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van der Veer IPA, Rameckers EAA, Steenbergen B, Bastiaenen CHG, Klingels K. How do paediatric physical therapists teach motor skills to children with Developmental Coordination Disorder? An interview study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297119. [PMID: 38300942 PMCID: PMC10833570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When teaching motor skills, paediatric physical therapists (PPTs) use various motor learning strategies (MLSs), adapting these to suit the individual child and the task being practised. Knowledge about the clinical decision-making process of PPTs in choosing and adapting MLSs when treating children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is currently lacking. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to explore PPTs' use of MLSs when teaching motor skills to children with DCD. METHODS Semi-structured individual and group interviews were conducted with PPTs with a wide range of experience in treating children with DCD. A conventional content analysis approach was used where all transcripts were open-coded by two reviewers independently. Categories and themes were discussed within the research group. Data were collected until saturation was reached. RESULTS Twenty-six PPTs (median age: 49 years; range: 26-66) participated in 12 individual interviews and two focus-group interviews. Six themes were identified: (1) PPTs treated children in a tailor-made way; (2) PPTs' teaching style was either more indirect or direct; (3) PPTs used various strategies to improve children's motivation; (4) PPTs had reached the optimal level of practice when children were challenged; (5) PPTs gave special attention to automatization and transfer during treatment; and (6) PPTs considered task complexity when choosing MLSs, which appeared determined by task constraints, environmental demands, child and therapist characteristics. CONCLUSION PPTs' clinical decision-making processes in choosing MLSs appeared strongly influenced by therapist characteristics like knowledge and experience, resulting in large variation in the use of MLSs and teaching styles to enhance motivation, automatization, and transfer. This study indicates the importance of the level of education on using MLSs to teach children motor skills, and clinical decision-making. Future research should focus on implementing this knowledge into daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P. A. van der Veer
- Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Eugene A. A. Rameckers
- Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Functioning, Participation & Rehabilitation Research Line, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise, Adelante Rehabilitation Centre, Valkenburg, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline H. G. Bastiaenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Functioning, Participation & Rehabilitation Research Line, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Purcell C, Schott N, Rapos V, Zwicker JG, Wilmut K. Understanding factors that influence physical activity behavior in people with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): a mixed-methods convergent integrated systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1274510. [PMID: 38152480 PMCID: PMC10751368 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1274510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes the literature on physical activity amongst people with DCD using the COM-B framework. The review questions were: (1) what is the Capability (C), Opportunity (O) and Motivation (M) for physical activity and (2) what does physical activity behavior (B) look like? A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted by searching eight databases (PubMed, APA PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Child Development and Adolescent Studies, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL) up to July 2023. Data were extracted, thematically analyzed, and mapped to the COM-B model. The quality of studies was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022319127). Forty-three papers, 42 of which related to children, were included. Fifteen aligned with physical activity behavior, nine with physical capability, thirteen with psychological capability, one with social opportunity, one with physical opportunity, one with reflective motivation and three with automatic motivation. Pre-school-aged children with DCD engage in comparable levels of physical activity behavior, but differences emerge from 6 years of age. Characteristics of DCD result in reduced physical capability and less varied participation in physical activity. This impacts psychological capability, whereby lower self-perceptions result in a negative feedback loop and reduce the motivation to participate. Barriers relating to social opportunities may result in poor reflective and automatic motivation, although there is evidence that interventions can enhance enjoyment in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Purcell
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nadja Schott
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Victoria Rapos
- Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Brain, Behavior, and Development, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jill G. Zwicker
- Brain, Behavior, and Development, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Wilmut
