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Mikulášková B, Maletínská L, Zicha J, Kuneš J. The role of food intake regulating peptides in cardiovascular regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:78-92. [PMID: 27450151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor that worsens cardiovascular events leading to higher morbidity and mortality. However, the exact mechanisms of relation between obesity and cardiovascular events are unclear. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that pharmacological therapy for obesity has great potential to improve some cardiovascular problems. Therefore, it is important to determine the common mechanisms regulating both food intake and blood pressure. Several hormones produced by peripheral tissues work together with neuropeptides involved in the regulation of both food intake and blood pressure. Anorexigenic (food intake lowering) hormones such as leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin cooperate with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated peptide as well as prolactin-releasing peptide. Curiously their collective actions result in increased sympathetic activity, especially in the kidney, which could be one of the factors responsible for the blood pressure increases seen in obesity. On the other hand, orexigenic (food intake enhancing) peptides, especially ghrelin released from the stomach and acting in the brain, cooperates with orexins, neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin, which leads to decreased sympathetic activity and blood pressure. This paradox should be intensively studied in the future. Moreover, it is important to know that the hypothalamus together with the brainstem seem to be major structures in the regulation of food intake and blood pressure. Thus, the above mentioned regions might be essential brain components in the transmission of peripheral signals to the central effects. In this short review, we summarize the current information on cardiovascular effects of food intake regulating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikulášková
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Zicha
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kuneš
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Galanin participates in the functional regulation of the diabetic heart. Life Sci 2013; 92:628-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fang P, Yu M, Shi M, Zhang Z, Sui Y, Guo L, Bo P. Galanin peptide family as a modulating target for contribution to metabolic syndrome. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:115-20. [PMID: 22909974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as abdominal central obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hypertension. The rapid increasing prevalence of MetS and the consequent diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorder, are becoming a global epidemic health problem. Despite considerable research into the etiology of this complex disease, the precise mechanism underlying MetS and the association of this complex disease with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and increased cardiovascular disease remains elusive. Therefore, researchers continue to actively search for new MetS treatments. Recent animal studies have indicated that the galanin peptide family of peptides may increase food intake, glucose intolerance, fat preference and the risk for obesity and dyslipidemia while decreasing insulin resistance and blood pressure, which diminishes the probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. To date, however, few papers have summarized the role of the galanin peptide family in modulating MetS. Through a summary of available papers and our recent studies, this study reviews the updated evidences of the effect that the galanin peptide family has on the clustering of MetS components, including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. This line of research will further deepen our understanding of the relationship between the galanin peptide family and the mechanisms underlying MetS, which will help develop new therapeutic strategies for this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
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Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, Romero-Fernandez W, Tarakanov AO, Calvo F, Garriga P, Tena M, Narvaez M, Millón C, Parrado C, Ciruela F, Agnati LF, Narvaez JA, Díaz-Cabiale Z. On the existence and function of galanin receptor heteromers in the central nervous system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:127. [PMID: 23112793 PMCID: PMC3481144 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin receptor (GalR) subtypes 1-3 linked to central galanin neurons may form heteromers with each other and other types of G protein-coupled receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). These heteromers may be one molecular mechanism for galanin peptides and their N-terminal fragments (gal 1-15) to modulate the function of different types of glia-neuronal networks in the CNS, especially the emotional and the cardiovascular networks. GalR-5-HT1A heteromers likely exist with antagonistic GalR-5-HT1A receptor-receptor interactions in the ascending midbrain raphe 5-HT neuron systems and their target regions. They represent a novel target for antidepressant drugs. Evidence is given for the existence of GalR1-5-HT1A heteromers in cellular models with trans-inhibition of the protomer signaling. A GalR1-GalR2 heteromer is proposed to be a galanin N-terminal fragment preferring receptor (1-15) in the CNS. Furthermore, a GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heterotrimer is postulated to explain why only galanin (1-15) but not galanin (1-29) can antagonistically modulate the 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus rich in gal fragment binding sites. The results underline a putative role of different types of GalR-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes in depression. GalR antagonists may also have therapeutic actions in depression by blocking the antagonistic GalR-NPYY1 receptor interactions in putative GalR-NPYY1 receptor heteromers in the CNS resulting in increases in NPYY1 transmission and antidepressant effects. In contrast the galanin fragment receptor (a postulated GalR1-GalR2 heteromer) appears to be linked to the NPYY2 receptor enhancing the affinity of the NPYY2 binding sites in a putative GalR1-GalR2-NPYY2 heterotrimer. Finally, putative GalR-α2-adrenoreceptor heteromers with antagonistic receptor-receptor interactions may be a widespread mechanism in the CNS for integration of galanin and noradrenaline signals also of likely relevance for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kjell Fuxe, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
