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Nolan MW, Uzan OC, Green NA, Lana SE, Lascelles BDX. Intensity of perioperative analgesia but not pre-treatment pain is predictive of survival in dogs undergoing amputation plus chemotherapy for extremity osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:568-576. [PMID: 35257492 PMCID: PMC9544272 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this bi‐institutional retrospective study was to determine whether, in dogs treated with limb amputation and adjunctive chemotherapy for osteosarcoma, oncologic outcomes are impacted by either: (1) baseline cancer pain severity, or (2) the approaches used for perioperative pain management. Data were extracted from the medical records of 284 dogs that underwent both limb amputation and chemotherapy (carboplatin and/or doxorubicin) between 1997 and 2017 for localized (non‐metastatic) osteosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard (PH) models were used to determine the impact that retrospectively scored baseline pain levels (high vs. low) and various analgesic and local anaesthetic treatments had on both metastasis‐free survival and all‐cause mortality. For the entire population, the median disease free interval and median overall survival times were 253 and 284 days, respectively. Baseline pain was rated as “low” in 84 dogs, and “high” in 190 dogs; pain severity had no detectable effect on either metastasis‐free survival or all‐cause mortality. When accounting for the potential influences of known prognostic factors, dogs treated with what was characterized as a high‐intensity perioperative analgesic plan (including both a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug [NSAID] and a bupivacaine‐eluting soaker catheter placed at the amputation site) had a higher probability of survival than dogs treated with a low‐intensity perioperative analgesic plan (neither an NSAID, nor a soaker catheter); the median overall survival times were 252 and 378 days, respectively (hazard ratio: 2.922; p = .020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Nolan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Olivia C Uzan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Noah A Green
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Susan E Lana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Anti-Aging Effects of GDF11 on Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072598. [PMID: 32283613 PMCID: PMC7177281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis. The epidermis has four major cell layers made up of keratinocytes in varying stages of progressive differentiation. Skin aging is a multi-factorial process that affects every phase of its biology and function. The expression profiles of inflammation-related genes analyzed in resident immune cells demonstrated that these cells have a strong ability to regenerate adult skin stem cells and to produce endogenous substances such as growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). GDF11 appears to be the key to progenitor proliferation and/or differentiation. The preservation of youthful phenotypes has been tied to the presence of GDF11 in different human tissues, and, in the skin, this factor inhibits inflammatory responses. The protective role of GDF11 depends on a multi-factorial process implicating various types of skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. GDF11 should be further studied for the purpose of developing novel therapies for the treatment of skin diseases.
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Hardwick RN, Betts CJ, Whritenour J, Sura R, Thamsen M, Kaufman EH, Fabre K. Drug-induced skin toxicity: gaps in preclinical testing cascade as opportunities for complex in vitro models and assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:199-214. [PMID: 31598618 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the principle barrier to the environment. Composed of multiple cell types arranged in stratified layers with highly specialized appendages, it serves sensory and immune surveillance roles in addition to its primary mechanical function. Several complex in vitro models of skin (i.e. microphysiological systems (MPS) including but not limited to 3D tissues, organ-on-a-chip, organoids), have been developed and assays validated for regulatory purposes. As such, skin is arguably the most advanced organ with respect to model development and adoption across industries including chemical, cosmetic, and to a somewhat lesser extent, pharmaceutical. Early adoption of complex skin models and associated assays for assessment of irritation and corrosion spurred research into other areas such as sensitization, absorption, phototoxicity, and genotoxicity. Despite such considerable advancements, opportunities remain for immune capabilities, inclusion of appendages such as hair follicles, fluidics, and innervation, among others. Herein, we provide an overview of current complex skin model capabilities and limitations within the drug development scheme, and recommendations for future model development and assay qualification and/or validation with the intent to facilitate wider adoption of use within the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon N Hardwick
- Translational Safety Sciences, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Catherine J Betts
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Pfizer, Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Maike Thamsen