- Centre for Psychological Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Jelsma D, Targino Gomes Draghi T, Cavalcante Neto J, Smits-Engelsman B. Improved attentional abilities after playing five weeks of active video games in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Appl Neuropsychol Child 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36943425 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2023.2190024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides motor coordination problems, attentional impairments are reported in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), but the connection or trainability is still unclear. AIM To test changes on attentional abilities after playing active video games (AVG) in children with DCD and their peers (TD), to evaluate near transfer and the relationship between omissions in attentional and motor tests. METHODS Seventy children (35 DCD; 35 TD), 7-12 years old, were assessed on three types of attention: distractibility (DIS); divided-attention (DA); sustained-attention (SA) and on the Wii Fit test pre- and post-training. RESULTS A significant decrease of errors in attentional tasks was found after training, independent of group (TD/DCD) and console (Wii Fit/Xbox) with medium-strong effect sizes (DIS η2p =.42; DA η2p =.51; SA η2p =.41). The groups responded similarly to the training but the DCD children scored poorer on the DA. A positive transfer-effect to the non-trained Wii Fit test was found in accuracy (missed gates), while speed proved console-specific. A medium/strong relation was found between omissions in attentional tasks and the missed gates (Wii Fit test). CONCLUSION More accurate responses on attentional tasks were found after AVG-training in both groups. A clear relationship between attentional abilities and motor performance was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Jelsma
- Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jorge Cavalcante Neto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Human Science, State University of Bahia, Jacobina, Brazil
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Smits-Engelsman BC, Bonney E, Jelsma D. Task-specificity and transfer of skills in school-aged children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2023; 133:104399. [PMID: 36565517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of two Active Video Game (AVG) protocols on transfer of learning in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). METHODS Fifty children, aged 6-10 years were randomly allocated to either group A or B. Children in group A participated in a set of Nintendo Wii ball games whereas group B played agility games (8 DCD and 17 typically developing children (TD) per group). Participants in each group practiced Wii games for 20 min twice a week for 10 weeks. All children also practiced ball and agility games in real-world settings, once per week. RESULTS Both protocols yielded positive effects with the largest effect sizes shown on agility and balance items of the PERF-FIT and KTK tests. No interaction was found on learning real-world games and the virtual protocol, except for a Ping-Pong game. A significant interaction of time by protocol group indicated that the Ball group improved more on BOT-2-Upper-Limb Coordination than the Agility group. Importantly, children with DCD improved comparably with TD peers in virtual and real-world games. CONCLUSION Independent of training protocol, both children with DCD and TD children performed better on trained and non-trained ball, balance and agility tasks after 10 weeks of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Cm Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University, Cape Town, South Africa; Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation, Faculty Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, MN, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Dorothee Jelsma
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Jelsma LD, Cavalcante Neto JL, Smits-Engelsman B, Targino Gomes Draghi T, Araújo Rohr L, Tudella E. Type of active video-games training does not impact the effect on balance and agility in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: A randomized comparator-controlled trial. Appl Neuropsychol Child 2023; 12:64-73. [PMID: 35098823 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effect of the Nintendo Wii-Fit and Xbox Kinect on motor performance and to assess differential effects in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and typical development (TD). METHOD In an assessor-blinded randomized comparator-controlled design, 68 participants (34 DCD and 34 TD) aged 7-10 years, were randomly assigned to train on one of two devices (34 Wii-Fit; 34 Xbox Kinect). RESULTS Repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time on balance and agility variables (MABC-2, Wii Yoga stance, PERF-FIT side-hop, PERF-FIT ladder-stepping; all p ≤ 0.02), but not on running variables (BOT2-sprint, 10 × 5 m sprint and PERF-FIT ladder running; p > 0.05). No significant interactions were observed, indicating similar changes on both devices. Overall, 35% of the TD children and 76% of the children with DCD improved on one or more of the outcomes beyond the smallest detectable difference. However, at the individual level, larger differences in improvement were found in the Kinect group compared to the Wii between TD and DCD groups. CONCLUSION Both Wii-Fit and Kinect devices can be used to train with similar results on motor performance. An important percentage (76%) of children with DCD improved on at least one motor task after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemke Dorothee Jelsma
- Developmental and Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Liz Araújo Rohr
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Tudella
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
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Cavalcante-Neto JL, Jelsma D, Draghi TTG, Tudella E, Smits-Engelsman B. Active Video Games Performance and Heart Rate on the Wii or Kinect in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Children (Basel) 2022; 9. [PMID: 36553267 DOI: 10.3390/children9121823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to compare changes in game performance and intensity of heart rate (HR) between two types of active video game (AVG) in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Additionally, we assessed the level of improvement per game as well as the perceived exertion and enjoyment during training. Seventy-six children, 36 with DCD and 40 without (TD) were randomly assigned to a 5-week program of Wii-Fit or Xbox-Kinect training 2× a week. The steepness of the performance curves was not different between consoles, nor between groups. Playing Kinect games resulted in higher HR in both groups. Wii and Kinect seem to be comparable AVG consoles that can be used for children with and without DCD, with the Kinect reaching a higher intensity of training.
