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Sugi T, Inubushi T, Ohno T, Onishi Y, Isobe T, Shigematsu T, Hanai S, Okada Y, Takahashi R, Tawara Y, Suzuki C, Kanno T, Magata Y, Fujishima I, Yoshikawa E, Ouchi Y. Neural substrates of cough control during coughing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:758. [PMID: 38191647 PMCID: PMC10774348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cough is known as a protective reflex to keep the airway free from harmful substances. Although brain activity during cough was previously examined mainly by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with model analysis, this method does not capture real brain activity during cough. To obtain accurate measurements of brain activity during cough, we conducted whole-brain scans during different coughing tasks while correcting for head motion using a restraint-free positron emission tomography (PET) system. Twenty-four healthy right-handed males underwent multiple PET scans with [15O]H2O. Four tasks were performed during scans: "resting"; "voluntary cough (VC)", which simply repeated spontaneous coughing; "induced cough (IC)", where participants coughed in response to an acid stimulus in the cough-inducing method with tartaric acid (CiTA); and "suppressed cough (SC)", where coughing was suppressed against CiTA. The whole brain analyses of motion-corrected data revealed that VC chiefly activated the cerebellum extending to pons. In contrast, CiTA-related tasks (IC and SC) activated the higher sensory regions of the cerebral cortex and associated brain regions. The present results suggest that brain activity during simple cough is controlled chiefly by infratentorial areas, whereas manipulating cough predominantly requires the higher sensory brain regions to allow top-down control of information from the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sugi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoo Inubushi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ohno
- Department of Dentistry, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Yuya Onishi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Isobe
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Shigematsu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hanai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Okada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tawara
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Seirei Christopher University, 3453, Mikatahara, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8105, Japan
| | - Chie Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kanno
- Hamamatsu Medical Imaging Center, Hamamatsu Medical Photonics Foundation, Shizuoka, 434-0041, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Magata
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fujishima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wagokita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 433-8511, Japan
| | - Etsuji Yoshikawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
- Hamamatsu Medical Imaging Center, Hamamatsu Medical Photonics Foundation, Shizuoka, 434-0041, Japan.
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Wu M, Chen Z, Chen X, Wang G, Xu C, Zhu Y, Xie M. Altered functional connectivity of the nucleus tractus solitarii in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery: an rs-fMRI study. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:3202-3207. [PMID: 37718475 PMCID: PMC10643787 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and the association between abnormal FC and clinical scale scores. METHODS A total of 22 patients with chronic cough after lung surgery and 22 healthy controls were included. Visual analog scale (VAS), Mandarin Chinese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ-MC), and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA) scores were assessed, and rs-fMRI data were collected. The FC analysis was performed using the NTS as the seed point, and FC values with all voxels in the whole brain were calculated. A two-sample t-test was used to compare FC differences between the two groups. The FC values of brain regions with differences were extracted and correlated with clinical scale scores. RESULTS In comparison to healthy controls, FC values in the NTS and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) were reduced in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery (GRF correction, p-voxel < 0.005, p-cluster < 0.05) which were positively correlated with LCQ-MC scores (r = 0.534, p = 0.011), but with VAS (r = -0.500, p = 0.018), HAMA (r = -0.713, p < 0.001) scores were negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Reduced FC of the NTS with ACC may be associated with cough hypersensitivity and may contribute to anxiety in patients with chronic cough after lung surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐sheng Wu
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Zheng‐wei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xiao Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Gao‐xiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Chun‐sheng Xu
- Medical Imaging CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Yong‐fu Zhu
- The First Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiChina
| | - Ming‐ran Xie
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
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3
