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Wang C, Hou B, Shao G, Wan C. Development of a One-Step Real-Time TaqMan Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Assay for the Detection of the Novel Variant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (nVarIBDV) Circulating in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1453. [PMID: 37515141 PMCID: PMC10383243 DOI: 10.3390/v15071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV, especially genotype A2dB1) mainly affects broilers in China. It causes an infection characterized by the atrophy of the bursa, a decrease in the level of lymphocytes, proliferation of fibrous tissue around the follicle, and severe atrophy of the follicle in the bursa. Poultry vaccinated with live IBDV vaccines do not have the challenge present with bursa atrophy, which is misdiagnosed for nVarIBDV because of the lack of other gross clinical symptoms. The present study sought to explore the potential and reliability of the real-time TaqMan analysis method for the detection and discrimination of the nVarIBDV genotype from that of the non-nVarIBDV, especially in live vaccine strains. This method will help monitor vaccinated poultry to control and manage infection with the nVarIBDV IBDVs. The nucleotide polymorphism in the 5'-UTR region and the vp5/vp2 overlapping region of the segment A sequences of IBDV were used to establish a one-step real-time TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in this study. The results showed that the method accurately distinguished the nVarIBDV and non-nVarIBDV strains (especially live vaccine strains), and there were no cross-reactions with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), fowlpox virus (FPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum), Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), and IBDV-negative field samples. The method showed a linear dynamic range between 102 and 107 DNA copies/reaction, with an average R2 of 0.99 and an efficiency of 93% for nVarIBDV and an average R2 of 1.00 and an efficiency of 94% for non-nVarIBDV. The method was also used for the detection of 84 clinical bursae of chickens vaccinated with the live vaccine. The results showed that this method accurately distinguished the nVarIBDV and non-nVarIBDV strains (vaccine strains), compared with a strategy based on the sequence analysis of HVRs at the vp2 gene or the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the vp5 gene. These findings showed that this one-step real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method provides a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple approach for detection of infections caused by nVarIBDV and is a useful clinical diagnostic tool for identifying and distinguishing nVarIBDV from non-nVarIBDV, especially live vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunhe Wan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Orakpoghenor O, Oladele SB, Abdu PA, Markus TP, Andamin AD, Umar BN, Esievo KAN. Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection caused changes in cloacal temperature and clinical manifestations in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and is transmitted to sentinel chickens. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:335-342. [PMID: 34347239 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, changes in cloacal temperature and clinical manifestations due to very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) infection in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and transmission to chickens were demonstrated. Thirty pigeons (3-6 weeks old) and thirty chickens (3 weeks old) divided into 4 groups (I-IV) were used for this study. Group I comprised of 10 uninoculated pigeons only; II comprised of 10 inoculated pigeons and 10 sentinel chickens; III comprised of 10 sentinel pigeons and 10 inoculated chickens, while IV comprised of 10 uninoculated chickens only. Pigeons in group II and chickens in group III were each inoculated with 0.20 mL (titre of 109.76CID50/mL) of vvIBDV (Nigerian strain). Cloacal temperature was monitored and clinical manifestations scored post-inoculation (pi). Results indicated significant (P < 0.05) pyrexia at 2 days pi (dpi), mild clinical signs and no mortality in inoculated pigeons. Significant (P < 0.05) pyrexia at 2-4 dpi, severe clinical signs and mortality (50%; 60%) were observed in inoculated and sentinel chickens. IBDV antigen and antibody were detected in pigeons and chickens. Pigeons showed response to vvIBDV infection thus suggesting susceptibility of pigeons to IBD. Sentinel chickens presented clinical manifestations of IBD and this suggests transmission from pigeons to chickens. This study therefore documents pyrexia and clinical manifestations due to vvIBDV infection in pigeons and successful transmission of the virus between pigeons and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochuko Orakpoghenor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | | | - Paul Ayuba Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu, Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Bala Ningi Umar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Ahmadu, Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Yin L, Zhou Q, Mai K, Huang J, Yan Z, Wei X, Shen H, Li Q, Chen L, Zhou Q. Isolation and characterization of a novel chicken astrovirus in China. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101363. [PMID: 34352410 PMCID: PMC8350400 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) is associated with kidney disease and visceral gout, runting and stunting syndrome, and white chick hatchery disease, causing economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, 55.6% of 36 clinical samples from Guangdong province in China were positive for CAstV, but negative for other common enteric viruses, including avian nephritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus Group I, Newcastle disease virus, chicken parvovirus, reovirus, and rotavirus by PCRs and RT-PCRs. A CAstV strain, named GD202013, was isolated from Guangdong province in south China, and was identified by CAstV RT-PCR. A whole genome sequence analysis demonstrated that GD202013 shares 76.0 to 88.1% identity with 24 reference strains in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis, based on whole genome and capsid protein, showed that GD202013 is more closely related to 2 US strains (GA2011/US/2011 and 4175/US/2011) belonging to subgroup Bii. Recombination analysis indicated that GD202013 is a recombinant strain formed by 3 strains: a major parent strain CkP5/US/2016, and 2 minor parent strains (GA2011/US/2011 and G059/PL/2014). In addition, the chicken embryo infection experiment demonstrated that GD202013 causes hatchability reduction, growth depression, and death of embryos. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the liver, kidney and small intestine were observed in the dead-in-shell embryos. This is the first report of the novel CAstV infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yin
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Kaijie Mai
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Hanqin Shen
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Qunhui Li
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Li Chen
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China.
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A Comparative Study of Pathology and Host Immune Response Induced by Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Experimentally Infected Chickens of Aseel and White Leghorn Breeds. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040627. [PMID: 33114776 PMCID: PMC7711558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigenous breeds of young chickens in India are believed to be resistant to the classical strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). However, the mechanism underlying this resistance is obscure. Innate immunity is a key factor in defining the clinical course and pathology of microbial infections. The present study is aimed to compare the pathology of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and immunological host response in experimentally infected - vaccinated and unvaccinated indigenous Aseel and commercial White Leghorn chickens. The viral loads and innate immune gene expression profiles of MDA-5, Mx, IFN-α, and IFN-β in different lymphoid organs were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The histopathological scores in Aseel birds were lower than in White Leghorns despite comparable viral loads. The degrees of histopathological lesions were fewer in vaccinated birds than in unvaccinated birds of both breeds. Analysis of innate immune response genes revealed that the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor MDA-5 gene was overexpressed mainly in the cecal tonsils of both vaccinated and nonvaccinated White Leghorn chickens. An increase in the expression of the IFN-α gene was seen in the cecal tonsils of Aseels, and an increase in IFN-β gene expression was seen in the thymuses of White Leghorns following vvIBDV challenge both in vaccinated and nonvaccinated birds. In addition, we observed that the Mx gene plays a minimal role, if any, in vvIBDV infection of the breeds under study. It remains interesting and important that although vvIBDV causes disease in indigenous Aseel birds, the faster clearance and reduced pathology of the virus in Aseel birds compared to White Leghorn chicken indicate some unidentified innate immune factors that are limiting IBDV in this breed. Further studies will be required to correlate kinetics of humoral and cellular immune response in relation to the virus load in different organs to illuminate the mechanism of genetic resistance in native breeds of chicken.
