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Mongkonwattanaporn T, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Rukkwamsuk T. Development of in-house ELISA based on recombinant gag proteins of small ruminant lentiviruses isolated from goats in Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3636. [PMID: 38351130 PMCID: PMC10864301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), are grouped in Retroviridae family, remain a significant loss in the small ruminant husbandry. As a result of unavailability of vaccine and effective treatment, the diagnosis plays a crucial role for the control of SRLV infection. However, the major challenge of diagnosis of SRLV infection is the genetic and antigenic variability of the viruses that can lead to a failure in serological detection. This study investigated the circulating strains of the viruses in goats in Thailand and an in-house ELISA was developed. The coding sequences for gag protein were optimized, synthesized, and expressed in Escherichia coli for increasing the sensitivity of ELISA test. A total of 365 serum samples were examined against the recombinant protein in an in-house ELISA. The results showed that the recombinant gag achieves 96.67% sensitivity and 93.18% specificity as compared with the commercially available ELISA test kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatchapon Mongkonwattanaporn
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Malaiman Road, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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Rahman MH, Akther S, Alam MS, Ali MZ, Ahmed S. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus infection in goats of Bangladesh: Serological detection and its associated risk factors. Vet World 2023; 16:2256-2262. [PMID: 38152273 PMCID: PMC10750757 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2256-2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE) is a multisystemic persistent viral disease of goat that causes significant economic losses to the farmers and livestock sector. However, no information in this country is available regarding CAE virus (CAEV) infection. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of CAEV infection among the goat population in the selected goat-prone districts in Bangladesh and to identify the associated risk factors of the disease. Materials and Methods From July 2021 to June 2022, 446 goat serum samples were randomly collected from the study area. Goat owners were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire to determine the risk factors. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to screen blood serum for CAEV antibodies. Logistic regression models were used to analyze risk factors and serological data to identify the potential risk factors. Results Out of 446 serum samples, 19 samples were seropositive against CAEV. The overall seroprevalence was 4.26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.58-6.57). The multivariable logistic regression model identified sex (Female; odds ratio [OR]: 3.98; 95% CI: 1.13-13.95), animal age (12-48 months; OR: 4.93, 95% CI: 0.63-38.13), and biosecurity status (Poor biosecurity; OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 0.46-5.92) as potential risk factors for CAEV seropositivity. Conclusion This study revealed the serological detection of CAEV in Bangladeshi goats where seroprevalence is found to be relatively low. To eradicate the disease, screening and culling of infected goats from the herd might be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Habibur Rahman
- Goat Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
- Faridpur Regional Station, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Faridpur, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Akther
- Sheep Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahin Alam
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Sadek Ahmed
- Goat Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
- Black Bengal Goat Conservation and Development Research Project, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
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Alamerew EA, Demis C, Asfaw T, Gemeda BA, Asres FA, Yitagesu E, Wondifra Y, Areaya A. Serological Evidence of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia: Clinical Case Analysis. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2022; 13:287-297. [PMID: 36281457 PMCID: PMC9587498 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s378605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a chronic debilitating and economically important viral disease of goats. It is mainly manifested as encephalitis in kids and polyarthritis in adult goats. The present study was conducted to determine the rate of morbidity and mortality due to clinical diseases attributed to infection by Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and to determine the serological status of CAEV in goat in North Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional serological study and a longitudinal clinical case study were conducted. A total of 257 serum samples have been collected from apparently health and clinical cases attributed to CAE infection and tested with the usage of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to screen antibodies against CAE. Records have been statistically analyzed by using the chi-square test. Results During five consecutive years of longitudinal clinical study, a total of 195 clinical diseases of chronic pneumonia, nerve problems, clinical mastitis, and arthritis occurred with prevalence of 99 (50.8%), 57 (29.2%), 27 (13.9%), and 12 (6.2%), respectively. Chronic pneumonia was the highest cause of goat morbidity (50.8%) and mortality (100.0%). Of the total samples tested from clinical cases, 7 (58.3%) were sero-positive for the presence of antibodies against CAEV. The overall seroprevalence of CAE was 4.7%. There has been a significant difference (p < 0.05) in sero-positivity among management system, breeds, and age groups of goats. However, there was no significant variation in sero-positivity between the sexes (p > 0.05) of goats. Conclusion This finding indicates that CAEV infection exists in the goat flocks in examined localities in Ethiopia. This disease poses serious animal health problems that constrain production with the presence of apparent clinical signs. Further investigations need to be done to explore the seroconversion of CAEV in small ruminants and the associated factors to plan an appropriate eradication program and prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyiew Alemnew Alamerew
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Enyiew Alemnew Alamerew, Email
| | - Chekol Demis
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Tadiwos Asfaw
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Alemu Gemeda
- Livestock Research Department, ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Aklilu Asres
- Serology Department, NAHDIC (National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre), Sebeta, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
| | - Erdachew Yitagesu
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshitla Wondifra
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnew Areaya
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SLRVs) have been recognized throughout the world for decades. SLRVs are a heterogenous group of viruses that can infect sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. Evidence supports cross-species infection. These viruses cause lifelong infections where they target specific organs, which can result in production losses due to diminished milk production, consequential increases in neonatal death and diminished growth, and premature culling of prime age animals. No vaccine or treatments have proved effective. Control programs rely on an understanding of viral transmission and application of highly sensitive, specific, and frequent testing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Wolf
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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Panneum S, Rukkwamsuk T. Diagnosis of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus infection in dairy goats by ELISA, PCR and Viral Culture. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 20:347-353. [PMID: 28865204 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For preventive and control strategies of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) infection in dairy goats, performance of the available diagnostic tests was described as one of the most important and necessary aspects. The study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic test performance, including PCR, ELISA and viral culture, for CAEV infection in dairy goats in Thailand. Blood samples of 29 dairy goats from five low- to medium-prevalence herds and one very low-prevalence herd were collected for PCR and ELISA methods. The performance of these two diagnostic methods was evaluated by comparing with cytopathic effects (CPE) in the co-cultivation of CAEV and primary synovial cells. Results indicated that sensitivity, specificity were, respectively, 69.6%, 100%, for PCR; and 95.7%, 83.3% for ELISA. The PCR assay tended to have lower sensitivity and higher specificity than ELISA. When multiple tests were applied, parallel testing provided sensitivity and specificity of 98.7% and 83.3%, while series testing showed sensitivity and specificity of 66.6% and 100% respectively. These results indicated that combination of ELISA and PCR provided some advantages and possibly offered optimal methods to detect CAEV-infected goats. Kappa value of the agreement between PCR and ELISA test was 0.34, indicating fair agreement. Regarding the possibility of antigenic variation between CAEV strains used in both PCR and ELISA assays, the actual circulating CAEV strain should be reviewed in order to develop and enhance the diagnostic tests using the CAE viral antigens derived from specific local strains of Thailand.
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Sanjosé L, Pinczowski P, Crespo H, Pérez M, Glaria I, Gimeno M, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Luján L, Reina R. Diagnosing infection with small ruminant lentiviruses of genotypes A and B by combining synthetic peptides in ELISA. Vet J 2015; 204:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dolfini T, Conrad L, Flores I, Ravazzolo A. Comparison of primer pairs: Greater degeneracy improves small ruminant lentivirus (SRLVs) detection by seminested PCR. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range. Viruses 2013; 5:1867-84. [PMID: 23881276 PMCID: PMC3738966 DOI: 10.3390/v5071867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.
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Polledo L, González J, Fernández C, Miguélez J, Martínez-Fernández B, Morales S, Ferreras M, Marín JG. Simple control strategy to reduce the level of Maedi-Visna infection in sheep flocks with high prevalence values (>90%). Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 2013; 5:1175-207. [PMID: 23611847 PMCID: PMC3705272 DOI: 10.3390/v5041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
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