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Simera M, Veternik M, Martvon L, Kotmanova Z, Cibulkova L, Poliacek I. Differential inhibition of cough by GABA A and GABA B receptor antagonists in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 315:104115. [PMID: 37460080 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Bicuculline and saclofen were microinjected into the rostral (rNTS) and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) in 17 anesthetized cats. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the diaphragm (DIA) and abdominal muscles (ABD), esophageal pressures (EP), and blood pressure were recorded and analyzed. Bilateral microinjections of 1 mM bicuculline in the rNTS significantly reduced the number of coughs (CN), amplitudes of DIA and ABD EMG, inspiratory and expiratory EP, and prolonged the duration of the cough expiratory phase (CTE) as well as the total cough cycle duration (CTtot). Bilateral microinjections of 2 mM saclofen reduced only cough expiratory efforts. Bilateral microinjection of bicuculline in the cNTS significantly reduced CN and amplitudes of ABD EMG and elongated CTE and CTtot. Bilateral microinjections of saclofen in cNTS had no significant effect on analyzed cough parameters. Our results confirm a different GABAergic inhibitory system in the rNTS and cNTS acting on mechanically induced cough in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Simera
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marcel Veternik
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Lukas Martvon
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kotmanova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Cibulkova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Poliacek
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Mala Hora 4, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Lavorini F, Bernacchi G, Fumagalli C, Noale M, Maggi S, Mutolo D, Cinelli E, Fontana GA. Somatically evoked cough responses help to identify patients with difficult-to-treat chronic cough: a six-month observational cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 57:101869. [PMID: 36874394 PMCID: PMC9975680 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently we identified in patients with chronic cough a sensory dysregulation via which the urge-to-cough (UTC) or coughing are evoked mechanically from "somatic points for cough" (SPCs) in the neck and upper trunk. We investigated the prevalence and the clinical relevance of SPCs in an unselected population of patients with chronic cough. METHODS From 2018 to 2021, symptoms of 317 consecutive patients with chronic cough (233 females) were collected on four visits (V1-V4) 2 months apart at the Cough Clinic of the University Hospital in Florence (I). Participants rated the disturbance caused by the cough (0-9 modified Borg Scale). We attempted to evoke coughing and/or UTC using mechanical actions in all participants who were subsequently categorised as responsive (somatic point for cough positive, SPC+) or unresponsive (SPC-) to these actions. An association was established between chronic cough and its commonest causes; treatments were administered accordingly. FINDINGS 169 patients were SPC+ and had a higher baseline cough score (p < 0.01). In most of the patients, the treatments reduced (p < 0.01) cough-associated symptoms. All patients reported a decrease (p < 0.01) in cough score at V2 (from 5.70 ± 1.4 to 3.43 ± 1.9 and from 5.01 ± 1.5 to 2.74 ± 1.7 for SPC+ and SPC- patients respectively). However, whilst in SPC- patients the cough score continued to decrease indicating virtually complete cough disappearance at V4 (0.97 ± 0.8), in SPC+ patients this variable remained close to V2 values during the entire follow-up. INTERPRETATION Our study suggests that the assessment of SPCs may identify patients whose cough is unresponsive and are eligible for specific treatments. FUNDING This work was funded by an unrestricted grant from Merck (Italy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lavorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Corresponding author. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy.
| | - Guja Bernacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Fumagalli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marianna Noale
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padua, Italy
| | - Donatella Mutolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eliana Cinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni A. Fontana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Naqvi KF, Mazzone SB, Shiloh MU. Infectious and Inflammatory Pathways to Cough. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:71-91. [PMID: 36170660 PMCID: PMC9918720 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-031422-092315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coughing is a dynamic physiological process resulting from input of vagal sensory neurons innervating the airways and perceived airway irritation. Although cough serves to protect and clear the airways, it can also be exploited by respiratory pathogens to facilitate disease transmission. Microbial components or infection-induced inflammatory mediators can directly interact with sensory nerve receptors to induce a cough response. Analysis of cough-generated aerosols and transmission studies have further demonstrated how infectious disease is spread through coughing. This review summarizes the neurophysiology of cough, cough induction by respiratory pathogens and inflammation, and cough-mediated disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA;
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Mannini C, Bernacchi G, Bonti V, Cinelli E, Mutolo D, Fontana GA, Lavorini F. Somatic points for cough and urge to cough in chronic coughers. Respir Med 2022; 200:106929. [PMID: 35853267 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic cough and age-matched control subjects, we attempted to evoke coughing and/or an urge to cough (UTC) by finger pressure along the sternocleidomastoid and sternum, on the lower cervical or first dorsal vertebrae, the jugular notch as well as with maximum neck extension and flexion These mechanical actions were ineffective in controls but reproducibly evoked coughing or UTC in about 50% of chronic coughers; sternal and spinal responses were abolished temporarily by local cooling. The results may disclose a novel paradigm of cough sensitisation possibly involving central convergence of somatic and visceral neural stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Guja Bernacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Viola Bonti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Elenia Cinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Mutolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni A Fontana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Lavorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Basin S, Valentin S, Demoulin-Alexikova S, Demoulin B, Foucaud L, Gérard D, Pouget C, Allado E, Chenuel B, Poussel M. Impact of Inhaled Corticosteroids on the Modulation of Respiratory Defensive Reflexes During Artificial Limb Exercise in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Rabbits. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804577. [PMID: 35145425 PMCID: PMC8821955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cough is a major lower airway defense mechanism that can be triggered by exercise in asthma patients. Studies on cough reflex in experimental animal models revealed a decrease of cough reflex sensitivity during exercise in healthy animals, but a lack of desensitization in ovalbumin-sensitized rabbits. The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of inhaled corticosteroids on cough reflex during artificial limb exercise in an animal model of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Materials and Methods Sixteen adult ovalbumin-sensitized rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. The “OVA-Corticoid” group (n = 8) received inhaled corticosteroids (budesonide; 1 mg/day during 2 consecutive days) while the “OVA-Control” (n = 8) group was exposed to saline nebulization. The sensitivity of defensive reflexes induced by direct mechanical stimulation of the trachea was studied in anesthetized animals, at rest and during artificial limb exercise. Cell count was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and middle lobe tissue sections to assess the level of eosinophilic inflammation. Results All rabbits were significantly sensitized but there was no difference in eosinophilic inflammation on bronchoalveolar lavage or tissue sections between the two groups. Artificial limb exercise resulted in a significant (p = 0.002) increase in minute ventilation by 30% (+ 209 mL.min–1, ± 102 mL/min–1), with no difference between the two groups. 322 mechanical tracheal stimulations were performed, 131 during exercise (40.7%) and 191 at rest (59.3%). Cough reflex was the main response encountered (46.9%), with a significant increase in cough reflex threshold during artificial limb exercise in the “OVA-Corticoid” group (p = 0.039). Cough reflex threshold remained unchanged in the “OVA-Control” group (p = 0.109). Conclusion Inhaled corticosteroids are able to restore desensitization of the cough reflex during artificial limb exercise in an animal model of airway eosinophilic inflammation. Airway inflammation thus appears to be involved in the physiopathology of exercise-induced cough in this ovalbumin sensitized rabbit model. Inhaled anti-inflammatory treatments could have potential benefit for the management of exercise-induced cough in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Basin
- Department of Pneumology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Sarah Basin,
| | - Simon Valentin
- Department of Pneumology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Function Testing, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Demoulin
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Foucaud
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Celso Pouget
- Department of Pathology CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Edem Allado
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- EA 3450 DevAH—Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Pulmonary Function Testing and Exercise Physiology, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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Singh K, Cauzzo S, García-Gomar MG, Stauder M, Vanello N, Passino C, Bianciardi M. Functional connectome of arousal and motor brainstem nuclei in living humans by 7 Tesla resting-state fMRI. Neuroimage 2022; 249:118865. [PMID: 35031472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brainstem nuclei play a pivotal role in many functions, such as arousal and motor control. Nevertheless, the connectivity of arousal and motor brainstem nuclei is understudied in living humans due to the limited sensitivity and spatial resolution of conventional imaging, and to the lack of atlases of these deep tiny regions of the brain. For a holistic comprehension of sleep, arousal and associated motor processes, we investigated in 20 healthy subjects the resting-state functional connectivity of 18 arousal and motor brainstem nuclei in living humans. To do so, we used high spatial-resolution 7 Tesla resting-state fMRI, as well as a recently developed in-vivo probabilistic atlas of these nuclei in stereotactic space. Further, we verified the translatability of our brainstem connectome approach to conventional (e.g. 3 Tesla) fMRI. Arousal brainstem nuclei displayed high interconnectivity, as well as connectivity to the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain and frontal cortex, in line with animal studies and as expected for arousal regions. Motor brainstem nuclei showed expected connectivity to the cerebellum, basal ganglia and motor cortex, as well as high interconnectivity. Comparison of 3 Tesla to 7 Tesla connectivity results indicated good translatability of our brainstem connectome approach to conventional fMRI, especially for cortical and subcortical (non-brainstem) targets and to a lesser extent for brainstem targets. The functional connectome of 18 arousal and motor brainstem nuclei with the rest of the brain might provide a better understanding of arousal, sleep and accompanying motor function in living humans in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Simone Cauzzo
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - María Guadalupe García-Gomar
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew Stauder
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Bianciardi
- Brainstem Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA.