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Mohd Isa F, Ahmed Al-Haj N, Mat Isa N, Ideris A, Powers C, Oladapo O, Nair V, Omar AR. Differential expression of immune-related genes in the bursa of Fabricius of two inbred chicken lines following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 68:101399. [PMID: 31837598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Among different inbred chickens' lines, we previously showed that lines P and N of Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK are the most susceptible and the least affected lines, respectively, following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). In this study, the differential expressions of 29 different immune-related genes were characterized. Although, birds from both lines succumbed to infection, line P showed greater bursal lesion scores and higher viral copy numbers compared to line N. Interestingly, line N showed greater down-regulation of B cell related genes (BLNK, TNFSF13B and CD72) compared to line P. While up-regulation of T-cell related genes (CD86 and CTLA4) and Th1 associated cytokines (IFNG, IL2, IL12A and IL15) were documented in both lines, the expression levels of these genes were different in the two lines. Meanwhile, the expression of IFN-related genes IFNB, STAT1, and IRF10, but not IRF5, were up-regulated in both lines. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, IL6, IL18, and IL17) and chemokines (CXCLi2, CCL4, CCL5 and CCR5) were up-regulated in both lines with greater increase documented in line P compared to line N. Strikingly, the expression of IL12B was detected only in line P whilst the expression of IL15RA was detected only in line N. In conclusion, the bursal immunopathology of IBDV correlates more with expression of proinflammatory response related genes and does not related to expression of B-cell related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhanah Mohd Isa
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nagi Ahmed Al-Haj
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Claire Powers
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK; The Jenner Institute, The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Venugopal Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Dey S, Pathak DC, Ramamurthy N, Maity HK, Chellappa MM. Infectious bursal disease virus in chickens: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:85-97. [PMID: 31497527 PMCID: PMC6689097 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s185159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), also known as Gumboro disease, is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease of young chickens. Although first observed about 60 years ago, to date, the disease is responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. IBD virus (IBDV), a double-stranded RNA virus, exists as two serotypes with only serotype 1 causing the disease in young chickens. The virus infects the bursa of Fabricius of particularly the actively dividing and differentiating lymphocytes of the B-cells lineage of immature chickens, resulting in morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression. Immunosuppression enhances the susceptibility of chickens to other infections and interferes with vaccination against other diseases. Immunization is the most important measure to control IBD; however, rampant usage of live vaccines has resulted in the evolution of new strains. Although the immunosuppression caused by IBDV is more directed toward the B lymphocytes, the protective immunity in birds depends on inducement of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The interference with the inactivated vaccine induced maternally derived antibodies in young chicks has become a hurdle in controlling the disease, thus necessitating the development of newer vaccines with improved efficacy. The present review illustrates the overall dynamics of the virus and the disease, and the recent developments in the field of virus diagnosis and vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Dey
- Recombinant DNA Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Dinesh C Pathak
- Recombinant DNA Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Narayan Ramamurthy
- Recombinant DNA Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Recombinant DNA Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Recombinant DNA Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
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Techera C, Tomás G, Panzera Y, Banda A, Perbolianachis P, Pérez R, Marandino A. Development of real-time PCR assays for single and simultaneous detection of infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia virus. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 43:58-63. [PMID: 30447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and chicken anemia virus (CAV) cause relevant immunosuppressive diseases in poultry. Clinical diagnosis of these viruses is challenging given the different disease presentations and the frequent occurrence of co-infections with other pathogens. Here, we standardized and validated simplex and duplex RT-qPCR assays for the straightforward detection of IBDV and CAV. The qPCR assays are based on primers and hydrolysis probes that target highly conserved regions of IBDV and CAV genomes. Analytical sensitivity tests on 10-fold serial dilutions containing 100-108 viral genomes indicated that the simplex assays have good determination coefficients and efficiency and detect a wide range of virus doses (102 to 108 molecules copies/reactions). The relatively small values of intra- and inter-assay variability ensure the repeatability and support its reproducibility in different diagnostic and research facilities. The assays are also efficient tools for absolute quantification as indicated by the analytical performance analysis. The assays have an excellent specificity and absence