Role of platelet rich plasma mediated repair and regeneration of cell in early stage of cardiac injury

The application of tissue engineering strategies for uterine regeneration

Uterine injuries, particularly damages to endometrium, are usually associated with abnormal menstruation, recurrent miscarriage, pregnancy complications, and infertility. Tissue engineering using cell-based, biomolecule-based, or biomaterial and scaffold-based strategies has emerged as a novel and promising approach for uterine regeneration. Stem cells, biomolecules, and porous scaffolds used alone or, very often, used in combination as a more effective treatment means have shown great potential in promoting uterine regeneration. The reported preclinical studies have indicated that appropriate tissue engineering strategies could safely and effectively reconstruct not only endometrium but also partial or even the whole uterine structure. However, the progress in the uterine regeneration area is slow in comparison to that of regenerating many other body tissues and hence it still remains a great challenge to apply uterine tissue engineering for clinical applications. In this review, conventional treatments for uterine-related diseases are briefly reviewed and discussed first. Subsequently, tissue engineering strategies (cell-based, biomolecule-based, biomaterial and scaffold-based, or their combinations) for uterine repair in preclinical studies and clinical trials are presented and analyzed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in uterine regeneration are pointed and discussed. Despite various limitations and obstacles, the tissue engineering approach is viable and holds high promise for uterine regeneration.

Exploring TGF-β signaling in benign prostatic hyperplasia: from cellular senescence to fibrosis and therapeutic implications

As men get older, they often develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlarged prostate that is not cancerous or dangerous. Although the etiology of BPH is unknown, increasing evidence indicates that the TGF-β signaling pathway might be a key player in its pathogenesis. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix re-modeling, which are all dysregulated in BPH. Cellular senescence is primarily initiated by TGF-β--induced, irreversible growth arrest and usually limits the prostate gland's hyperplastic growth. Moreover, senescent cells generate a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), which consists of numerous proinflammatory and profibrotic factors that can worsen disease ontogeny. In addition, TGF-β is among the most fibrogenic factors. At the same time, fibrosis involves a massive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, which can increase tissue stiffness and a loss of normal organ functions. TGF-β-mediated fibrosis in BPH changes the mechanical properties of the prostate and surrounding tissues to contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms. This review discusses the complicated molecular signaling of TGF-β underlying changes in cellular senescence and fibrosis during BPH concerning its therapeutic potential.

Intraovarian Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration for Anovulatory Infertility: Preliminary Findings of a Prospective Cohort Study

Background/Objectives: Infertility constitutes a significant challenge for couples around the world. Ovarian dysfunction, a major cause of infertility, can manifest with anovulatory cycles, elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels, and diminished ovarian reserve markers such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels or the Antral Follicle Count (AFC). Blood-derived therapies including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have been used in fertility treatments in women with low ovarian reserve or premature ovarian insufficiency. This prospective clinical cohort study aims to assess the effects of intraovarian PRP therapy on ovarian function in women diagnosed with anovulatory cycles. Methods: The preliminary findings of this prospective cohort study are based on the first 32 patients enrolled. In this study, patients over 40 years old with anovulatory infertility were included. Venous blood samples were collected from each participant for the preparation of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Each participant received two courses of intraovarian PRP injections using a transvaginal ultrasound-guided approach. Serum levels of reproductive hormones before and after PRP intervention were measured. Results: This study's results demonstrate a significant improvement in ovarian physiology following transvaginal ultrasound-guided PRP infusion. A 75% increase in Antral Follicle Count (AFC) was observed, which was statistically significant. Furthermore, statistically significant reductions in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin levels were observed. Serum Vitamin D 1-25 levels were substantially increased after the injection. Conclusions: These findings highlight the beneficial impact of intraovarian PRP injection in optimizing ovarian function and other metabolic parameters. However, the published literature on this subject is limited and further clinical studies should be conducted to confirm the role of intraovarian PRP in fertility treatments.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Rotator Cuff Injuries: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

Rotator cuff injuries are a prevalent cause of shoulder pain and disability, significantly impacting daily activities and quality of life. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a potential treatment for these injuries, aiming to enhance healing by delivering concentrated platelets and growth factors. This review comprehensively evaluates the current evidence regarding PRP therapy for rotator cuff injuries. It examines clinical trial data, comparing PRP therapy with conventional treatments such as physical therapy and surgical intervention. The review also explores the biological mechanisms of PRP, including its role in promoting tendon repair and regeneration through growth factors and cytokines. In addition, it addresses variables that may affect PRP therapy outcomes, including preparation techniques, injection methods, and patient-specific factors. The review highlights the need for standardized protocols and further research to optimize PRP therapy and address existing gaps in knowledge. Future directions include exploring combined treatment approaches and assessing long-term outcomes to refine PRP therapy's role in rotator cuff injury management. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of PRP therapy, contributing to improved treatment strategies and enhanced patient outcomes.