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Smits-Engelsman B, Verbecque E. Pediatric care for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder, can we do better? Biomed J 2021; 45:250-264. [PMID: 34482014 PMCID: PMC9250084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper adopts a method of narrative critical review based on a non-systematic search of the literature to provide insights into the trends of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) treatment and to point out some future alternative approaches to prevent secondary health implications in children with DCD. The cause of DCD is unknown, but evidence suggests that these children have atypical brain structure and function. Interventions to help children cope with their activity limitations are effective in improving motor competence and motor skill related fitness in the short term. Although activity-orientated interventions can improve motor outcomes in children with DCD, high quality intervention trials and evaluation of long-term effects are urgently needed. Importantly, motor coordination problems associated with DCD extend to exercise-related activities leading to reduced participation in play and sports, which causes secondary problems in muscular fitness and body composition. Hence, treatment goals should not be limited to the improvement of motor skills (in ADL), but should also focus on health-related quality of life. We therefore propose when noticing motor problems in a child, already before enrolling but also during intervention, to explore ways to adapt everyday physical activities to optimally match the child's skill level. Hence, such activities will not only train the skills and improve physical fitness but will lead to positive engagement, thereby preventing the child from opting out of active play and sports. This provides the child with chances for exercise-dependent learning and will also positively impact social-emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University, Cape Town, South Africa; Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation, Faculty Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Evi Verbecque
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Belgium, Agoralaan Building A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Smits-Engelsman B, Bonney E, Ferguson G. Effects of Graded Exergames on Fitness Performance in Elementary School Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:653851. [PMID: 33969297 PMCID: PMC8100245 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.653851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a common childhood disorder affecting movement and coordination skills, fitness, and academic performance. Increased physical fitness may have a positive influence on physical and mental health outcomes in children with DCD. Yet, little has been done to develop interventions to improve fitness performance in this group. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of graded exergames in 7 to 12-year-old children with DCD and typically developing (TD) peers. Participants (32 DCD and 28 TD children) received a 30-min training session twice weekly for 10 weeks. Performance on motor coordination (MABC-2 test), balance, aerobic, and anaerobic fitness tests were assessed at the beginning and end of training. In addition, enjoyment and perception of exertion were measured for each participant during the training period. Both children with DCD and TD children significantly improved on motor coordination, balance, aerobic, and anaerobic fitness at the end of the training. A significant Group by Time interaction was observed on the MABC-2 total [F (1, 55) = 13.19; p < 0.001] and balance scores [F (1, 55) = 26.83; p < 0.0001], with the DCD group demonstrating larger improvements than the TD children. Both groups enjoyed the program throughout the training period even though they rated the training to be of high intensity. These findings indicate that graded exergames may serve as potential treatment for impaired fitness in children with DCD. Regular participation in graded exergames in school settings may be needed to enhance and maintain fitness performance in young children with and without DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Elison Laboratory for Developmental Brain and Behavior Research, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gillian Ferguson
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Graser JV, Bastiaenen CHG, Keller U, van Hedel HJA. Contextual interference in children with brain lesions: protocol of a pilot study investigating blocked vs. random practice order of an upper limb robotic exergame. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:156. [PMID: 33072397 PMCID: PMC7560185 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background If adults practice several motor tasks together, random practice leads to better transfer and retention compared to blocked practice. Knowledge about this contextual interference (CI) effect could be valuable to improve neurorehabilitation of children. We present the protocol of a randomised controlled pilot study investigating the feasibility of blocked practice vs. random practice of robot-assisted upper limb reaching in children with brain lesions undergoing neurorehabilitation. Methods Children with affected upper limb function due to congenital or acquired brain lesions undergoing neurorehabilitation will be recruited for a randomised controlled pilot study with a 3-week procedure. In the control week (1), two assessment blocks (robot-assisted reaching tasks, Melbourne assessment 2, subscale fluency), 2 days apart, take place. In the practice week (2), participants are randomly allocated to blocked practice or random practice and perform 480 reaching and backward movements in the horizontal and vertical plane using exergaming with an exoskeleton robot per day during three consecutive days. Assessments are