ADAMTS18 deficiency leads to preputial gland hypoplasia and fibrosis in male mice

The Role of the ADAMTS18 Gene-Induced Immune Microenvironment in Mouse Kidney Development

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the ADAMTS18 gene in regulating the renal development of mice. PAS staining was used to observe the kidney development of E12.5-E17.5 mice, while immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR were used to observe the expression of ADAMTS18. Ureteric bud (UB) branches were observed using immunofluorescence staining using the UB marker E-cadherin, and the apoptosis and proliferation of posterior renal mesenchymal cells were analyzed using TUNEL and PH3 fluorescence staining. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the immune cell infiltration, and western blotting (WB) was used to analyze the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. As a result, the ADAMTS18 gene expression gradually increased as the kidney continued to mature during embryonic development. Compared with that in the control and vector groups, UB branching was significantly reduced in the ADAMTS18 deletion group (p < 0.05), but that deletion of ADAMTS18 did not affect posterior renal mesenchymal cell proliferation or apoptosis (p > 0.05). Compared with those in the control and vector groups, the proportion of embryonic kidney B cells and the proportion of CD8+ cells were significantly greater after ADAMTS18 was knocked down (p < 0.05), but the difference in neutrophil counts was not significant (p > 0.05). The WB analysis revealed that the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression was significantly increased after ADAMTS18 was knocked down (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the ADAMTS18 gene may be involved in mice kidney development by regulating the immune microenvironment and activating immune checkpoints. Deletion of the ADAMTS18 gene may be unfavorable for kidney development.

The progression of obstructive renal fibrosis in rats is regulated by ADAMTS18 gene methylation in the embryonic kidney through the AKT/Notch pathway

This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which postembryonic renal ADAMTS18 methylation influences obstructive renal fibrosis in rats. After exposure to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 during the embryonic period, analysis of postembryonic renal ADAMTS18 methylation and expression levels was conducted. Histological analysis was performed to assess embryonic kidney lesions and damage. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of renal fibrosis markers. Rats with ureteral obstruction and a healthy control group were selected. The methylation levels of ADAMTS18 in the different groups were analyzed. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyze the expression of renal fibrosis markers, and kidney-related indicators were measured. Treatment with TGF-β1 resulted in abnormal development of the postembryonic kidney, which was characterized by rough kidney surfaces with mild depressions and irregularities on the outer surface. TGF-β1 treatment significantly promoted ADAMTS18 methylation and activated the protein kinase B (AKT)/Notch pathway. Ureteral obstruction was induced to establish a renal hydronephrosis model, which led to renal fibrotic injury in newborn rats. Overexpression of the ADAMTS18 gene alleviated renal fibrosis. The western blot results showed that compared to that in the control group, the expression of renal fibrosis markers was significantly decreased after ADAMTS18 overexpression, and there was a thicker renal parenchymal tissue layer and significantly reduced p-AKT/AKT and Notch1 levels. TGF-β1 can induce ADAMTS18 gene methylation in the postembryonic kidney, and the resulting downregulation of ADAMTS18 expression has long-term effects on kidney development, potentially leading to increased susceptibility to obstructive renal fibrosis. This mechanism may involve activation of the AKT/Notch pathway. Reversing ADAMTS18 gene methylation may reverse this process.

Secreted protease ADAMTS18 in development and disease

ADAMTS18 was identified in 2002 as a member of the ADAMTS family of 19 secreted Zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. Prior to 2016, ADAMTS18 was known as a candidate gene associated with a wide range of pathologies, particularly various malignancies and eye disorders. However, functions and substrates of ADAMTS18 in normal conditions were unknown. Since 2016, with the development of Adamts18 knockout models, many studies had been conducted on the Adamts18 gene in vivo. These studies revealed that ADAMTS18 is essential for the morphology and organogenesis of several epithelial organs (e.g., lung, kidney, breast, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands), vascular and neuronal systems, adipose tissue, and reproductive tracts. In this review, we describe the current understanding of ADAMTS18 and its substrates and regulators. Limitations in translating new findings on ADAMTS18 to clinical practice are also discussed.

Comparative Transcriptome Profiles of Human HaCaT Cells in Response to Gynostemma pentaphyllum Extracts Obtained Using Three Independent Methods by RNA Sequencing

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) is widely used in herbal medicine. In this study, we developed a method for the large-scale production of GP cells using plant tissue culture techniques combined with bioreactors. Six metabolites (uridine, adenosine, guanosine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) were identified in GP extracts. Transcriptome analyses of HaCaT cells treated with GP extracts using three independent methods were conducted. Most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the GP-all condition (combination of three GP extracts) showed similar gene expression on treatment with the three individual GP extracts. The most significantly upregulated gene was LTBP1. Additionally, 125 and 51 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in response to the GP extracts. The upregulated genes were associated with the response to growth factors and heart development. Some of these genes encode components of elastic fibers and the extracellular matrix and are associated with many cancers. Genes related to folate biosynthesis and vitamin D metabolism were also upregulated. In contrast, many downregulated genes were associated with cell adhesion. Moreover, many DEGs were targeted to the synaptic and neuronal projections. Our study has revealed the functional mechanisms of GP extracts' anti-aging and photoprotective effects on the skin using RNA sequencing.

ADAMTS18 regulates early branching morphogenesis of lacrimal gland and has a significant association with the risk of dry eye in mice

ADAMTS18 is an orphan member of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteinase. ADAMTS18 mutation has been linked to developmental eye disorders, such as retinal dystrophies and ectopia lentis. Here, we report a new function of ADAMTS18 in modulating the lacrimal gland (LG) branching morphogenesis, and an association with dry eye in mice. Adamts18 mRNA was found to be enriched in the epithelium of branching tips of embryonic (E) LG, but its expression was barely detectable after 2 weeks of birth. Histological analyses of E16.5-E17.5 LG showed that ADAMTS18 deficiency resulted in a significant reduction of epithelial branching in embryonic LG. In vitro culture of E15.5 LG explants showed that the numbers of epithelial buds and branches in Adamts18 knockout (Adamts18^-/-) LGs were significantly decreased when compared to those of wild type (Adamts18^+/+) LGs after 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h of culture. Increased fibronectin deposition was detected in LG mesenchyme of E16.5 Adamts18^-/- mice. At 14 months of age, Adamts18^-/- mice manifested multiple LG pathological changes, including acinar atrophy and irregular duct ectasis with periductal fibrosis. The tear volume was significantly decreased in Adamts18^-/- mice at 4 months of age, which corresponds to early adulthood in humans.