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10
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Shen TY, Poliacek I, Rose MJ, Musselwhite MN, Kotmanova Z, Martvon L, Pitts T, Davenport PW, Bolser DC. The role of neuronal excitation and inhibition in the pre-Bötzinger complex on the cough reflex in the cat. J Neurophysiol 2021; 127:267-278. [PMID: 34879205 PMCID: PMC8759968 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00108.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brainstem respiratory neuronal network significantly contributes to cough motor pattern generation. Neuronal populations in the pre-Bötzinger complex (PreBötC) represent a substantial component for respiratory rhythmogenesis. We studied the role of PreBötC neuronal excitation and inhibition on mechanically induced tracheobronchial cough in 15 spontaneously breathing, pentobarbital anesthetized adult cats (35 mg/kg, iv initially). Neuronal excitation by unilateral microinjection of glutamate analog d,l-homocysteic acid resulted in mild reduction of cough abdominal electromyogram (EMG) amplitudes and very limited temporal changes of cough compared with effects on breathing (very high respiratory rate, high amplitude inspiratory bursts with a short inspiratory phase, and tonic inspiratory motor component). Mean arterial blood pressure temporarily decreased. Blocking glutamate-related neuronal excitation by bilateral microinjections of nonspecific glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid reduced cough inspiratory and expiratory EMG amplitude and shortened most cough temporal characteristics similarly to breathing temporal characteristics. Respiratory rate decreased and blood pressure temporarily increased. Limiting active neuronal inhibition by unilateral and bilateral microinjections of GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine resulted in lower cough number, reduced expiratory cough efforts, and prolongation of cough temporal features and breathing phases (with lower respiratory rate). The PreBötC is important for cough motor pattern generation. Excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PreBötC is involved in control of cough intensity and patterning. GABAA receptor-related inhibition in the PreBötC strongly affects breathing and coughing phase durations in the same manner, as well as cough expiratory efforts. In conclusion, differences in effects on cough and breathing are consistent with separate control of these behaviors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to explore the role of the inspiratory rhythm and pattern generator, the pre-Bötzinger complex (PreBötC), in cough motor pattern formation. In the PreBötC, excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission affects cough intensity and patterning but not rhythm, and GABAA receptor-related inhibition affects coughing and breathing phase durations similarly to each other. Our data show that the PreBötC is important for cough motor pattern generation, but cough rhythmogenesis appears to be controlled elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha Y Shen
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ivan Poliacek
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Melanie J Rose
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew Nicholas Musselwhite
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zuzana Kotmanova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Lukas Martvon
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Institute of Medical Biophysics, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Teresa Pitts
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Paul W Davenport
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Donald C Bolser
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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11
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Milsom WK, Kinkead R, Hedrick MS, Gilmour K, Perry S, Gargaglioni L, Wang T. Evolution of vertebrate respiratory central rhythm generators. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 295:103781. [PMID: 34481078 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tracing the evolution of the central rhythm generators associated with ventilation in vertebrates is hindered by a lack of information surrounding key transitions. To begin with, central rhythm generation has been studied in detail in only a few species from four vertebrate groups, lamprey, anuran amphibians, turtles, and mammals (primarily rodents). Secondly, there is a lack of information regarding the transition from water breathing fish to air breathing amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Specifically, the respiratory rhythm generators of fish appear to be single oscillators capable of generating both phases of the respiratory cycle (expansion and compression) and projecting to motoneurons in cranial nerves innervating bucco-pharyngeal muscles. In the amniotes we find oscillators capable of independently generating separate phases of the respiratory cycle (expiration and inspiration) and projecting to pre-motoneurons in the ventrolateral medulla that in turn project to spinal motoneurons innervating thoracic and abdominal muscles (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Studies of the one group of amphibians that lie at this transition (the anurans), raise intriguing possibilities but, for a variety of reasons that we explore, also raise unanswered questions. In this review we summarize what is known about the rhythm generating circuits associated with breathing that arise from the different rhombomeric segments in each of the different vertebrate classes. Assuming oscillating circuits form in every pair of rhombomeres in every vertebrate during development, we trace what appears to be the evolutionary fate of each and highlight the questions that remain to be answered to properly understand the evolutionary transitions in vertebrate central respiratory rhythm generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - R Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval, Canada