| | | | | | - Alexander O. Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Feliciano Calvo
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Pere Garriga
- Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politécnica de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mercé Tena
- Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politécnica de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Narvaez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Parrado
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapéutica Experimental, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoLido Venice, Italy
| | - José A. Narvaez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of MálagaMálaga, Spain
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The Galanin N-terminal fragment (1–15) interacts with neuropeptide Y in central cardiovascular control: Involvement of the NPY Y2 receptor subtype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 163:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Díaz-Cabiale Z, Parrado C, Narváez M, Millón C, Puigcerver A, Fuxe K, Narváez JA. Neurochemical modulation of central cardiovascular control: the integrative role of galanin. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2010; 102:113-31. [PMID: 21299065 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0228-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a peptide involved in multiple functions, including central cardiovascular control. In this review, the role of GAL and its fragments in the modulation of cardiovascular neuronal networks in the nucleus of the solitary tract is presented, including its interaction with the classical neurotransmitters and other neuropeptides involved in cardiovascular responses in this nucleus. First, we describe the cardiovascular responses of GAL and the pathway involved in these responses. Then we summarize findings obtained in our laboratory on how GAL, through its receptors, interacts with two other neuropeptides--Neuropeptide Y and Angiotensin II and their receptors--as they have particularly conspicuous cardiovascular effects. All these results strengthen the role of GAL in central cardiovascular control and indicate the existence of interactions among GAL receptor subtypes and alpha2-adrenergic receptors, AT1, and Y1 receptor subtypes. These interactions are crucial for understanding the integrative mechanisms responsible for the organization of the cardiovascular responses from the NTS.
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Parrado C, Díaz-Cabiale Z, García-Coronel M, Agnati LF, Coveñas R, Fuxe K, Narváez JA. Region specific galanin receptor/neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor interactions in the tel- and diencephalon of the rat. Relevance for food consumption. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:684-92. [PMID: 17087983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the interactions between NPY and GAL receptor (GALR) subtypes in the hypothalamus and the amygdala using quantitative receptor autoradiography to analyze the binding characteristics of NPY-Y1 and Y2 receptor subtypes in the presence and absence of GAL. Food intake in satiated animals was evaluated after intraventricular co-injections of GAL and NPY-Y1 or Y2 agonists. The expression of c-Fos IR in both regions was also investigated. GAL decreases NPY-Y1 agonist binding in the arcuate nucleus by about 15% (p<0.01), but increases NPY-Y1 agonist binding in amygdala (18%) (p<0.01). These effects were blocked with the GAL antagonist M35. Y2-agonist binding was not modified by GAL. GAL blocked the food intake induced by the Y1 agonist (p<0.01). Co-injections of Y1 agonist and GAL also reduced the c-Fos expression induced by the Y1 agonist in the arcuate nucleus and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus but increased c-Fos expression in amygdala. These results indicate the existence of antagonistic interactions between GALR and NPY-Y1 receptors in the hypothalamus and their functional relevance for food intake. In contrast, a facilitatory interaction between GALR and Y1 receptors exists in the amygdala which may be of relevance for fear related behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Parrado
- Department of Histology, University of Málaga, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga 29080, Spain
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Díaz-Cabiale Z, Parrado C, Fuxe K, Agnati L, Narváez JA. Receptor–receptor interactions in central cardiovascular regulation. Focus on neuropeptide/α2-adrenoreceptor interactions in the nucleus tractus solitarius. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:115-25. [PMID: 16988794 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) is a key nucleus in central cardiovascular control. In this mechanism it is well known the role of the alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors for the modulation of the autonomic pathways. Moreover a number of neuropeptides described in the NTS, including Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Galanin (GAL) and Angiotensin II (Ang II), have different roles in regulating the cardiovascular function within this nucleus. We show in this review several data which help to understand how these neuropeptides (NPY, GAL and Ang II) could modulate the cardiovascular responses mediated through alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors in the NTS. Also we show for the first time the interactions between neuropeptides in the brain, specifically the interactions between NPY, GAL, and Ang II, and its functional relevance for central cardiovascular regulation. These data strength the role of neuropeptides on central autonomic control and provide some evidences to understand the neurochemical mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular responses from the NTS.