performed before, directly after and 1 day after the practice sessions. In the follow-up week (3), participants perform the assessments 1 week after the final practice session. The primary outcome is the immediate transfer of the Melbourne Assessment 2, subscale fluency. Secondary outcomes are the immediate retention, 1-day and 1-week delayed transfer and retention and acquisition during the practice sessions. We will evaluate the feasibility of the inclusion criteria, the recruitment rate, the scheduling procedure, the randomisation procedure, the procedure for the participants, the handling of the robot, the handling of the amount of data, the choice of the outcome measures and the influence of other therapies. Furthermore, we will perform a power calculation using the data to estimate the sample size for the main trial. Discussion The protocol of the pilot study is a first step towards a future main randomised controlled trial. This low risk pilot study might induce some benefits for the participants. However, we need to place its results into perspective, especially concerning the generalisability, as it remains questionable whether improving reaching constrained within a robotic device will ameliorate daily life reaching tasks. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02443857
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith V Graser
- Research Department, Swiss Children's Rehab, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Mühlebergstrasse 104, 8910 Affoltern am Albis, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre CRC, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Research Group Function, Participation and Rehabilitation CAPHRI, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline H G Bastiaenen
- Research Group Function, Participation and Rehabilitation CAPHRI, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Keller
- Research Department, Swiss Children's Rehab, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Mühlebergstrasse 104, 8910 Affoltern am Albis, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre CRC, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus J A van Hedel
- Research Department, Swiss Children's Rehab, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Mühlebergstrasse 104, 8910 Affoltern am Albis, Switzerland.,Children's Research Centre CRC, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Smits-Engelsman B, Bonney E, Ferguson G. Motor skill learning in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 74:102687. [PMID: 33017722 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The question whether children with DCD have motor learning deficits is difficult to answer based on the current body of knowledge. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of practice on motor skill acquisition, retention and transfer in children with and without DCD using a variety of games in a virtual environment. METHOD Performance on a criterion task (Wii ski game) and MABC-2 balance subscore was compared between children with DCD (n = 33) and TD children (n = 28) following 10 weeks of playing active video games. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare changes in the two groups. RESULTS The children with DCD demonstrated lower performance on the criterion task than the TD group (p = 0.031). A time by group interaction indicated that the difference in performance on the criterion task became larger over time (p = 0.039). No differences were found in retention between groups. Large improvement (Cohen d 1.11) was observed for the children with DCD on the MABC-2 balance subscore. CONCLUSION Based on the criterion task results, typically developing children seem more proficient in learning new skills compared to children with DCD. More research is needed to confirm that children with DCD have a problem to transfer skills to other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Gillian Ferguson
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Adi-Japha E, Brestel G. Motor skill learning with impaired transfer by children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 103:103671. [PMID: 32505098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DSM-5 criteria for developmental coordination disorder (DCD) emphasize deficits in the acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills. Previous studies of motor skill learning in DCD suggest deficits in the execution of motor skills but do not reveal a deficit in learning new skills, possibly because of the heterogeneity of motor deficits in DCD. AIM In light of the high prevalence of handwriting difficulties among children with DCD, the current study compared motor skill learning in 5-6-year-old children with DCD and their peers using a grapho-motor learning task that resembles a letter-writing practice. METHODS Thirty-two boys, 16 with DCD, learned to produce a new "letter" formed by connecting three dots. Training, following-day consolidation, 1-week post-training retention, and far-transfer to a no-dot condition were tested. RESULTS Children with DCD exhibited rates of learning similar to those of their peers, but with overall poorer performance, replicating previous findings. Contrary to reports of intact skill transfer following a consolidation period in DCD, impaired transfer of the learned symbol was observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings may explain some of the motor difficulties experienced by children with DCD as well as contribute to the discussion on mechanisms involved in skill learning in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Adi-Japha
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Israel; The Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