| | - M S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - K Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - S Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - L Gargaglioni
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - T Wang
- Department of Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
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12
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The lamprey respiratory network: Some evolutionary aspects. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103766. [PMID: 34329767 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a complex behaviour that involves rhythm generating networks. In this review, we examine the main characteristics of respiratory rhythm generation in vertebrates and, in particular, we describe the main results of our studies on the role of neural mechanisms involved in the neuromodulation of the lamprey respiration. The lamprey respiratory rhythm generator is located in the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG) and shows similarities with the mammalian preBötzinger complex. In fact, within the pTRG a major role is played by glutamate, but also GABA and glycine display important contributions. In addition, neuromodulatory influences are exerted by opioids, substance P, acetylcholine and serotonin. Both structures respond to exogenous ATP with a biphasic response and astrocytes there located strongly contribute to the modulation of the respiratory pattern. The results emphasize that some important characteristics of the respiratory rhythm generating network are, to a great extent, maintained throughout evolution.
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13
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Ni F, Ogura T, Lin W. Electronic Cigarette Liquid Constituents Induce Nasal and Tracheal Sensory Irritation in Mice in Regionally Dependent Fashion. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:S35-S44. [PMID: 33320249 PMCID: PMC7737480 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are currently used by millions of adults and adolescents worldwide. Major respiratory symptoms, such as coughing reported by e-cig users, including patients with e-cig, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), indicate e-cig constituent-induced sensory irritation. However, e-cig constituent-induced nociceptive activity in nasal and tracheal respiratory epithelia (RE) and neuronal activation in the trigeminal ganglia and brainstem nuclei, which receive airway chemosensory inputs have not been examined and compared. Comparisons of physiological responses between freebase nicotine and nicotine salts are also missing. AIMS AND METHODS Event-related potential (ERP) was recorded electrophysiologically to assess mouse nasal and tracheal RE chemosensory responses to various flavorings, nicotine, including freebase and nicotine salts, e-liquid mixtures, and tussigenic stimuli. Also, mice were subjected to inhalation exposure to aerosol of a vanilla-flavored e-liquid or air (control), and the activated-trigeminal nociceptive neurons and brainstem neurons were examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Individual constituents and mixtures of e-liquids, capsaicin, and citric and acetic acids evoked significantly larger ERP in the nose than in the trachea with the exception of menthol. ERP responses to freebase nicotine were significantly larger than protonated nicotine. Four nicotine salts (benzoate, lactate, levulinate, and salicylate) induced similar responses. Compared with air-exposed mice, e-liquid aerosol-exposed mice showed a significant increase in numbers of activated trigeminal nociceptive neurons and brainstem neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, paratrigeminal nucleus, and nucleus tractus solitarius. CONCLUSIONS E-liquid constituents region-dependently stimulate airway nociceptive chemosensory systems, and freebase nicotine is more potent than protonated nicotine. IMPLICATIONS Neural abnormalities have been implicated in the development of nasal and respiratory illnesses. The higher sensitivity of the nasal nociceptive chemosensory system to nicotine and flavorings may indicate a health risk for e-liquid aerosol-induced upper airway illnesses via neurogenic alteration and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenge Ni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tatsuya Ogura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
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14
