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Guo H, Liu Q, Yang D, Zhang H, Kuang Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang X. Brincidofovir Effectively Inhibits Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus by Disrupting Viral Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:464. [PMID: 38543829 PMCID: PMC10975951 DOI: 10.3390/v16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, with a mortality rate of 100%. In addition, 30 human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and all patients have shown severe neurological symptoms and eventually died or developed various neurological sequelae. In these cases, broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drugs and integrated treatments were mostly applied. However, the inhibitory effect of the commonly used anti-herpesvirus drugs (e.g., acyclovir, etc.) against PRV were evaluated and found to be limited in this study. It is therefore urgent and important to develop drugs that are clinically effective against PRV infection. Here, we constructed a high-throughput method for screening antiviral drugs based on fluorescence-tagged PRV strains and multi-modal microplate readers that detect fluorescence intensity to account for virus proliferation. A total of 2104 small molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were studied and validated by applying this screening model, and 104 drugs providing more than 75% inhibition of fluorescence intensity were selected. Furthermore, 10 drugs that could significantly inhibit PRV proliferation in vitro were strictly identified based on their cytopathic effects, virus titer, and viral gene expression, etc. Based on the determined 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), the selectivity index (SI) was calculated to be 26.3-3937.2 for these 10 drugs, indicating excellent drugability. The antiviral effects of the 10 drugs were then assessed in a mouse model. It was found that 10 mg/kg brincidofovir administered continuously for 5 days provided 100% protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of the human-origin PRV strain hSD-1/2019. Brincidofovir significantly attenuated symptoms and pathological changes in infected mice. Additionally, time-of-addition experiments confirmed that brincidofovir inhibited the proliferation of PRV mainly by interfering with the viral replication stage. Therefore, this study confirms that brincidofovir can significantly inhibit PRV both in vitro and in vivo and is expected to be an effective drug candidate for the clinical treatment of PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wang HM, Qiao YY, Cai BY, Tan J, Na L, Wang Y, Lu H, Tang YD. Genome editing of pseudorabies virus in the CRISPR/Cas9 era: a mini-review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1237186. [PMID: 37476821 PMCID: PMC10354360 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1237186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an important swine virus that has a significant impact on the global swine industry. PRV is a member of the herpesvirus family, specifically the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, and has been extensively utilized as a prototype herpesvirus. Notably, recent studies have reported that PRV sporadically spills over into humans. The PRV genome is approximately 150 kb in size and is difficult to manipulate at the genomic level. The development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has revolutionized PRV genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used in the construction of reporter viruses, knock-out/knock-in of genes of interest, single virus tracking and antiviral strategies. Most importantly, for vaccine development, virulence gene knockout PRV vaccine candidates can be obtained within 2 weeks using CRISPR/Cas9. In this mini-review, we provide a concise overview of the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in PRV research and mainly share our experience with methods for efficiently editing the PRV genome. Through this review, we hope to give researchers better insight into the genome editing of pseudorabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang-Yang Qiao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-Yan Cai
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Tan
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Na
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Vocational College Agriculture and Forestry, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China
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Ren J, Madera R, Cunningham C, Shi J, Wang L. An easy method to generate recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the capsid protein of Porcine circovirus type 2d. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1206021. [PMID: 37323914 PMCID: PMC10264633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1206021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Homologous recombination is an effective way to generate recombinant viruses for vaccine research such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and adenovirus. Its efficiency can be affected by the integrity of viral genome and the linearization sites. Methods In the study, we described a simple approach to isolate the viral DNA with high genomic integrity for large DNA viruses and a time-saving method to generate recombinant PRVs. Several cleavage sites in the PRV genome were investigated by using the EGFP as a reporter gene for identification of PRV recombination. Results Our study showed that cleavage sites of XbaI and AvrII are ideal for PRV recombination which showed higher recombinant efficiency than others. The recombinant PRV-EGFP virus can be easily plaque purified in 1-2 weeks after the transfection. By using PRV-EGFP virus as the template and XbaI as the linearizing enzyme, we successfully constructed the PRV-PCV2d_ORF2 recombiant virus within a short period by simply transfecting the linearized PRV-EGFP genome and PCV2d_ORF2 donor vector into BHK-21 cells. This easy and efficient method for producing recombinant PRV might be adapted in other DNA viruses for the generation of recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Ren
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Chase Cunningham
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Yao J, Li J, Gao L, He Y, Xie J, Zhu P, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Duan L, Yang S, Song C, Shu X. Epidemiological Investigation and Genetic Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus in Yunnan Province of China from 2017 to 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:895. [PMID: 35632637 PMCID: PMC9146497 DOI: 10.3390/v14050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence of pseudorabies virus (PRV) has caused huge economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. Meanwhile, PRV infection in humans also sounded the alarm about its cross-species transmission from pigs to humans. To study the regional PRV epidemic, serological and epidemiological investigations of PRV in pig populations from Yunnan Province during 2017-2021 were performed. The results showed that 31.37% (6324/20,158, 95% CI 30.73-32.01) of serum samples were positive for PRV glycoprotein E (gE)-specific antibodies via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The risk factors, including the breeding scale and development stage, were significantly associated with PRV seroprevalence among pigs in Yunnan Province. Of the 416 tissue samples collected from PRV-suspected pigs in Yunnan Province, 43 (10.33%, 95% CI 7.41-13.26) samples were positive for PRV-gE nucleic acid in which 15 novel PRV strains from these PRV-positive samples were isolated, whose gC and gE sequences were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all 15 isolates obtained in this study belonged to the genotype II. Additionally, the gC gene of one isolate (YuN-YL-2017) was genetically closer to variant PRV strains compared with others, while the gE gene was in the same clade with other classical PRV strains, indicating that this isolate might be a recombinant strain generated from the classical and variant strains. The results revealed the severe PRV epidemic in Yunnan Province and indicated that PRV variants are the major genotypes threatening the pig industry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.); (Y.H.); (J.X.); (P.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Juan Li
- Yunnan Sino-Science Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650501, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Lin Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.); (Y.H.); (J.X.); (P.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yuwen He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.); (Y.H.); (J.X.); (P.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jiarui Xie
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.); (Y.H.); (J.X.); (P.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.); (Y.H.); (J.X.); (P.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Xue Zhang
- Yunnan Sino-Science Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650501, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Luoyan Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Shibiao Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.); (Y.H.); (J.X.); (P.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Chunlian Song
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Xianghua Shu
- Yunnan Sino-Science Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650501, China; (J.L.); (X.Z.)
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