Exploring the applications of platelet-rich plasma in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: evidence from goat and sheep experimental research

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine. It contains various growth factors and bioactive molecules that play pivotal roles in tissue repair, regeneration, and inflammation modulation. This comprehensive narrative review delves into the therapeutic potential of PRP in experimental goat and sheep research, exploring recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects in the field. PRP has been explored for its application in musculoskeletal injuries, wound healing, and orthopedic conditions. Studies have demonstrated the ability of PRP to accelerate tissue healing, reduce inflammation, and improve the overall quality of healing. Recent advancements in PRP technology have led to the development of novel formulations and delivery methods to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. PRP has shown promise in tendon and ligament injuries, osteoarthritis, and bone fractures in experimental goat and sheep research. Despite these advancements, several challenges and opportunities exist to harness the full therapeutic potential of PRP in regenerative medicine. Standardizing PRP preparation protocols, including blood collection techniques, centrifugation parameters, and activation methods, is essential to ensure consistency and reproducibility of the findings. Moreover, further research is needed to elucidate the optimal dosing, frequency, and timing of PRP administration for different clinical indications. Research conducted in goat and sheep models provides evidence supporting the translational potential of PRP in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. By harnessing the regenerative properties of PRP and leveraging insights from preclinical studies, researchers can develop innovative therapeutic strategies to address unmet clinical needs and improve patient outcomes in diverse medical specialties.

Exploring Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: An In-Depth Analysis

The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in all medical fields is currently gaining popularity (1). PRP is a biological product that can be defined as a segment of the plasma fraction of autologous blood with a platelet concentration level above the baseline (2). The fact that it has uses in tissue regeneration and wound healing has caught the eye of orthopedic surgeons as well, as intra-articular treatments have continued to evolve. Its benefits in the treatment of different osteoarticular pathologies are of great interest in the evolving orthopedic community, targeting mostly knee osteoarthritis, meniscus and ligament injuries (3). The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the current uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pathology and to provide clinical feedback on its uses in the fields of orthopedic and sports medicine practice (4). We proceeded in studying 180 titles and abstracts eligible for inclusion. Compared to alternative treatments, PRP injections greatly improve the function of the knee joint.

Exploring the Efficacy of Biologics in Knee Osteoarthritis: Ultrasound Evaluation of Cartilage Regeneration Effects

Introduction

Biologics like growth factors, stem cells, and platelet-rich plasma show potential in stimulating cartilage regrowth and reducing inflammation. By synthesizing preclinical and clinical studies, this study offers insights into how these biologics work and their effectiveness in treating knee osteoarthritis.

Methods and Materials

Twenty-four participants with knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren - Lawrence grade II or III) were enrolled after obtaining consent. They received three doses of 2 ml intraarticular platelet-rich plasma at 1 month intervals. The clinical assessment involved the oxford knee score (OKS) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain on Days 0, 90, and 180. Ultrasound measured femoral and trochlear cartilage thickness pre- (Day 0) and post-PRP (Day 90-180).

Results

Before treatment, the average pain score was 7.2 (p = 1.03). On Day 90 post-PRP, it decreased to 5 (p = 0.81), and by Day 180, it further reduced to 4.5 (p = 0.97). The initial total OKS was 33.5 (p = 1.76), which increased to 36 (p = 1.71) on Day 90 and 38.5 (p = 1.89) on Day 180. The femoral and trochlear cartilage thickness also showed improvement from baseline (0.92) to Day 90 (0.96) and Day 180 (1.01), indicating significant cartilage healing post-PRP administration.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the probability of PRP in treating knee OA, highlighting their ability to alleviate symptoms, enhance joint function, and promote articular cartilage regeneration.

