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Jacob-Ferreira J, Coelho AC, Grau Vila A, Lacasta D, Quintas H. Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection in Sheep and Goats in North Portugal: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Pathogens 2023; 12:829. [PMID: 37375519 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are transmitted among ovine and caprine species. This disease is a severe problem for small ruminant production, not only for animals' well-being but also for flocks' efficiency. The main aim of this research was to quantify the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for SRLV infection in the northern region of Portugal. Samples were collected from a total of 150 flocks, of which 129 (86.0%; 95% CI: 80.67%-91.33%) had at least one seropositive animal. Out of 2607 individual blood samples, 1074 (41.2%) were positive for SRLVs. Risk factors associated with SRLV infection were species (caprine), age (>2 years old), flock size (>100 animals), production system (intensive), food production system (milk), type of activity (professional), participation in livestock competitions (yes), replacement young ewe bought (yes), and natural feeding management (yes). This knowledge empowers the implementation of effective preventive measures. Overall, biosecurity measures should be promoted and implemented with the main aim of reducing viral transmission and reducing the prevalence of this disease. We recognise that government authorities should promote and audit voluntary control and eradication programs in small ruminant flocks in the region studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Jacob-Ferreira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Grau Vila
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Junta de Castilla y León, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hélder Quintas
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Moretti R, Sartore S, Colitti B, Profiti M, Chessa S, Rosati S, Sacchi P. Susceptibility of different TMEM154 genotypes in three Italian sheep breeds infected by different SRLV genotypes. Vet Res 2022; 53:60. [PMID: 35906709 PMCID: PMC9335956 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) belong to the Retroviridae family and can cause various diseases. One of the most impacting diseases is visna-maedi, a complex disease characterized by long latencies and chronic progressive inflammatory events affecting the nervous system, lungs, mammary gland, and articular joints. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs408593969, c.103G>A, missense mutation E35K) in the ovine transmembrane protein gene 154 (TMEM154) was identified as protective against small ruminant lentivirus infection in different herds worldwide. However, there is evidence in the scientific literature of a breed-specificity of this protective effect and, furthermore, there are still limited studies regarding the association between the animal genotype and the infecting virus genotype. Thus, the aim of this study was to further investigate the association between the animal genotype for the suggested protective mutation and the infecting virus genotype, in three different sheep breeds reared in northern Italy. The results obtained only partially confirmed the data available in the literature, as the protective effect was confirmed only for SRLV genotype A clusters, while other genotypes (namely B and E) infected AA and GA animals. Further studies with an experimental infection of specific virus genotypes in hosts with specific genotypes are required to confirm the larger number of cases the results obtained in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Moretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Margherita Profiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Stefania Chessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Kalogianni AI, Bossis I, Ekateriniadou LV, Gelasakis AI. Etiology, Epizootiology and Control of Maedi-Visna in Dairy Sheep: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E616. [PMID: 32260101 PMCID: PMC7222820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) in sheep is caused by maedi-visna virus (MVV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) that causes chronic infection and inflammatory lesions in infected animals. Pneumonia and mastitis are its predominant clinical manifestations, and the tissues infected by MVV are mainly the lungs, the mammary gland, the nervous system and the joints. MV has a worldwide distribution with distinct MVV transmission patterns depending on circulating strains and regionally applied control/eradication schemes. Nevertheless, the prevalence rate of MV universally increases. Currently, gaps in understanding the epizootiology of MV, the continuous mutation of existing and the emergence of new small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) strains, lack of an effective detection protocol and the inefficiency of currently applied preventive measures render elimination of MV an unrealistic target. Therefore, modifications on the existing MV surveillance and control schemes on an evidentiary basis are necessary. Updated control schemes require the development of diagnostic protocols for the early and definitive diagnosis of MVV infections. The objectives of this review are to summarize the current knowledge in the epizootiology and control of MV in dairy sheep, to describe the research framework and to cover existing gaps in understanding future challenges regarding MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios I Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Gayo E, Polledo L, Magalde A, Balseiro A, García Iglesias MJ, Pérez Martínez C, Preziuso S, Rossi G, García Marín JF. Characterization of minimal lesions related to the presence of visna/maedi virus in the mammary gland and milk of dairy sheep. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:109. [PMID: 30967151 PMCID: PMC6456970 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to characterize the complete range of lesions, especially minimal, affecting mammary gland and viral antigen distribution and target cells using immunohistochemistry in naturally Visna/maedi (VM) 84 infected sheep were studied, forty-four from flocks with clinical cases (A) and 35 randomly sampled from two abattoirs (B) together with five negative controls (C). An immunocytochemistry technique was developed and further milk samples (n = 39) were used to study viral excretion, carrier cells and the role of milk and colostrum in the transmission of the disease. Results All sheep from group C and three sheep from group B were negative to VM in tissue sections by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and PCR, and also in serum using ELISA. Several degrees of CD3 + lymphocytic interstitial mastitis were observed in groups A and B: minimal (+) n = 26 sheep; moderate (++), n = 32 and severe (+++), n = 12. No differences in lesion distribution were observed between groups A and B. Viral presence was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using two different antibodies and/or PCR in every tissue with lesions while serology was negative in six sheep with lesions. Two milk samples taken from milk tanks from two flocks from group A and fourteen milk samples from 29 infected sheep from group B were positive to VM (most of them from animals with moderate and severe lesions). Positivity was only found in macrophages, even in focal and minimal lesions, while no positivity was observed in epithelial or any other cells in either tissue and milk samples. Conclusions This new observation of the minimal lesions described in this work increased the prevalence of VM lesions in mammary gland up to 90.9% and VM should be considered as a differential diagnosis when minimal interstitial lesions are detected. A high prevalence of VM was observed in intensive milk-producing sheep, ELISA serology did not detect as positivity all infected animals, while histology, IHC or PCR showed higher sensitivity. The cytological technique developed was very useful in milk-cell studies using hematoxylin and eosin and immunocytochemistry. Viral detection in milk samples (16/39) confirms a potential but limited role of milk/colostrum in viral transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1855-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gayo
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain.
