multidrug Resistance Revertants in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122770. [PMID: 29261109 PMCID: PMC5751368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy efficacy is strictly limited by the resistance of cancer cells. The ω-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) are considered chemosensitizing agents and revertants of multidrug resistance by pleiotropic, but not still well elucidated, mechanisms. Nowadays, it is accepted that alteration in gene expression, modulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, induction of apoptosis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation are involved in ω-3 LCPUFA chemosensitizing effects. A crucial mechanism in the control of cell drug uptake and efflux is related to ω-3 LCPUFA influence on membrane lipid composition. The incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid in the lipid rafts produces significant changes in their physical-chemical properties affecting content and functions of transmembrane proteins, such as growth factors, receptors and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Of note, ω-3 LCPUFAs often alter the lipid compositions more in chemoresistant cells than in chemosensitive cells, suggesting a potential adjuvant role in the treatment of drug resistant cancers.
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Yang X, Xu Y, Wang T, Shu D, Guo P, Miskimins K, Qian SY. Inhibition of cancer migration and invasion by knocking down delta-5-desaturase in COX-2 overexpressed cancer cells. Redox Biol 2017; 11:653-662. [PMID: 28157665 PMCID: PMC5288391 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that knockdown of delta-5-desaturase (a key enzyme that converts dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, DGLA, to the downstream ω-6 arachidonic acid) promotes formation of an anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid from cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation. 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid can exert its growth inhibitory effect on cancer cells (e.g. colon and pancreatic cancer) by serving as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Since histone deacetylase inhibitors have been well-known to suppress cancer cell migration and invasion, we thus tested whether knockdown of delta-5-desaturase and DGLA treatment could also be used to inhibit cancer migration and invasion of colon cancer and pancreatic cancer cells. Wound healing assay, transwell assay and western blot were used to assess cell migration and invasion as well as the associated molecular mechanisms. Formation of threshold level of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid was quantified from COX-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation in the cancer cells that overexpress COX-2 and their delta-5-desaturases were knocked down by shRNA transfection. Our results showed that knockdown of delta-5-desaturase along with DGLA supplement not only significantly inhibited cell migration, but also improved the efficacies of 5-flurouracil and gemcitabine, two frontline chemotherapy drugs currently used in the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancer, respectively. The molecular mechanism behind these observations is that 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid inhibits histone deacetylase, resulting in downregulation of cancer metastasis promotors, e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as upregulation of cancer metastasis suppressor, e.g. E-cadherin. For the first time, we demonstrated that we could take the advantage of the common phenomenon of COX-2 overexpression in cancers to inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion. With the shifting paradigm of COX-2 cancer biology, our research outcome may provide us a novel cancer treatment strategy. High level of COX-2 could be used to inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion. 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid suppresses cancer migration and invasion via inhibiting HDAC. D5D knockdown and DGLA improves efficacy of chemotherapy to inhibit cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Xu Y, Qian S. Techniques for Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species in Pulmonary Vasculature Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:361-372. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang X, Xu Y, Brooks A, Guo B, Miskimins KW, Qian SY. Knockdown delta-5-desaturase promotes the formation of a novel free radical byproduct from COX-catalyzed ω-6 peroxidation to induce apoptosis and sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:342-350. [PMID: 27368132 PMCID: PMC5807006 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that colon cancer cell proliferation can be suppressed in the cells that overexpress COX-2 via generating 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (a free radical byproduct) during dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, an ω-6 fatty acid) peroxidation from knocking down cellular delta-5-desaturase (D5D, the key enzyme for converting DGLA to the downstream ω-6, arachidonic acid). Here, this novel research finding is extended to pancreatic cancer growth, as COX-2 is also commonly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC-3 (with high COX-2 expression and mutated p53), was used to assess not only the inhibitory effects of the enhanced formation of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid from cellular COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation but also its potential synergistic and/or additive effect on current chemotherapy drugs. This work demonstrated that, by inducing DNA damage through inhibition of histone deacetylase, a threshold level of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid achieved in DGLA-treated and D5D-knockdown BxPC-3 cells subsequently induce cancer cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was shown that a combination of D5D knockdown along with DGLA treatment could also significantly sensitize BxPC-3 cells to various chemotherapy drugs, likely via a p53-independent pathway through downregulating of anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2) and activating pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., caspase 3, -9). This study reinforces the supposition that using commonly overexpressed COX-2 for molecular targeting, a strategy conceptually distinct from the prevailing COX-2 inhibition strategy used in cancer treatment, is an important as well as viable alternative to inhibit cancer cell growth. Based on the COX-2 metabolic cascade, the outcomes presented here could guide the development of a novel ω-6-based dietary care strategy in combination with chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Amanda Brooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Keith W Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, United States
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States.