of cross-reactivity with negative samples, or with other common avian viruses. The simplex IBDV and CAV assays use probes labelled with different dyes (FAM and HEX) and can be multiplexed for the simultaneous detection of both viruses. The determination coefficients, PCR efficiencies, and relatively small intra- and inter-assay variability were comparable to the simplex assays. This duplex assay is the first to simultaneously detect IBDV and CAV using the same RNA extraction from the bursa of Fabricius in a single and straightforward step. Therefore, this method is time saving, provides quantitative results for both targets without any cross-reaction, and reduces the risk of carrying-over contaminations. The qPCR assays here developed can be used in simplex and duplex formats for detection and quantification of large number of samples with reliable sensitivity and specificity. These tools are expected to improve surveillance and control of these ubiquitous viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Banda
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 97813, Pearl, MS39288, USA
| | - Paula Perbolianachis
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Louw L. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and high oleic acid safflower oil in the treatment of children with HPV-induced laryngeal papillomatosis: a randomized, double-blinded and crossover preliminary study. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:136. [PMID: 23061633 PMCID: PMC3551644 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery is the mainstay therapy for HPV-induced laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) and adjuvant therapies are palliative at best. Research revealed that conjugated-linoleic acid (CLA) may improve the outcome of virally-induced diseases. The effects of Clarinol™ G-80 (CLA) and high oleic safflower oil (HOSF) on children with LP (concomitant with surgery) were evaluated. DESIGN A randomized, double-blinded, crossover and reference-oil controlled trial was conducted at a South African medical university. Study components included clinical, HPV type/load and lymphocyte/cytokine analyses, according to routine laboratory methods. PARTICIPANTS Overall: ten children enrolled; eight completed the trial; five remained randomized; seven received CLA first; all treatments remained double-blinded. INTERVENTION Children (4 to 12 years) received 2.5 ml p/d CLA (8 weeks) and 2.5 ml p/d HOSF (8 weeks) with a washout period (6 weeks) in-between. The one-year trial included a post-treatment period (30 weeks) and afterwards was a one-year follow-up period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in numbers of surgical procedures for improved disease outcome, total/anatomical scores (staging system) for papillomatosis prevention/viral inhibition, and lymphocyte/cytokine counts for immune responses between baselines and each treatment/end of trial were measured. FINDINGS After each treatment all the children were in remission (no surgical procedures); after the trial two had recurrence (surgical procedures in post-treatment period); after the follow-up period three had recurrence (several surgical procedures) and five recovered (four had no surgical procedures). Effects of CLA (and HOSF to a lesser extent) were restricted to mildly/moderately aggressive papillomatosis. Children with low total scores (seven/less) and reduced infections (three/less laryngeal sub-sites) recovered after the trial. No harmful effects were observed. The number of surgical procedures during the trial (n6/available records) was significantly lower [(p 0.03) (95% CI 1.1; 0)]. Changes in scores between baselines and CLA treatments (n8) were significantly lower: total scores [(p 0.02) (95% CI -30.00; 0.00)]; anatomical scores [(p 0.008) (95% CI -33.00: -2.00)]. Immune enhancement could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary case and group findings pave the way for further research on the therapeutic potential of adjuvant CLA in the treatment of HPV-induced LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Louw
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Box 339G42, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Huang Z, Fang D, Lv P, Bian X, Ruan X, Yan Y, Zhou J. Differential cellular immune responses between chickens and ducks to H9N2 avian influenza virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:169-80. [PMID: 23063347 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza is an important infectious disease for the poultry industry and an ongoing public health concern. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to duck CD3ɛ, CD4 and CD8α were generated by immunizing mice with the corresponding Escherichia coli-expressed proteins and producing hybridomas. The resulting mAbs were used to investigate cellular immune responses of ducks and chickens during H9N2 avian influenza A virus (AIV) infection. By flow cytometric analysis, responses of T lymphocytes, especially CD8(+), CD8(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, were stronger in ducks than in chickens following H9N2 AIV-infection. By quantitative real-time PCR analysis, virus mRNA could be detected in cloaca and oropharynx from both bird species and in spleens from chickens, and distinctive kinetics of transcriptional levels of interleukins and interferons were exhibited between chickens and ducks. With ducks showing more active and robust cellular immune responses than chickens, these results revealed that the distinct responses to H9N2 AIV infection may contribute to the different susceptibilities to AIV infection between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Ou CB, Pan Q, Pang Q, Chen X, Hou N, He C. Protocatechuic acid, a new active substance against the challenge of avian infectious bursal disease virus. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1604-9. [PMID: 22700505 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the potential antiviral activity of protocatechuic acid (PCA) and its mechanism against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection. In the curative test, dosages of PCA of 40, 20, and 10 mg/kg, the survival rate was 90, 90, and 60%, respectively, and the BW gain was 36.63, 31.85, and 51.8%, respectively. The survival rate for the Astragalus polysaccharide (ASP) group was significantly lower than those of the birds treated with 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg of PCA. The bursa indeces of chickens in 40 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and ASP groups were significantly higher than that of the infection group, whereas a significant increase of the spleen index was found in birds with 20 mg/kg PCA in comparison with other challenged groups. The birds treated with 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid also showed slightly higher levels of IBDV clearance in the bursa of Fabricius. Furthermore, the chickens treated with 20 mg/kg of PCA induced a significant lymphocyte proliferation and a significant increase in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in comparison with the ASP chickens. These results imply that chickens treated with 20 mg/kg of PCA for 5 d could effectively induce active nonspecific immune responses against the IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Tomás G, Hernández M, Marandino A, Panzera Y, Maya L, Hernández D, Pereda A, Banda A, Villegas P, Aguirre S, Pérez R. Development and validation of a TaqMan-MGB real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection and characterization of infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:101-7. [PMID: 22728272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and reliable detection and classification of infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) is of crucial importance for disease surveillance and control. This study presents the development and validation of a real-time RT-PCR assay to detect and discriminate very virulent (vv) from non-vv (classic and variant) IBDV strains. The assay uses two fluorogenic, minor groove-binding (MGB) TaqMan probes targeted to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) embedded in a highly conserved genomic region. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined using serial dilutions of in vitro-transcribed RNA. The assay demonstrated a wide dynamic range between 10(2) and 10(8) standard RNA copies per reaction. Good reproducibility was also detected, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranging from 0.13% to 2.23% and 0.26% to 1.92%, respectively. The assay detected successfully all the assessed vv, classical, and variant field and vaccine strains and correctly discriminated all vvIBDV strains from non-vvIBDV strains. Other common avian RNA viruses tested negative, indicating high specificity of the assay. The high sensitivity, rapidity, reproducibility, and specificity of the real-time RT-PCR assay make this method suitable for general and genotype-specific detection and quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Liu J, Fan XZ, Wang Q, Xu L, Zhao QZ, Huang W, Zhou YC, Tang B, Chen L, Zou XQ, Sha S, Zhu YY. Dynamic distribution and tissue tropism of classical swine fever virus in experimentally infected pigs. Virol J 2011; 8:201. [PMID: 21535885 PMCID: PMC3107811 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an Office International des Epizooties (OIE) notifiable disease. However, we are far from fully understand the distribution, tissue tropism, pathogenesis, replication and excretion of CSFV in pigs. In this report, we investigated the dynamic distribution and tissue tropism of the virus in internal organs of the experimentally infected pigs using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS A relative quantification real-time PCR was established and used to detect the virus load in internal organs of the experimentally infected pigs. The study revealed that the virus was detected in all 21 of the internal organs and blood collected from pigs at day 1 to day 8 post infections, and had an increasing virus load from day 1 to day 8 post infections. However, there was irregular distribution virus load in most internal organs over the first 2 days post infection. Blood, lymphoid tissue, pancreas and ileum usually contain the highest viral loads, while heart, duodenum and brain show relatively low viral loads. CONCLUSIONS All the data suggest that CSFV had an increasing virus load from day 1 to day 8 post infections in experimentally infected pigs detected by real-time RT-PCR, which was in consistent with the result of the IHC staining. The data also show that CSFV was likely to reproduce in blood, lymphoid tissue, pancreas and the ileum, while unlikely to replicate in the heart, duodenum and brain. The results provide a foundation for further clarification of the pathogenic mechanism of CSFV in internal organs, and indicate that blood, lymphoid tissue, pancreas and ileum may be preferred sites of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, National Classical Swine Fever Reference Laboratory, Beijing 100081, China
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Kong LL, Omar AR, Hair Bejo M, Ideris A, Tan SW. Development of SYBR green I based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of very virulent and classical strains of infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:271-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cardoso TC, Rosa ACG, Astolphi RD, Vincente RM, Novais JB, Hirata KY, Luvizotto MCR. Direct detection of infectious bursal disease virus from clinical samples byin situreverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:457-61. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802216587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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