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Smits-Engelsman BCM, Bonney E, Neto JLC, Jelsma DL. Feasibility and content validity of the PERF-FIT test battery to assess movement skills, agility and power among children in low-resource settings. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1139. [PMID: 32690079 PMCID: PMC7372755 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous movement skills and physical fitness tests have been developed for children in high-income countries. However, adaptation of these tests to low-resource settings has been slow and norms are still unavailable for children living in low-income communities. The aim of this paper was to describe the development and validation of the Performance and Fitness (PERF-FIT) test battery, a new test to assess motor skill-related physical fitness in children in low-resource settings. METHOD The PERF-FIT test was developed in a stepwise manner. This involved defining the relevant domains of the construct of interest and selecting and evaluating test items. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to estimate content validity. Following development of the PERF-FIT test, a preliminary study was performed to validate items and to examine the feasibility of implementing the test in a low-resource community. Structural validity was also determined based on data from eighty (n = 80) children (aged 7-12 years) using principal component analysis. RESULTS The CVI for the throw and catch item was 0.86 and 1.00 for the other nine items, leading to a total CVI score of 0.99. The hierarchical sequence of the item series was demonstrated by highly significant (p < 0.001) linear trends, confirming the increase in difficulty of subsequent items. Principal component analysis revealed three factors; the first component is represented by locomotor skills that require static and dynamic balance, the second component by throwing and catching items and the third component by agility and power items. These findings suggest that it is feasible to implement the PERF-FIT in low-resource settings. CONCLUSION The PERF-FIT test battery is easy to administer and may be suitable for measuring skill-related physical fitness in in low-resource settings. It has excellent content validity and good structural validity. After minor adaptions, further studies should be conducted to establish normative values, evaluate reliability, and document criterion and cross-cultural validity of this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien C M Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel Bonney
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jorge Lopes Cavalcante Neto
- Department of Human Sciences, Bahia State University (UNEB), Jacobina, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dorothee L Jelsma
- Developmental and Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Cavalcante Neto JL, Steenbergen B, Zamunér AR, Tudella E. Wii training versus non-Wii task-specific training on motor learning in children with developmental coordination disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2020; 64:101390. [PMID: 32445975 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wii-based interventions have shown significant benefits in motor learning for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD); however, studies comparing the effects of Wii interventions versus matched non-Wii interventions, such as task-specific training (TST), are scarce. OBJECTIVE We compared motor learning in children with DCD who participated in 12 sessions of Wii-based training and those participating in 12 closely matched non-Wii TST sessions as well as when the highest improvements in performance occurred. METHODS In total, 32 children with DCD (16 per group) were randomly allocated to receive the Wii intervention or TST during 12 sessions. Motor learning was assessed in 3 consecutive phases during the intervention and was determined by the mean of the games scores obtained in the: (1) first 4 sessions, (2) intermediate 4 sessions, and (3) last 4 sessions. Six different tasks (table tennis, frisbee, archery, bowling, tightrope walking/balance beam, and marble balance/balance disc) were performed in every session. Each session lasted 42min (time on task). RESULTS Wii training and TST elicited improvements in motor learning, as assessed by increased scores with the frisbee and marble balance/balance disc tasks. However, Wii training elicited better performance in the archery and bowling tasks, whereas only TST elicited improvements in the balance beam and table tennis tasks. CONCLUSION Wii training is not always superior to non-Wii training, and improvements are based on the type of task trained. Thus, each type of intervention benefits a certain skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lopes Cavalcante Neto
- Department of physical therapy, universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of human sciences, universidade do Estado da Bahia, Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud university, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eloisa Tudella
- Department of physical therapy, universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carvalho LSD, Crancianinov CSA, Gama DT, Hiraga CY. Effect of volume of practice in children with probable Developmental Coordination Disorder. Rev bras cineantropom desempenho hum 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e72028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) demonstrate a slower and more gradual ability to acquire and learn motor skills with practice. One question then is whether a higher volume of practice for these children could match the performance of children with typical development (TD). The present study aims to examine the effects of a higher volume of practice by children with probable DCD (pDCD) in relation to a lower volume of practice by children with TD. The MABC-2 was used to identify the participants' level of motor difficulty and set the composition of the groups. Two active video games (Nintendo Wii) were used for the practice. Each group was composed of eight participants, paired up by gender and age, TD (M = 111.87 months; SD = 4.05) and pDCD (M = 115.87 months; SD = 4.96). The TD group participated in seven practice sessions and the pDCD group participated in eleven sessions. Results regarding performance on Wii console games showed significant improvement from the first day of practice to the last day in both groups (pDCD and TD). A higher volume of practice for children with pDCD compared to their TD peers helped to increase the performance of the former group. Therefore, the pDCD group achieved a performance similar to the TD group in both practiced games.