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Olsen WL, Rose M, Golder FJ, Wang C, Hammond JC, Bolser DC. Intra-Arterial, but Not Intrathecal, Baclofen and Codeine Attenuates Cough in the Cat. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640682. [PMID: 33746778 PMCID: PMC7973226 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrally-acting antitussive drugs are thought to act solely in the brainstem. However, the role of the spinal cord in the mechanism of action of these drugs is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if antitussive drugs act in the spinal cord to reduce the magnitude of tracheobronchial (TB) cough-related expiratory activity. Experiments were conducted in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats (n = 22). Electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from the parasternal (PS) and transversus abdominis (TA) or rectus abdominis muscles. Mechanical stimulation of the trachea or larynx was used to elicit TB cough. Baclofen (10 and 100 μg/kg, GABA-B receptor agonist) or codeine (30 μg/kg, opioid receptor agonist) was administered into the intrathecal (i.t.) space and also into brainstem circulation via the vertebral artery. Cumulative doses of i.t. baclofen or codeine had no effect on PS, abdominal muscle EMGs or cough number during the TB cough. Subsequent intra-arterial (i.a.) administration of baclofen or codeine significantly reduced magnitude of abdominal and PS muscles during TB cough. Furthermore, TB cough number was significantly suppressed by i.a. baclofen. The influence of these drugs on other behaviors that activate abdominal motor pathways was also assessed. The abdominal EMG response to noxious pinch of the tail was suppressed by i.t. baclofen, suggesting that the doses of baclofen that were employed were sufficient to affect spinal pathways. However, the abdominal EMG response to expiratory threshold loading was unaffected by i.t. administration of either baclofen or codeine. These results indicate that neither baclofen nor codeine suppress cough via a spinal action and support the concept that the antitussive effect of these drugs is restricted to the brainstem.
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15
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Hülsmann S. The post‐inspiratory complex (PiCo), what is the evidence? J Physiol 2020; 599:357-359. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swen Hülsmann
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Klinik für Anästhesiologie Georg‐August‐Universität Göttingen Germany
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16
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Rass V, Ianosi BA, Lindner A, Kofler M, Schiefecker AJ, Pfausler B, Beer R, Schmutzhard E, Helbok R. Hemodynamic response during endotracheal suctioning predicts awakening and functional outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:432. [PMID: 32665009 PMCID: PMC7362501 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Endotracheal suctioning (ES) provokes a cumulative hemodynamic response by activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic circuits in the central nervous system. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to analyze hemodynamic changes during ES in ventilated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients and investigated whether the associated hemodynamic changes relate to the time to arousal and functional outcome. Methods For the current observational study, 191 SAH patients admitted to the neurological intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital requiring mechanical ventilation were included. One thousand eighty ES episodes during the first 72 h of admission were analyzed. Baseline median heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were compared to peak HR and MAP during ES based on 5-min averaged data (ΔHR and ΔMAP). Multivariable analysis to assess associations between ΔHR and ΔMAP and time to arousal (time to Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ≥ 0, RASS) and poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale Score > 2, mRS) was performed using generalized estimating equations. Results Patients were 59 (IQR, 50–70) years old and presented with a median admission H&H grade of 4 (IQR, 3–5). In-hospital mortality was 22% (25% at 3 months) and median time to arousal was 13 (IQR, 4–21) days. HR increased by 2.3 ± 7.1 beats per minute (bpm) from 75.1 ± 14.8 bpm at baseline. MAP increased by 3.2 ± 7.8 mmHg from baseline 80.9 ± 9.8 mmHg. In multivariable analysis, ΔHR (p < 0.001) was significantly lower in patients who regained consciousness at a later time point and a lower ΔHR was associated with poor functional 3-month outcome independent of RASS (adjOR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.93–0.98) or midazolam dose (adjOR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94–0.98). ΔMAP was neither associated with the time to regain consciousness (p = 0.087) nor with functional outcome (p = 0.263). Conclusion Augmentation in heart rate may quantify the hemodynamic response during endotracheal suctioning in brain-injured patients. The value as a biomarker to early discriminate the time to arousal and functional outcome in acutely brain-injured patients needs prospective confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rass
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bogdan-Andrei Ianosi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Medical Informatics, UMIT, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnoefer-Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall, Austria
| | - Anna Lindner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alois J Schiefecker
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronny Beer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Schmutzhard
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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17