Predominant control of PDGF/PDGF receptor signaling in the migration and proliferation of human adipose‑derived stem cells under culture conditions with a combination of growth factors

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) play important roles in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, their clinical applications are limited because of their instability during cell culture. Platelet lysates (PLTs) contain large amounts of growth factors that are useful for manufacturing cellular products. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a major growth factor in PLTs and a potent mitogen in hASCs. To optimize growth conditions, the effects of a combination of growth factors on the promotion of hASC proliferation were investigated. Moreover, PDGF-BB combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) markedly enhanced the viability of hASCs compared with the effects of PDGF-BB alone. Neither VEGF nor HGF had any effect alone. All growth factor receptor inhibitors inhibited cell proliferation. Wound healing assays revealed that VEGF and HGF stimulated PDGF-dependent cell migration. The effects of these growth factors on the activation of their cognate receptors and signaling enzymes were assessed using immunoblotting. Phosphorylation of PDGF receptor (PDGFR)β, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2 and MET proto-oncogene and receptor tyrosine kinase was induced by PDGF-BB treatment, and was further increased by treatment with PDGF-BB/VEGF and PDGF-BB/HGF. The levels of phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38MAPK were increased by these treatments in parallel. Furthermore, the expression levels of SRY-box transcription factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g were increased in PDGF-BB-treated cells, and PDGF-BB played a dominant role in spheroid formation. The findings of the present study highlighted that PDGF/PDGFR signaling played a predominant role in the proliferation and migration of hASCs, and suggested that PDGF was responsible for the efficacy of other growth factors when hASCs were cultured with PLTs.

Core decompression combined with platelet-rich plasma-augmented bone grafting for femur head necrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The clinical potential of biologic augmentation in core decompression and bone grafting for femoral head necrosis is widely acknowledged, with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) being a frequently employed biologic adjunct. However, its clinical application is not standardized, and high-level evidence is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of core decompression and bone grafting combined with PRP for femur head necrosis.

METHODS

Several databases were systematically retrieved for randomized controlled trials comparing core decompression and bone grafting combined with or without PRP. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA 2020 and AMSTAR 2 guidelines. The study is registered with PROSPERO under the code CRD42022361007, and it is also listed in the research registry under the identification number reviewregistry1537.

RESULTS

Eleven studies with 642 participants (742 hips) were included. The pooled estimates revealed that when core decompression and bone grafting were combined with PRP, the Harris hip score (mean difference: 7.98; 95% CI: 5.77-10.20; P <0.001), visual analog scale (SMD: -0.68; 95% CI: -0.96 - -0.40; P <0.001) and the pain component of Harris hip score (SMD: 8.4; 95% CI: 4.12-12.68; P <0.001), and reduction of radiographic progression [risk ratio (RR): 0.40; 95% CI: 0.27-0.59; P <0.001] were superior to core decompression and bone grafting alone. Fewer patients with treatment failure (RR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.14-0.52; P <0.001) and higher good-to-excellent results (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.17-1.86; P <0.001) were observed in treatment groups than control groups. Meanwhile, the pooled analysis substantiated the superior safety profile of PRP (RR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11-0.77; P =0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of core decompression and bone grafting with PRP is superior to the approach without PRP, demonstrating enhanced effectiveness in terms of function, pain relief, and radiographic progression. Additionally, it results in lower rates of treatment failure and adverse events. However, further high-quality RCTs are needed to evaluate their effectiveness due to methodological and implementation limitations observed in the existing evidence.

Extracellular vesicles secreted by bone marrow stem cells mediate angiogenesis for the treatment of diabetic ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies

Background

Diabetic ulcers (DUs) typically occur in patients with vascular diseases and diabetes. Extracellular vesicles secreted by bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC-EVs) represent a cell-free therapy that has emerged as a promising alternative for treating DU, especially due to significant advancements in the understanding of their role in promoting angiogenesis; however, their application in DU treatment remains in the preclinical stage, and their effectiveness is still uncertain. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of BMSC-EVs in treating DU and to expedite the clinical translation of BMSC-EV therapy for DU.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, VIP Database, and our self-constructed database of Chinese Biomedical Literature up to May 2023 to identify preclinical studies related to the therapeutic use of extracellular vesicles secreted by bone marrow-derived stem cells for treating diabetic ulcers. Outcome measures included wound healing rate, neovascularization density, a-sma, and CD31. RevMan 5 software was employed for all statistical analyses.