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15
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Jelsma LD, Geuze RH, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Movement Control Strategies in a Dynamic Balance Task in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:175-186. [PMID: 30961441 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1599809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to analyze movement control strategies using predefined criteria for amplitude and differences in these strategies between children with and without DCD. Children with (n = 28) and without DCD (n = 15) were included. A video-observation-tool was used to score the moving body parts during a Wii Fit slalom task over multiple time points. Two-step cluster analysis was used to extract distinct movement strategies. Two different movement strategies were identified that were independently validated by a measure of task performance and a subjective mark of quality of the movement. Initial differences between groups and changes over time toward the more successful strategy were found in both groups, albeit in a different percentage. This study shows that the more efficient movement strategy is seen in the majority of the TD children and only in a small number of children with DCD, even after practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Jelsma
- Developmental and Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, TS, The Netherlands
| | - R H Geuze
- Developmental and Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, TS, The Netherlands
| | - B C M Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Mentiplay BF, FitzGerald TL, Clark RA, Bower KJ, Denehy L, Spittle AJ. Do video game interventions improve motor outcomes in children with developmental coordination disorder? A systematic review using the ICF framework. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:22. [PMID: 30651097 PMCID: PMC6335818 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) experience a range of difficulties that can potentially limit their academic, social and physical ability. Recent research has developed interventions that aim to improve motor outcomes in a variety of paediatric cohorts using video gaming equipment. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the literature on virtual reality or video game interventions that aim to improve motor outcomes in children with DCD. Methods Seven databases were searched for studies using the following criteria: a) virtual reality or video game based intervention; b) children with DCD; and c) motor outcomes relating to body structure and function, activity or participation. Data were extracted relating to study design, participant characteristics, details of the intervention, outcome measures, results, and feasibility/adherence. Results Fifteen articles were included for review, including eight randomised controlled trials. No studies used virtual reality equipment, with all interventions using video games (Nintendo Wii in 12/15 articles). Mixed effects of video game intervention on outcome were found, with conflicting evidence across studies. Studies that reported on feasibility found most children enjoyed and adhered to the video game interventions. Conclusions This review found limited evidence for the effectiveness of video game interventions for children with DCD to improve motor outcomes due to limitations in the research including low sample sizes and low to moderate methodological quality. Further research is needed to determine the effect of video game or virtual reality interventions on motor outcomes in children with DCD. Protocol registration The protocol for this systematic review can be found on PROSPERO (CRD42017064427). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-018-1381-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Mentiplay
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. .,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Tara L FitzGerald
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ross A Clark
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Kelly J Bower
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Linda Denehy
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alicia J Spittle
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Cavalcante Neto JL, de Oliveira CC, Greco AL, Zamunér AR, Moreira RC, Tudella E. Is virtual reality effective in improving the motor performance of children with developmental coordination disorder? A systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018; 55:291-300. [PMID: 30311491 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.18.05427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although virtual reality (VR) is an increasingly popular approach within studies that propose interventions for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), evidence on the effectiveness of VR remains debatable. The aim of this study was to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of VR interventions for motor performance improvement in children with DCD. