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Sharma A, Ramanaiah Dantham V. Observation of reversible and irreversible charge transfer processes in dye-monolayer graphene systems using Raman spectroscopy as a tool. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124431. [PMID: 38739985 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the Raman spectroscopy of crystal violet (CV) and IR-780 Iodide molecules dispersed on the monolayer graphene film (MGF). In the CV-MGF system, the enhancement in the Raman scattering of CV molecules is observed irrespective of the location probed during the spectral measurements. This enhancement is due to the charge transfer from the MGF to CV molecules. However, in the case of the IR-780 Iodide - MGF system, the enhancement of Raman scattering of dye molecules or MGF is observed strongly depending upon the probed location. These observations indicate that the charge transfer is irreversible and reversible in the CV-MGF and IR-780 Iodide-MGF systems, respectively. Importantly, for the first time, this experimental study revealed that enhancing the Raman scattering of MGF is possible through the "chemical mechanism" with suitable dye molecules apart from the "electromagnetic mechanism" with plasmonic hot spots of the metal nanoparticles and photonic nanojets of single dielectric microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801103, India
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2
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Narayan J, Bezborah K. Recent advances in the functionalization, substitutional doping and applications of graphene/graphene composite nanomaterials. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13413-13444. [PMID: 38660531 PMCID: PMC11041312 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as advanced carbon functional materials with specialized unique electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. These properties have made graphene an exceptional material for a wide range of promising applications in biological and non-biological fields. The present review illustrates the structural modifications of pristine graphene resulting in a wide variety of derivatives. The significance of substitutional doping with alkali-metals, alkaline earth metals, and III-VII group elements apart from the transition metals of the periodic table is discussed. The paper reviews various chemical and physical preparation routes of graphene, its derivatives and graphene-based nanocomposites at room and elevated temperatures in various solvents. The difficulty in dispersing it in water and organic solvents make it essential to functionalize graphene and its derivatives. Recent trends and advances are discussed at length. Controlled reduction reactions in the presence of various dopants leading to nanocomposites along with suitable surfactants essential to enhance its potential applications in the semiconductor industry and biological fields are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Narayan
- Synthetic Nanochemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences & Social Sciences, (Chemistry Division) School of Technology, North Eastern Hill University Shillong 793022 Meghalaya India
| | - Kangkana Bezborah
- Synthetic Nanochemistry Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences & Social Sciences, (Chemistry Division) School of Technology, North Eastern Hill University Shillong 793022 Meghalaya India
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Openda YI, Nyokong T. Enhanced photo-ablation effect of positively charged phthalocyanines-detonation nanodiamonds nanoplatforms for the suppression of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli planktonic cells and biofilms. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Openda YI, Nyokong T. Detonation nanodiamonds-phthalocyanine photosensitizers with enhanced photophysicochemical properties and effective photoantibacterial activity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102072. [PMID: 33130028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotosensitizers based on acetophenoxy tetrasubstituted metallophthalocyanines (MPc) and detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) were successfully formed and their photophysicochemical properties were determined. The zinc(II)Pc and indium(III)Pc complexes along with their nanoconjugates were found to have high singlet oxygen quantum yields (0.72 - 0.84) associated with the heavy central metal effect. The ability of the functional groups present on the DNDs to bind to the bacteria cell and the improved solubility of the nanoconjugates due to DNDs resulted in effective photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PACT) activity against S. aureus planktonic cells, with the highest log reduction of 9.72 ± 0.02 for the conjugate of InPc conjugate with DNDs after 30 min irradiation. PACT studies were investigated at a dose of 10 μg/mL for each sample. The results suggest that the readily synthesized nanoconjugates can be used as appropriate PACT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Ikala Openda
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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5
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Acetophenone substituted phthalocyanines and their graphene quantum dots conjugates as photosensitizers for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy against Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Akhila AK, Renuka NK. Coumarin–graphene turn-on fluorescent probe for femtomolar level detection of copper(ii). NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04732d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel coumarin–graphene moiety was suggested as an excellent optical sensor for Cu2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Akhila
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- India
| | - N. K. Renuka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- India
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8
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Baggio AR, Santos MSC, Souza FHV, Nunes RB, Souza PEN, Báo SN, Patrocinio AOT, Bahnemann DW, Silva LP, Sales MJA, Paterno LG. Quenching Effects of Graphene Oxides on the Fluorescence Emission and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation of Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6842-6851. [PMID: 30074796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical behavior and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (AlClPc) are evaluated by steady state absorption/emission, transient emission, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies in the presence of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and carboxylated nanographene oxide (NGO). AlClPc and graphene oxides form a supramolecular structure stabilized by π-π interactions, which quantitatively quenches fluorescence emission and suppresses ROS generation. These effects occur even when graphenes are previously functionalized with Pluronic F-127. A small part of quenching is due to an inner filter effect, in which graphene oxides compete with AlClPc for light absorption. Nonetheless, most of the (static) quenching arises on the formation of a nonemissive ground state complex between AlClPc and graphene oxides. The efficiency of graphene oxides on the fluorescence quenching and ROS generation suppression follows the order: GO < NGO < RGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Baggio