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Cinelli E, Iovino L, Bongianni F, Pantaleo T, Mutolo D. Essential Role of the cVRG in the Generation of Both the Expiratory and Inspiratory Components of the Cough Reflex. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S19-S27. [PMID: 32228008 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As stated by Korpáš and Tomori (1979), cough is the most important airway protective reflex which provides airway defensive responses to nociceptive stimuli. They recognized that active expiratory efforts, due to the activation of caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) expiratory premotoneurons, are the prominent component of coughs. Here, we discuss data suggesting that neurons located in the cVRG have an essential role in the generation of both the inspiratory and expiratory components of the cough reflex. Some lines of evidence indicate that cVRG expiratory neurons, when strongly activated, may subserve the alternation of inspiratory and expiratory cough bursts, possibly owing to the presence of axon collaterals. Of note, experimental findings such as blockade or impairment of glutamatergic transmission to the cVRG neurons lead to the view that neurons located in the cVRG are crucial for the production of the complete cough motor pattern. The involvement of bulbospinal expiratory neurons seems unlikely since their activation affects differentially expiratory and inspiratory muscles, while their blockade does not affect baseline inspiratory activity. Thus, other types of cVRG neurons with their medullary projections should have a role and possibly contribute to the fine tuning of the intensity of inspiratory and expiratory efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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18
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Thakerar A, Simadri K, Alexander M, Fullerton S. Paroxetine for the treatment of intractable and persistent cough in patients diagnosed with cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2019; 26:803-808. [DOI: 10.1177/1078155219870594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Intractable and persistent cough is experienced by more than a third of patients with advanced cancer, with a significant negative impact on quality of life. Pharmacological treatment has been of little help in some patients. Limited evidence suggests novel agents such as paroxetine may reduce cough severity. This retrospective study aimed to assess effectiveness and tolerability of paroxetine for the treatment of intractable cough in patients with cancer. Methods Single-centre medical record review of paroxetine use in patients with advanced malignancy and cough treated at an Australia tertiary referral cancer centre between 1 October 2012 and 1 October 2017. Data relating to cough type and severity, response and adverse events were extracted from medical records. Cough type was described as non-productive dry cough, productive chesty cough or cough exhibiting both non-productive and productive features (mixed cough). Results Overall, 24/34 patients (71%) experienced a major or moderate reduction in their cough severity after treatment with paroxetine. Nearly half (47%) described a major improvement and a quarter (24%) moderate improvement. Of the 34 patients, nearly half had a lung primary cancer (16/34, 47%) and nearly all (17/18) of those without lung cancer had lung metastases from another primary cancer. Patients with dry cough reported greater benefit from paroxetine. Of the 56% (19/34) of patients with non-productive dry cough, 80% (15/19) reported an improvement in symptoms post paroxetine. The remaining 15 patients, 44% of the group, presented with either a productive chesty cough (9/34, 27%) or mixed cough (6/34, 18%). Of these patients, 60% (9/15) reported an improvement in symptoms. Two thirds of patients were commenced on paroxetine 10 mg (22/34, 65%), with the remainder starting at 20 mg (14/34, 35%). Conclusion Paroxetine may be an effective, novel, off-label treatment for intractable and persistent cough in patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Thakerar
- Department of Pharmacy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Marliese Alexander
- Department of Pharmacy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sonia Fullerton
- Parkville Integrated Palliative Care Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Thoracic sympathetic chain stimulation modulates and entrains the respiratory pattern. Auton Neurosci 2019; 218:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Mei B, Cui F, Wu C, Wen Z, Wang W, Shen M. Roles of citric acid in conjunction with saline nebulization in experimental tracheostomy in guinea pigs. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:433-442. [PMID: 30973274 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1516832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tracheostomy usually accompanied by the impairment of cough reflex, which may affect the clearance of secretions and result in the occurrence and development of pulmonary inflammation. Previous research has demonstrated that citric acid could effectively evoke cough. However, there are limited data available on this topic specific to the cough stimulation method, and the roles of citric acid in tracheostomy still remain obscure. The aims of present study were to identify the potential roles of citric acid in conjunction with saline nebulization in tracheostomy in guinea pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental tracheostomy model was induced in guinea pigs, and different nebulization