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Searches were conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC databases to select studies published from 1 January 2006 to 30 November 2017. Two independent reviewers performed the primary study selection based on titles, abstracts and full-text reading; this selection included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that applied VR interventions to children with DCD and assessed outcomes related to motor performance. The methodological quality of the studies included in the search was assessed through the PEDro scale. PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane recommendations for systematic reviews were followed. The effect size of each intervention was calculated to allow for the interpretation of clinical effects, and the body of evidence was synthesised through the GRADE approach. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 2160 publications were retrieved; by the end of the selection process, twelve RCTs had been included. Of these twelve, seven were classified as having high methodological quality. Only three studies satisfied the homogeneity conditions to be assessed through the GRADE system, which showed a low level of evidence in favor of VR for improving the motor performance of children with DCD. CONCLUSIONS Not enough evidence currently exists to support or refute the use of VR over non-VR interventions for improving motor performance in children with DCD. Despite the potential for improving the motor performance of DCD children, the absence of specific protocols prevents formal recommendations of VR for these children. Future studies should consider VR protocols that are more specific regarding the tasks, features and target motor skills to be developed by DCD children. In addition, comparisons of similar groups at baseline, the concealment of allocation and the blinding of assessors are internal validity aspects which deserve researchers' attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cavalcante Neto
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil -
| | - Cristina C de Oliveira
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L Greco
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio R Zamunér
- Department of Kinesiology, Catholic University of the Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Roberta C Moreira
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Tudella
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Yu JJ, Burnett AF, Sit CH. Motor Skill Interventions in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 99:2076-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bonney E, Aertssen W, Smits-Engelsman B. Psychometric properties of field-based anaerobic capacity tests in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 41:1803-1814. [PMID: 29509037 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1446189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Assessment of anaerobic capacity in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is essential for treatment planning. However, available field-based measures have no established validity and reliability in this population. Purpose: To examine the psychometric properties of selected field-based anaerobic capacity tests in children with and without DCD. Methods: School-aged children (6-16 years) with and without DCD participated in the study. The children completed the shuttle run sub-item of the Bruninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition, the 10 × 5 m sprint tests (straight and slalom) and the muscle power sprint test (MPST). Results: The shuttle run test item of the Bruninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition and 10 × 5 m sprint tests possess good construct validity and test-retest reliability in children with DCD. The 10 × 5 m sprint test-slalom was found to be the most responsive test among children with DCD. However, the MPST was less reliable in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers, leading to a very large Smallest Detectable Difference. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the selected anaerobic capacity measures have sound psychometric properties among children with DCD with the exception of the MPST. Clinicians working on children with DCD could use these tests in their practice, especially in situations where logistical resources are limited. Implications for Rehabilitation Field-based anaerobic capacity tests are suitable measures for assessing anaerobic capacity in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder, particularly in situations where laboratory assessments are not feasible. The shuttle run test item of the Bruninks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition and the 10 × 5 sprint tests (straight and slalom) have good construct validity in this population. The 10 × 5 sprint test (slalom) is the most sensitive anaerobic capacity test among children with Developmental Coordination Disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bonney
- a Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Wendy Aertssen
- b Avansplus, University for Professionals , Breda , The Netherlands
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- a Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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20
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Smits-Engelsman B, Vinçon S, Blank R, Quadrado VH, Polatajko H, Wilson PH. Evaluating the evidence for motor-based interventions in developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Dev Disabil 2018; 74:72-102. [PMID: 29413431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of the process of creating an update of the clinical practice guidelines for developmental coordination disorder (DCD) (Blank, Smits-Engelsman, Polatajko, & Wilson, 2012), a systematic review of intervention studies, published since the last guidelines statement was conducted. AIM The aim of this study was to 1) systematically review the evidence published from January 2012 to February 2017 regarding the effectiveness of motor based interventions in individuals with DCD, 2) quantify treatment effects using a meta-analysis, 3) examine the available information on different