| | | | - A Magalde
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - M J García Iglesias
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | - C Pérez Martínez
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | - S Preziuso
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - G Rossi
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - J F García Marín
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
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Gayo E, Polledo L, Balseiro A, Martínez CP, García Iglesias MJ, Preziuso S, Rossi G, García Marín JF. Inflammatory Lesion Patterns in Target Organs of Visna/Maedi in Sheep and their Significance in the Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of the Infection. J Comp Pathol 2018; 159:49-56. [PMID: 29599005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ovine visna/maedi (VM) infection is characterized by the development of chronic inflammatory lesions in different organs, mainly in the lung, mammary gland and central nervous system (CNS), with either histiocytic or lymphocytic pattern predominance being described in the CNS. To help to understand the role of host immune response in the development of these patterns, 50 naturally-infected sheep and eight non-infected sheep from intensive milk-producing flocks were studied. The histological lesion patterns in the three main target organs in each sheep were characterized. Lesion severity was determined, including minimal lesions. A histiocytic pattern was observed in 23 sheep (46%), a lymphocytic inflammatory pattern in 19 sheep (38%) and a mixed inflammatory pattern in eight sheep (16%). Forty animals showed moderate or severe lesions (80%), while 10 had minimal lesions (20%). Moderate or severe lesions affected only one target organ in 20 sheep (50%), two organs in 14 sheep (35%) and all three target organs in six sheep (15%). Infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an antibody specific for p28 of VM virus/caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all sheep. Minimal inflammatory lesions associated with positive IHC and PCR were observed. The results suggest that the development of a predominant inflammatory pattern in different organs within the same animal may be related to the host immune response. Minimal and focal lesions, not considered previously, should be taken into account when formulating a differential diagnosis in affected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gayo
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Spain.
| | | | | | - C Pérez Martínez
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Spain
| | - M J García Iglesias
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Spain
| | - S Preziuso
- SERIDA, Gijón, Spain; School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - G Rossi
- SERIDA, Gijón, Spain; School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - J F García Marín
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, Spain
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Gayo E, Polledo L, Preziuso S, Rossi G, Balseiro A, Pérez Martínez C, García Iglesias M, García Marín J. Serological ELISA results are conditioned by individual immune response in ovine maedi visna. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McManus CM, Gomes EF, Paim TP, Louvandini H, Dallago B, Borges BO, Zorzan A, Lima PDMT. Effect of supplementary milk feeding on growth and survival of Santa Inês lambs. Ciênc anim bras 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v15i48725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of alternative methods of feeding on the performance and mortality rate of suckling lambs. Eighty-four Santa Inês lambs, twins and singles, half male and half female, were used. The animals were divided into three groups: A (control), B (bovine milk) and C (bovine milk plus Multi-mixture). The experiment began when lambs were three weeks old and finished at weaning at 2 months of age. Each animal from group B received 200 mL of bovine milk daily; group C received 200 mL of bovine milk plus 20g of Multi-mixture daily. Weaning Weight (WW) was 10.90, 13.20 and 13.59 kg, respectively for groups A, B and C. Daily Weight Gain (DWG) was 126, 163 and 168 g.day-1 respectively. The mortality rate was higher (p<0.05) in group A than in group B and C. Gender influenced significantly (p<0.05) the DWG and WW. DWG and WW were lower for the animals that died compared to the animals that survived: 7.94 kg against 13.51 kg (WW) and 77 g against 165 g (DWG) respectively. The twins had lower (P<0.05) WW and DWG when compared to the singles. The use of milk-replacers with or without Multi-mixture is effective and it can increase the productivity of the system.
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