interventions were implemented. The expression of P-selectin and platelet count were analyzed by flow cytometer and automatic globulimeter, the histological changes in trachea and lung tissue were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the inflammatory cytokines and substance P (SP) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Tracheostomy resulted in the disorder of trachea mucosa and cilia, the inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue, the increase of IL-6, TNF-α levels and the decrease of SP level. Citric acid alone increase the SP level, and the joint action of citric acid and saline nebulization further showed significantly beneficial effects on pathological, inflammatory changes and SP level. CONCLUSIONS Citric acid combined with saline nebulization contributes to the alleviation of tracheotomy-induced tracheal damage and pulmonary inflammation in an experimental tracheostomy model in guinea pigs. This may provide novel insights into the inflammation management and cough recovery after tracheostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Mei
- a Institute of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Feifei Cui
- b Department of Intensive Care Unit , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Chao Wu
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Zunjia Wen
- d Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Children's Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Wenting Wang
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Meifen Shen
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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21
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McGovern AE, Short KR, Kywe Moe AA, Mazzone SB. Translational review: Neuroimmune mechanisms in cough and emerging therapeutic targets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1392-1402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Kotmanova Z, Simera M, Veternik M, Martvon L, Misek J, Jakus J, Shen TY, Musselwhite MN, Pitts T, Bolser DC, Poliacek I. GABA-ergic neurotransmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract modulates cough in the cat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 257:100-106. [PMID: 29474953 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GABA, muscimol, and baclofen were microinjected into the rostral (rNTS) and caudal solitary tract nucleus (cNTS) in 24 anesthetized cats. Electromyograms (EMGs) of diaphragm (DIA) and abdominal muscles (ABD), blood pressure and esophageal pressure (EP) were recorded and analysed. Bilateral microinjections of 1 mM GABA (total 66 ± 4 nl), 1 mM baclofen (64 ± 4 nl) and unilateral microinjections of 0.5 mM muscimol (33 ± 1 nl) in the rNTS significantly reduced cough number (CN), amplitudes of ABD EMGs, expiratory EP, and prolonged the duration of the cough inspiratory phase. GABA microinjections decreased the amplitudes of cough-related DIA EMGs and inspiratory EP; muscimol microinjections decreased the cough DIA EMG on the contralateral side. Only microinjections of GABA into the cNTS suppressed CN. In some cases, microinjections prolonged the inspiratory phase, lowered respiratory rate, changed the depth of breathing, and increased blood pressure and heart rate. Our results confirm that GABA-ergic inhibitory mechanisms in the rNTS can regulate coughing in the anesthetized cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kotmanova
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - M Simera
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - M Veternik
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - L Martvon
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - J Misek
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - J Jakus
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - T Y Shen
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M N Musselwhite
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T Pitts
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D C Bolser
- Dept. of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - I Poliacek
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
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Inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex by acetylcholine in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 257:93-99. [PMID: 29369803 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A cholinergic system has been described in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). However, no information is available on the role played by acetylcholine (ACh) in the modulation of the cough reflex within the caudal NTS that has an important function in cough regulation. We addressed this issue making use of bilateral microinjections (30-50 nl) of 10 mM ACh combined with 5 mM physostigmine as well as of 10 mM mecamylamine or 10 mM scopolamine into the caudal NTS of pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits. Microinjections of ACh/physostigmine caused depressant effects on the cough reflex induced by mechanical and chemical stimulation of the tracheobronchial tree. They also elicited transient increases in respiratory frequency and decreases in abdominal activity. These effects were prevented by scopolamine, but not by mecamylamine. The results show for the first time that ACh exerts an inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex through muscarinic receptors within the caudal NTS. They also may provide hints for novel antitussive approaches.
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