aspects of delivery including use of group intervention, duration and frequency of therapy, and 4) identify gaps in the literature and make recommendations for future intervention research. METHOD An electronic search of 5 databases (PubMed, Embase, Pedro, Scopus and Cochrane) was conducted for studies that evaluated motor-based interventions to improve performance for individuals with DCD. RESULTS Thirty studies covering 25 datasets were included, 19 of which provided outcomes on standardized measures of motor performance. The overall effect size (Cohen's d) across intervention studies was large (1.06), but the range was wide: for 11 interventions, the observed effect was large (>0.80), in eight studies moderate (>0.50), and in five it was small or negligible (<0.50). Positive benefits were evident for activity-oriented approaches, body function-oriented combined with activities, active video games, and small group programs. CONCLUSION Results showed that activity-oriented and body function oriented interventions can have a positive effect on motor function and skills. However, given the varied methodological quality and the large confidence intervals of some studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sabine Vinçon
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Child Centre Maulbronn, Maulbronn, Germany
| | - Rainer Blank
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Child Centre Maulbronn, Maulbronn, Germany; University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virgínia H Quadrado
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helene Polatajko
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter H Wilson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Bonney E, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. The efficacy of two activity-based interventions in adolescents with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2017; 71:223-236. [PMID: 29055242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) usually experience psychomotor difficulties that affect their participation in everyday tasks and sports. Without effective intervention, adolescents show persistent motor deficits through adulthood. It is therefore critical to develop interventions to address the specific needs of this population. Studies evaluating the impact of motor interventions among adolescents with DCD are limited. AIM The study evaluated the efficacy of two activity-based motor interventions in female adolescents with DCD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty-three female participants (Mean±SD: 14.3±1.1years) were identified as having DCD using the DSM-5 criteria. They were randomly assigned to either Task-oriented Functional Training (TFT) or Wii training. Both groups received 45min training per week for 14 weeks. Outcome measures included isometric muscular strength, motor proficiency, functional performance and participation in activities of daily living (ADL). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS At the conclusion of the intervention, the two groups had significant improvement in muscular strength, motor proficiency, running and agility, predilection for physical activity and generalized self-efficacy. However, there was no difference in outcomes for the two interventions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The findings highlight the potential benefits of activity-based motor interventions in reducing impairments, improving functional performance, and enhancing participation. These results support previous findings on the efficacy of task-oriented interventions and demonstrate the value of these approaches at all levels of functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bonney
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Gillian Ferguson
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Learning transfer is defined as an individual's capability to apply prior learnt perceptual, motor, or conceptual skills to a novel task or performance environment. In the sport sciences, learning transfers have been investigated from an athlete-specific perspective. However, sport scientists should also consider the benefits of cross-disciplinary learning to aid critical thinking and metacognitive skill gained through the interaction with similar quantitative scientific disciplines. OBJECTIVE Using team sports performance analysis as an example, this study aimed to demonstrate the utility of a common analytical technique in ecology in the sports sciences, namely, nonmetric multidimensional scaling. METHODS To achieve this aim, three novel research examples using this technique are presented, each of which enables the analysis and visualization of athlete (organism), team (aggregation of organisms), and competition (ecosystem) behaviors. RESULTS The first example reveals the technical behaviors of Australian Football League Brownlow medalists from the 2001 to 2016 seasons. The second example delineates dissimilarity in higher and lower ranked National Rugby League teams within the 2016 season. Lastly, the third example shows the evolution of game play in the basketball tournaments between the 2004 and 2016 Olympic Games. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the novel findings of each example, the collective results demonstrate that, by embracing cross-disciplinary learning and drawing upon an analytical technique common to ecology, novel solutions to pertinent research questions within sports performance analysis could be addressed in a practically meaningful way. Cross-disciplinary learning may subsequently assist sport scientists in the analysis and visualization of multivariate datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T Woods
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Activity Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony S Leicht
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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