- Pharmacology, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elad H Kaufman
- Biology, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Fabre
- MPS Center of Excellence, Drug Safety & Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
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Fouchard M, Misery L, Le Garrec R, Sigaudo-Roussel D, Fromy B. Alteration of Pressure-Induced Vasodilation in Aging and Diabetes, a Neuro-Vascular Damage. Front Physiol 2019; 10:862. [PMID: 31333501 PMCID: PMC6616153 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is constantly subjected to pressure at different levels. Pressure-induced vasodilation (PIV) is one of the response mechanisms to low pressure that maintains the homeostasis of the skin. PIV results from the interaction of primary afferent nerves and vascular endothelium of skin vessels. Thanks to this cutaneous neuro-vascular interaction, the cutaneous blood flow increase allows the maintenance of an optimal level of oxygenation and minimizes the lack of vascularization of the skin tissue under low pressure. It seems to be associated with the cutaneous protection mechanisms to prevent pressure ulcers. In some contexts, where microangiopathy and neuropathy can occur, such as aging and diabetes, PIV is impaired, leading to a dramatic early decrease in local skin blood flow when low pressure is applied. In aging, PIV alteration is due to endothelial dysfunction, essentially from an alteration of the nitric oxide pathway. In the inflamm-aging context, oxidative stress increases leading to endothelial cell and nerve damages. An age-related sensory neuropathy will exacerbate the alteration of PIV during the aging process. In diabetes, non-controlled hyperglycaemia leads to an increase in several pathological biochemical pathways that involve oxidative stress and can affect PIV. Sorbinil, alagebrium and alpha-lipoic acid are able individually to restore PIV through a possible oxidative stress reduction. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, is also able to restore PIV and prevent pressure ulcer formation. The possibility of preventing pressure ulcer associated to diabetes and/or aging with the restoration of PIV seems to be a promising research path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fouchard
- LIEN, F-29200, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- LIEN, F-29200, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
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Kodji X, Arkless KL, Kee Z, Cleary SJ, Aubdool AA, Evans E, Caton P, Pitchford SC, Brain SD. Sensory nerves mediate spontaneous behaviors in addition to inflammation in a murine model of psoriasis. FASEB J 2018; 33:1578-1594. [PMID: 30204499 PMCID: PMC6338626 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800395rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, erythema, as well as a form of pruritus, involving cutaneous discomfort. There is evidence from both clinical and murine models of psoriasis that chemical or surgical depletion of small-diameter sensory nerves/nociceptors benefits the condition, but the mechanisms are unclear. Hence, we aimed to understand the involvement of sensory nerve mediators with a murine model of psoriasis and associated spontaneous behaviors, indicative of cutaneous discomfort. We have established an Aldara model of psoriasis in mice and chemically depleted the small-diameter nociceptors in a selective manner. The spontaneous behaviors, in addition to the erythema and skin pathology, were markedly improved. Attenuated inflammation was associated with reduced dermal macrophage influx and production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (peroxynitrite and protein nitrosylation). Subsequently, this directly influenced observed behavioral responses. However, the blockade of common sensory neurogenic mechanisms for transient receptor potential (TRP)V1, TRPA1, and neuropeptides (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) using genetic and pharmacological approaches inhibited the behaviors but not the inflammation. Thus, a critical role of the established sensory TRP-neuropeptide pathway in influencing cutaneous discomfort is revealed, indicating the therapeutic potential of agents that block that pathway. The ongoing inflammation is mediated by a distinct sensory pathway involving macrophage activation.-Kodji, X., Arkless, K. L., Kee, Z., Cleary, S. J., Aubdool, A. A., Evans, E., Caton, P., Pitchford, S. C., Brain, S. D. Sensory nerves mediate spontaneous behaviors in addition to inflammation in a murine model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Kodji
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L Arkless
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zizheng Kee
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Cleary
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisah A Aubdool
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Caton
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Brain