Results

In this meta-analysis, a total of 11 studies involving 103 animals were identified. The pooled analysis indicated that BMSC-EV treatment showed a superior wound healing rate compared to that of the control group (SMD = 1.06, 95% CI [0.52, 1.60], P = 0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, EV combined with new materials or drug therapy performed better than the sole injection of extracellular vesicles (SMD = 1.85, 95% CI [0.87, 2.82], P < 0.00001). BMSC-EV treatment also resulted in a higher number of neovascular structures compared to the control group(SMD = 5.80, 95% CI[0.89,10.71], P = 0.006). In the subgroup analysis, EV combined therapy showed a significant difference in the number of blood vessels compared to the sole injection of extracellular vesicles (SMD = 4.90, 95% CI[2.64,7.15], P < 0.00001). However, BMSCs-EV treatment did not demonstrate any statistically significant difference in the angiogenesis-related indicators CD31 and α-SMA compared to the control group (SMD = 1.61, 95% CI[-0.51,3.74], P = 0.14).

Conclusion

According to the current meta-analysis, BMSC-EV therapy can enhance the healing of diabetic ulcers and promote wound angiogenesis, particularly when used in combination with novel dressings or other drugs, which further accelerates the healing process of diabetic ulcers. To establish the most effective parameters for EV treatment in diabetic ulcers, future research should promptly progress into clinical trials.

Platelet-Rich Plasma for Heart Cell Regeneration Post-myocardial Infarction: A Propitious Therapeutic Approach

Globally, one of the primary factors leading to death is cardiovascular disorders, specifically coronary artery disease, which leads to myocardial infarction (MI). This article investigates the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for regenerating cardiac cells following MI. We look into the pathophysiology of MI, current treatment methods, and the heart's limited ability to heal itself. This is done to see if PRP could help the heart heal faster, reduce the size of the infarct, and stop scar tissue from forming. We analyze the production procedure of PRP, its composition of growth factors, and its utilization in many medical domains. The ways that PRP helps the heart heal are also being looked into. This includes how it affects inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Although we recognize the existing constraints, we meticulously take into account issues such as standardization, therapeutic variance, and potential harmful effects. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive guidelines, continuous research, and enhanced clinical applications to fully harness the potential of platelet-rich plasma in the regeneration of cardiac cells after a heart attack.

A Comprehensive Review on Platelet-Rich Plasma Activation: A Key Player in Accelerating Skin Wound Healing

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) activation is emerging as a promising and multifaceted tool for accelerating skin wound healing. This review extensively examines PRP's role in wound healing, focusing on its composition, mechanisms of action, activation methods, and clinical applications. PRP's potential to enhance both chronic and acute wound healing and its applications in cosmetic and aesthetic procedures are explored. Furthermore, this review investigates safety concerns, including adverse reactions, infection risks, and long-term safety implications. Looking to the future, emerging technologies, combination therapies, personalized medicine approaches, and regulatory developments are discussed, pointing towards an important and transformative era in wound healing and regenerative medicine. With its wide-ranging implications for healthcare, PRP activation has the potential to become a ubiquitous and essential therapeutic option, improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.

A Review of Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid and Other Potential Therapeutic Targets for Treating Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. OA occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually breaks down. This leads to the rubbing of bones against each other, resulting in pain and stiffness. Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) shows promise as a treatment for OA. In this article, we review the most recent findings regarding the biological functions of cPA signaling in mammalian systems, specifically in relation to OA. cPA is a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator with unique cyclic phosphate rings at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions in the glycerol backbone. cPA promotes various responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. cPA possesses physiological activities that are distinct from those elicited by lysophosphatidic acid; however, its biochemical origin has rarely been studied. Although there is currently no cure for OA, advances in medical research may lead to new therapies or strategies in the future, and cPA has potential therapeutic applications.