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Sun M, Zhang Q, Yang X, Qian SY, Guo B. Vitamin D Enhances the Efficacy of Irinotecan through miR-627-Mediated Inhibition of Intratumoral Drug Metabolism. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2086-95. [PMID: 27458137 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme, and high levels of tumoral expression of CYP3A4 are linked to drug resistance. We investigated the function of vitamin D-regulated miR-627 in intratumoral CYP3A4 suppression and its role in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. We found that miR-627 targets CYP3A4 and suppresses CYP3A4 expression in colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) suppressed CYP3A4 expression by activating miR-627. As a result, calcitriol inhibited CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of irinotecan (a topoisomerase I inhibitor) in cancer cells. We show that calcitriol enhanced the efficacy of irinotecan in growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. When miR-627 is inhibited, calcitriol fails to enhance the activity of irinotecan. In addition, overexpression of miR-627 or siRNA knockdown of CYP3A4 enhanced the efficacy of irinotecan in growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. In contrast, overexpression of CYP3A4 abolished the effects of calcitriol on the activity of irinotecan. Using a nude mouse xenograft model, we demonstrated that calcitriol inhibited CYP3A4 and enhanced the in vivo antitumor activity of irinotecan without causing side effects. Our study identified a novel target for improving cancer therapy, i.e., modulating the intratumoral CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism with vitamin D. This strategy could enhance the therapeutic efficacy without eliciting the side effects. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2086-95. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Qunshu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
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Xu Y, Yang X, Zhao P, Yang Z, Yan C, Guo B, Qian SY. Knockdown of delta-5-desaturase promotes the anti-cancer activity of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in colon cancer cells expressing COX-2. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:67-77. [PMID: 27101738 PMCID: PMC4912402 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX), commonly overexpressed in cancer cells, is a major lipid peroxidizing enzyme that metabolizes polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3s and ω-6s). The COX-catalyzed free radical peroxidation of arachidonic acid (ω-6) can produce deleterious metabolites (e.g. 2-series prostaglandins) that are implicated in cancer development. Thus, COX inhibition has been intensively investigated as a complementary therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, our previous study has demonstrated that a free radical-derived byproduct (8-hydroxyoctanoic acid) formed from COX-catalyzed peroxidation of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, the precursor of arachidonic acid) can inhibit colon cancer cell growth. We thus hypothesize that the commonly overexpressed COX in cancer (~90% of colon cancer patients) can be taken advantage to suppress cell growth by knocking down delta-5-desaturase (D5D, a key enzyme that converts DGLA to arachidonic acid). In addition, D5D knockdown along with DGLA supplement may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. After knocking down D5D in HCA-7 colony 29 cells and HT-29 cells (human colon cancer cell lines with high and low COX levels, respectively), the antitumor activity of DGLA was significantly enhanced along with the formation of a threshold range (~0.5-1.0μM) of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid. In contrast, DGLA treatment did not inhibit cell growth when D5D was not knocked down and only limited amount of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid was formed. D5D knockdown along with DGLA treatment also enhanced the cytotoxicities of various chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, regorafenib, and irinotecan, potentially through the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, e.g. p53 and caspase 9. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the overexpressed COX in cancer cells can be utilized in suppressing cancer cell growth. This finding may provide a new option besides COX inhibition to optimize cancer therapy. The outcome of this translational research will guide us to develop a novel ω-6-based diet-care strategy in combination with current chemotherapy for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Pinjing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Changhui Yan
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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Abstract
The ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are two major families of PUFAs present as essential cellular components which possess diverse bioactivities. The ω-3s, mainly found in seafood, are associated with many beneficial effects on human health, while the ω-6s are more abundant in our daily diet and could be implicated in many pathological processes including cancer development. Increasing evidence suggests that the adverse effects of ω-6s may be largely attributed to arachidonic acid (AA, a downstream ω-6) and the metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that stems from its cyclooxygenase (COX)-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, two of AA's upstream ω-6s, γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), are shown to possess certain anti-cancer activities, including inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. In this paper, we review the documented anti-cancer activities of ω-6 PUFAs, including the recent findings regarding the anti-cancer effects of free radical-mediated DGLA peroxidation. The possible mechanisms and applications of DGLA (and other ω-6s) in inducing anti-cancer activity are also discussed. Considering the wide availability of ω-6s in our daily diet, the study of the potential beneficial effect of ω-6 PUFAs may guide us to develop an ω-6-based diet care strategy for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Allied Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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