Spectrophotometric determination of trazodone, amineptine and amitriptyline hydrochlorides through ion-pair formation using methyl orange and bromocresol green reagents

Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl in water, soil, food and beverage samples

A sensitive and fast ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with ion mobility spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl. Experimental parameters affecting the analytical performance of the method were optimized: type and volume of extraction solvent (chloroform, 150 µL), pH (9.0), type and volume of buffer (ammonium buffer pH = 9.0, 4.5 mL) and extraction time (3.0 min). Under optimum conditions, the linearity was found to be in the range of 2-40 and 6-100 ng/mL and the limits of detection (LOD) were 1.04 and 1.31 ng/mL for bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl, respectively. The method was successfully validated for the analysis of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl in different samples such as waters, soil, food and beverage samples.

Experimental and quantum mechanical studies on the ion-pair of levocetirizine and bromocresol green in aqueous solutions

In the present work, levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LEV) was found to interact with bromocresol green (BCG) via ion-pair formation. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy were used to validate the data obtained from quantum mechanical calculations (QMC). The electrostatic potential maps show that the reaction is preferred through the interaction of the sulfonic acid group of BCG and the quaternary ammonium group of LEV. The optimized geometry of the product shows that there are six different intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the studied molecules resulting from the ionic attraction between the oppositely charged groups. The UV-vis spectra suggest the formation of an ion-pair. This finding is contradicting with the previous charge-transfer hypothesis.

Extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of tropicamide

Two simple, rapid, and extractive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of tropicamide (TPC). These methods are based on the formation of ionpair complexes between the basic nitrogen of the drug with bromocresol purple (BCP) and methyl orange (MO) in acidic buffer solution. The formed complexes were extracted with chloroform and measured at 408 and 427 nm using BCP and MO, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed in the range 1.0–16 μg ml^–1 with correlation coefficient (n=6) ≥0.9991. The molar absorpitivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection, and quantification limits were also calculated. The composition of the ion pairs was found 1:1 by Job's method. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of TPC in pure and in its eye drops.

Spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis of psychotropic drugs

Psychotropic drugs are an important family of compounds from a medical point of view. Their application in therapy requires methods for the determination in pharmaceutical dosage forms and body fluids. Several methods for their analysis have been reported in the literature. Among the methods, spectrophotometric and electrochemical are very useful for the determination of the drugs. Some of the spectrophotometric methods are based on the formation of the binary and ternary compounds with complexes of metals. The formed compounds are sparingly soluble in water, but quantitatively extracted from aqueous phase into organic solvents and the extracts are intensely colored and stable for a few days. These complexes have been employed in pharmaceutical analysis. The electrochemical procedures are very useful in determination of the psychotropic substances in pharmaceutical preparations.

Spectrophotometric determination of benzydamine HCl, levamisole HCl and mebeverine HCl through ion-pair complex formation with methyl orange

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the assay of benzydamine HCl (BENZ), levamisole HCl (LEV) and mebeverine HCl (MBV) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method based on the reaction of the selected drugs with methyl orange (MO) in buffered aqueous solution at pH 3.6. The formed yellow ion-pair complexes were extracted with dichloromethane and measured quantitatively with maximum absorption at 422 nm. The analytical parameters and their effects on the reported systems are investigated. The extracts are intensely colored and very stable at room temperature. The calibration graphs were linear over the concentration range of 2-10 microg ml(-1) for BENZ, 6-24 microg ml(-1) for LEV and 4-14 microg ml(-1) for MBV. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 in all cases and the conditional stability constant (K(f)) of the complexes have been calculated. The proposed method was successfully extended to pharmaceutical preparations-tablets. Excipients used as additive in commercial formulations did not interfere in the analysis. The proposed method can be recommended for quality control and routine analysis where time, cost effectiveness and high specificity of analytical technique are of great importance.

Utility of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane charge transfer reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of trazodone, amineptine and amitriptyline hydrochlorides

A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tricyclic anti-depressant drugs such as trazodone (TZH), amineptine (APH) and amitriptyline (ATPH) hydrochlorides in pure form and in different pharmaceutical preparations. The charge transfer (CT) reaction between TZH, APH and ATPH as electron donors and TCNQ as electron acceptor was utilized for their spectrophotometric determination. The optimum experimental conditions, like time, temperature, stoichiometry, solvents, for the CT complex formation are established. The method permits the determination of TZH, APH and ATPH over a concentration range of 10-400, 10-440 and 10-300 microg ml(-1), respectively. The sensitivity (S) is found to be 0.09, 0.087 and 0.069 g cm(-2) for TZH, APH and ATPH, respectively. The SD values are found to be 0.146-0.293, 0.154-0.285 and 0.091-0.212 and RSD values are 0.142-1.92, 0.297-1.92 and 0.212-0.915 for TZH, APH and ATPH, respectively. The low values of the relative standard deviation indicate the high accuracy and precision of the method. The mean recovery values obtained together with a high correlation coefficient values, amount in the range 98-101.5, 98.7-102.9 and 93-101.9 for TZH, APH and ATPH, respectively. The method is applicable for the assay of the investigated drugs in different dosage forms and the results are in good agreement with those obtained by the official method.

Spectrophotometric determination of trazodone, amineptine and amitriptyline hydrochlorides through ion-pair formation with molybdenum and thiocyanate

Extraction spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tricyclic drugs such as trazodone (TZH), amineptine (APH) and amitriptyline (ATPH) hydrochlorides in pure form and in the dosage forms coming from different Egyptian markets. The method based on the formation of ion-pairs between these drugs under investigation and inorganic complex of Mo(V)-thiocyanate followed by its extraction with methylene chloride. The optimum conditions for the ion-pairs formation are established. The method permits the determination of TZH, APH and ATPH over the concentration range of 2-28, 2-32 and 1-30 microg ml(-1), respectively. The Sandell sensitivity (S) is found to be 0.105, 0.138 and 0.118 g cm(-2) for TZH, APH and ATPH, respectively. The SD is found to be 0.16-0.377, 0.12-0.259 and 0.091-0.286 and the R.S.D. are 0.14-0.55, 0.12-0.399 and 0.095-0.485 for TZH, APH and ATPH, respectively. The method is applicable for the assay of the investigated drugs in different dosage forms and the results are in good agreement with those obtained by the official method.