Enhancing Pain Relief in Temporomandibular Joint Arthrocentesis: Platelet-Rich Plasma and Hyaluronic Acid Synergy

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders present complex challenges in pain management and functional restoration. This review delves into the innovative approach of using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) combination therapy in TMJ arthrocentesis to address these issues. The potential benefits of this approach are highlighted through an exploration of mechanisms, clinical studies, safety considerations, and future directions. PRP's regenerative properties and HA's lubrication and anti-inflammatory effects offer a comprehensive solution to multifactorial TMJ pain and dysfunction. Clinical studies reveal significant pain reduction, improved mobility, and enhanced satisfaction in patients treated with PRP and HA. Although mild and transient adverse effects have been reported, the safety profile remains favorable. While the evidence is promising, more extensive randomized controlled trials are needed to establish sustained efficacy and safety. As research evolves, collaborative efforts among clinicians and researchers are crucial in realizing the potential of PRP and HA combination therapy, ultimately providing a novel pathway to alleviate TMJ-related pain and enhance patient well-being.

Effect of heterologous platelet-rich plasma on liver and modulation of glucose metabolism and Wnt signalling pathways in diabetic mice

BACKGROUND

The current study was designed to highlight the effects of heterologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on deteriorated hepatic tissues and impaired glucose metabolism of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

METHODS

30 male mice were divided into a control (CG), PRP (PG), diabetic (DG), and two treated groups (T1G and T2G). PG was given PRP treatment (0.5 ml/kg body weight) twice a week for four weeks. DG, T1G and T2G were given alloxan (150 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. After confirmation, PRP treatment was given to T1G and T2G for two and four weeks respectively while DG was left untreated. Upon completion of the said experimental period, liver samples were taken for histological and gene expression analyses.

RESULTS

The study found that the liver tissue of the DG group showed signs of damage, including hepatocyte ballooning, sinusoid dilatation, and collagen deposition. However, these changes were significantly reduced in both T1G and T2G groups. The expression of several genes related to liver function was also affected, with upregulation of Fbp1 and Pklr, and downregulation of Pck1 in the DG group. PRP treatment restored Fbp1 expression and also increased the expression of glycolytic pathway genes Hk1 and Gck, as well as Wnt signalling pathway genes Wnt2, Wnt4, and Wnt9a in both treated groups.

CONCLUSION

Current study revealed that heterologous PRP may partly alleviate high glucose levels in diabetics possibly by mediating glucose metabolism via inhibition of Wnt signalling pathway.

Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on patients with acute type A aortic dissection underwent aortic arch replacement: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Coagulopathy and massive bleeding are common complications of patients with Stanford type A acute aortic dissection repair, and patients with these complications require many transfusions. Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used to reduce the need for blood products. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PRP on blood conservation and the postoperative conditions of patients who underwent aortic arch replacement.

METHODS

Patients with aortic dissection undergoing aortic arch replacement were included initially application In all, 837 patients were divided into the PRP and non-PRP groups according to PRP use, whereupon a propensity score match was performed. The data analyzed included patient basic information, intraoperative information, postoperative biochemical examinations, and CTA reports.

RESULTS

In total, 610 patients were finally included (305 patients per group). Groups were well balanced after matching. Compared to the non-PRP group, less cryoprecipitate was transfused in the PRP group (10.0 [7.5, 11.0] vs. 10.0 [10.0, 11.5], P = 0.021), while no differences were found in packed RBC, FFP, and platelets between the two groups. Also, the surgery variables showed no differences. After surgery, patients in the PRP group showed higher postoperative serum albumin (36.43±4.20 vs. 35.39±4.40 g/L, P = 0.004) and total protein levels (59.38±6.25 vs. 58.06±7.19 g/L, P = 0.019) than the non-PRP group, but no significant differences in the levels of ALT, AST, Scr, and BUN. CTA reports showed that the proportion of patients with pleural effusion was lower in the PRP group (76.66% vs. 83.99%, OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.04-2.45, P = 0.028), while the proportions of pericardial effusion were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

PRP application in aortic arch replacement surgery reduced the transfusion of cryoprecipitate, increased the postoperative serum albumin and total protein levels, and reduced the incidence of pleural effusion. No effect of PRP application was found on other postoperative blood indicators and CTA reports.