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Cardiovascular Centre of Research Excellence, Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Choi JE, Di Nardo A. Skin neurogenic inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:249-259. [PMID: 29713744 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis closely interacts with nerve endings, and both epidermis and nerves produce substances for mutual sustenance. Neuropeptides, like substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), are produced by sensory nerves in the dermis; they induce mast cells to release vasoactive amines that facilitate infiltration of neutrophils and T cells. Some receptors are more important than others in the generation of itch. The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr) family as well as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and protease activated receptor 2(Par2) have important roles in itch and inflammation. The activation of MrgprX1 degranulates mast cells to communicate with sensory nerve and cutaneous cells for developing neurogenic inflammation. Mrgprs and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) are crucial for the generation of skin diseases like rosacea, while SP, CGRP, somatostatin, β-endorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can modulate the immune system during psoriasis development. The increased level of SP, in atopic dermatitis, induces the release of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 from the peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. We are finally starting to understand the intricate connections between the skin neurons and resident skin cells and how their interaction can be key to controlling inflammation and from there the pathogenesis of diseases like atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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De Logu F, Nassini R, Materazzi S, Carvalho Gonçalves M, Nosi D, Rossi Degl'Innocenti D, Marone IM, Ferreira J, Li Puma S, Benemei S, Trevisan G, Souza Monteiro de Araújo D, Patacchini R, Bunnett NW, Geppetti P. Schwann cell TRPA1 mediates neuroinflammation that sustains macrophage-dependent neuropathic pain in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1887. [PMID: 29192190 PMCID: PMC5709495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels, expressed by nociceptors, contribute to neuropathic pain. Here we show that TRPA1 is also expressed in Schwann cells. We found that in mice with partial sciatic nerve ligation, TRPA1 silencing in nociceptors attenuated mechanical allodynia, without affecting macrophage infiltration and oxidative stress, whereas TRPA1 silencing in Schwann cells reduced both allodynia and neuroinflammation. Activation of Schwann cell TRPA1 evoked NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1)-dependent H2O2 release, and silencing or blocking Schwann cell NOX1 attenuated nerve injury-induced macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress and allodynia. Furthermore, the NOX2-dependent oxidative burst, produced by macrophages recruited to the perineural space activated the TRPA1-NOX1 pathway in Schwann cells, but not TRPA1 in nociceptors. Schwann cell TRPA1 generates a spatially constrained gradient of oxidative stress, which maintains macrophage infiltration to the injured nerve, and sends paracrine signals to activate TRPA1 of ensheathed nociceptors to sustain mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Serena Materazzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Muryel Carvalho Gonçalves
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Duccio Rossi Degl'Innocenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Ilaria M Marone
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-500, Brazil
| | - Simone Li Puma
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Silvia Benemei
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurotoxicity, Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza Monteiro de Araújo
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, 20010-060, Brazil
| | | | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, 50139, Italy.
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Relevance of TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels as vascular sensors of cold in the cutaneous microvasculature. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:779-786. [PMID: 29164310 PMCID: PMC5942358 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cold exposure is directly related to skin conditions, such as frostbite. This is due to the cold exposure inducing a vasoconstriction to reduce cutaneous blood flow and protect against heat loss. However, a long-term constriction will cause ischaemia and potentially irreversible damage. We have developed techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of the vascular cold response. We focused on two ligand-gated transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, namely, the established “cold sensors” TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and TRP melastin (TRPM8). We used the anaesthetised mouse and measured cutaneous blood flow by laser speckle imaging. Two cold treatments were used. A generalised cold treatment was achieved through whole paw water immersion (10 °C for 5 min) and a localised cold treatment that will be potentially easier to translate to human studies was carried out on the mouse paw with a copper cold probe (0.85-cm diameter). The results show that TRPA1 and TRPM8 can each act as a vascular cold sensor to mediate the vasoconstrictor component of whole paw cooling as expected from our previous research. However, the local cooling-induced responses were only blocked when the TRPA1 and TRPM8 antagonists were given simultaneously. This suggests that this localised cold probe response requires both functional TRPA1 and TRPM8.
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