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Díaz-Cabiale Z, Parrado C, Rivera A, de la Calle A, Agnati L, Fuxe K, Narváez JA. Galanin-neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions in central cardiovascular control: involvement of the NPY Y1receptor subtype. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:499-508. [PMID: 16903855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between neuropeptide Y (NPY), specifically through NPY Y(1) and Y(2) receptor subtypes, and galanin [GAL(1-29)] have been analysed at the cardiovascular level. The cardiovascular effects of intracisternal coinjections of GAL(1-29) with NPY or NPY Y(1) or Y(2) agonists, as well as quantitative receptor autoradiography of the binding characteristics of NPY Y(1) and Y(2) receptor subtypes in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), in the presence or absence of GAL(1-29), have been investigated. The effects of coinjections of GAL(1-29) and the NPY Y(1) agonist on the expression of c-FOS immunoreactivity in the NTS were also studied. The coinjection of NPY with GAL(1-29) induced a significant vasopressor and tachycardic action with a maximum 40% increase (P < 0.001). The coinjection of the NPY Y(1) agonist and GAL(1-29) induced a similar increase in mean arterial pressure and heart rate as did NPY plus GAL(1-29), actions that were not observed with the NPY Y(2) agonist plus GAL(1-29). GAL(1-29), 3 nm, significantly and substantially (by approximately 40%) decreased NPY Y(1) agonist binding in the NTS. This effect was significantly blocked (P < 0.01) in the presence of the specific galanin antagonist M35. The NPY Y(2) agonist binding was not modified in the presence of GAL(1-29). At the c-FOS level, the coinjection of NPY Y(1) and GAL(1-29) significantly reduced the c-FOS-immunoreactive response induced by either of the two peptides. The present findings suggest the existence of a modulatory antagonistic effect of GAL(1-29) mediated via galanin receptors on the NPY Y(1) receptor subtype and its signalling within the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29080 Málaga, Spain
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Díaz-Cabiale Z, Parrado C, Vela C, Razani H, Coveñas R, Fuxe K, Narváez JA. Role of galanin and galanin(1-15) on central cardiovascular control. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:185-90. [PMID: 15944010 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Galanin and the N-terminal fragment Galanin(1-15) are involved in central cardiovascular regulation. The present paper reviews the recent cardiovascular results obtained by intracisternal injections of Galanin and Galanin(1-15) showing that: (A) the Galanin antagonist M40 blocks the central cardiovascular responses induced by Galanin(1-15) but not those elicited by Galanin; (B) both Galanin and Galanin(1-15) induce the expression of c-Fos in cardiovascular nuclei of the medulla oblongata with different temporal and spatial profiles; (C) the cardiovascular action of Galanin(1-15), but not Galanin, is mediated by peripheral beta-receptor stimulation; (D) and it is demonstrated an antagonistic Galanin/alpha2-adrenoceptors interaction as well as a differential modulation of central cardiovascular responses of Angiotensin II by Galanin or Galanin(1-15). All these data strengthen the involvement of both Galanin molecules as neuromodulators on central cardiovascular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Díaz-Cabiale
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29080, Malaga, Spain
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