Exploring the Mechanical Perspective of a New Anti-Tumor Agent: Melatonin

Melatonin is a serotonin-derived pineal gland hormone with many biological functions like regulating the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythm, menstrual cycle, aging, immunity, and antioxidants. Melatonin synthesis and release are more pronounced during the night, whereas exposure to light decreases it. Evidence is mounting in favor of the therapeutic effects of melatonin in cancer prevention, treatment and delayed onset in various cancer subtypes. Melatonin exerts its anticancer effect through modification of its receptors such as melatonin 1 (MT1), melatonin 2 (MT2), and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation/demethylation, histone acetylation/deacetylation), metastasis, angiogenesis, altered cellular energetics, and immune evasion. Melatonin performs a significant function in immune modulation and enhances innate and cellular immunity. In addition, melatonin has a remarkable impact on epigenetic modulation of gene expression and alters the transcription of genes. As an adjuvant to cancer therapies, it acts by decreasing the side effects and boosting the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy. Since current treatments produce drug-induced unwanted toxicities and side effects, they require alternate therapies. A recent review article attempts to summarize the mechanistic perspective of melatonin in different cancer subtypes like skin cancer, breast cancer, hepatic cancer, renal cell cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colon oral, neck, and head cancer. The various studies described in this review will give a firm basis for the future evolution of anticancer drugs.

Platelet-rich plasma ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac injury by inflammation and ferroptosis regulation

Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is a fatal disease with no specific treatment worldwide to this day. As a biological product, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has attracted much attention due to its diverse and potential biological effects. However, its role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac injury has not been fully investigated. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of PRP in SIMD. PRP (30 µL) was injected in situ into the heart, and LPS (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into mice. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. The results showed that, compared with the LPS group, PRP significantly decreased the levels of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB), and improved cardiac function. In addition, PRP markedly decreased the Malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased the Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Glutathione (GSH) level, demonstrating that PRP alleviated LPS-induced oxidative stress. The Western blot and qPCR results showed that LPS-induced ferroptosis and inflammation effects in vivo and in vitro were ameliorated after PRP treatment. Moreover, PRP can alleviate erastin-induced ferroptosis and improve cell viability. Mechanistically, p-AKT and p-mTOR expressions were down-regulated after treatment with LPS, while PRP pretreatment could reverse this effect. In summary, our study demonstrated that PRP could play a unique role in reducing LPS-induced cardiac injury through regulation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. These findings provide a new therapeutic direction for treating SIMD.

Challenges and tissue engineering strategies of periodontal guided tissue regeneration

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious oral disease with a high prevalence rate in the world, and is a major cause of tooth loss. Nowadays, people have realized that the local microenvironment that includes proteins, cytokines, and extracellular matrix has a key influence on the functions of host immune cells and periodontal ligament stem cells during a chronic infectious disease such as periodontitis. The above pathological process of periodontitis will lead to a defect of periodontal tissues. Through the application of biomaterials, biological agents, and stem cells therapy, guided tissue regeneration (GTR) makes it possible to reconstruct healthy periodontal ligament tissue after local inflammation control. To date, substantial advances have been made in periodontal guided tissue regeneration. However, the process of periodontal remodeling experiences complex microenvironment changes, and currently periodontium regeneration still remains to be a challenging feat. In this review, we summarized the main challenges in each stage of periodontal regeneration, and try to put forward appropriate biomaterial treatment mechanisms or potential tissue engineering strategies that provide a theoretical basis for periodontal tissue engineering regeneration research.

A narrative review on the biology of piezo1 with platelet-rich plasma in cardiac cell regeneration

Cardiomyocyte regeneration following cardiac damage is challenging to study because of the inflammatory process, the multiplication of cells in the stroma, and the creation of scar tissue. In addition to the initial damage, the subsequent decrease in cardiac myocytes adds to heart failure. Piezo1 is remarkably understudied in the heart, which may be related to its recent discovery. Despite this, Piezo1 is expressed in a variety of cardiovascular cell populations, notably epithelial cells (EC), cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and cardiac myocytes (CM), in both animal and human samples, with fibroblasts expressing more than myocytes. Researchers have recently shown that disrupting Piezo1 signaling causes defects in zebrafish developing the outflow tract (OFT) and aortic valves. Platelet plasma membranes may provide lipid substrates, such as phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, that aid in activating the piezo 1 ion channel in the cardiovascular system. In addition, CXC chemokine ligand 8/CXC chemokine receptor 1/2 (CXCL8-CXCR1/2) signaling was identified to establish the proliferation of coronary endothelial cells during cardiac regeneration. Notably, all these pathways are calcium-dependent, and cell proliferation and angiogenesis were necessary to recover myocardial cells. This review will examine the most current findings to understand further how platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and the piezo 1 channel might aid in cardiomyocyte regeneration.