- Laboratory of Research on Polymers and Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasilia , Brasília DF 70904-970 , Brazil
| | - Mayara S C Santos
- Institute of Biology , University of Brasília , Brasilia DF 70919-970 , Brazil
| | - Fabiane H V Souza
- Institute of Biology , University of Brasília , Brasilia DF 70919-970 , Brazil.,College of Ceilândia , University of Brasilia , Brasilia DF 72220-275 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Nunes
- Institute of Physics , University of Brasilia , Brasilia DF 70910-900 , Brazil
| | | | - Sônia N Báo
- Institute of Biology , University of Brasília , Brasilia DF 70919-970 , Brazil
| | - Antonio Otavio T Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlandia , Brazil.,Institute of Technical Chemistry , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Detlef W Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany.,Laboratory of "Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials" , Saint-Petersburg State University , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
| | - Luciano P Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PBI , Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology (LNANO) , Brasília DF 70770-917 , Brazil
| | - Maria José A Sales
- Laboratory of Research on Polymers and Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasilia , Brasília DF 70904-970 , Brazil
| | - Leonardo G Paterno
- Laboratory of Research on Polymers and Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasilia , Brasília DF 70904-970 , Brazil
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9
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Mateos R, Vera S, Valiente M, Díez-Pascual AM, San Andrés MP. Comparison of Anionic, Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants as Dispersing Agents for Graphene Based on the Fluorescence of Riboflavin. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7110403. [PMID: 29165390 PMCID: PMC5707620 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching is a valuable tool to gain insight about dynamic changes of fluorophores in complex systems. Graphene (G), a single-layered 2D nanomaterial with unique properties, was dispersed in surfactant aqueous solutions of different nature: non-ionic polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether (Brij L23), anionic sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), and cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). The influence of the surfactant type, chain length and concentration, G total concentration and G/surfactant weight ratio on the fluorescence intensity of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) was investigated. The quality of the different G dispersions was assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM). A quenching phenomenon of the fluorescence of riboflavin was found for G dispersions in all the surfactants, which generally becomes stronger with increasing G/surfactant weight ratio. For dispersions in the ionic surfactants, the quenching is more pronounced as the surfactant concentration raises, whilst the non-ionic one remains merely unchanged for the different G/Brij L23 weight ratios. More importantly, results indicate that DTAB solutions are the optimum media for dispersing G sheets, leading to an up to 16-fold drop in the fluorescence intensity. Understanding the mechanism in fluorescence quenching of G dispersions in surfactants could be useful for several optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Mateos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Soledad Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Valiente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Chemistry Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra, Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana María Díez-Pascual
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Chemistry Research "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra, Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
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Georgakilas V, Tiwari JN, Kemp KC, Perman JA, Bourlinos AB, Kim KS, Zboril R. Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials, Biosensing, Catalytic, and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5464-519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra N. Tiwari
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - K. Christian Kemp
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Jason A. Perman
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios B. Bourlinos
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- Center
for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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11
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Díez-Pascual AM, García-García D, San Andrés MP, Vera S. Determination of riboflavin based on fluorescence quenching by graphene dispersions in polyethylene glycol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25547c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A quenching phenomenon of riboflavin fluorescence was found in graphene dispersions in PEG ascribed to π–π stacking and H-bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Biology
- Environmental Sciences and Chemistry
- Alcalá University
- Madrid
| | - Diego García-García
- Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Biology
- Environmental Sciences and Chemistry
- Alcalá University
- Madrid
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Biology
- Environmental Sciences and Chemistry
- Alcalá University
- Madrid
| | - Soledad Vera
- Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Biology
- Environmental Sciences and Chemistry
- Alcalá University
- Madrid
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12
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Anju M, Divya T, Nikhila MP, Kusumam TA, Akhila AK, Ansi VA, Renuka NK. An elegant and handy selective sensor for ppt level determination of mercury ions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive adsorption of Hg2+ on graphene in the presence of fluorescein leads to mercury sensing ability for the graphene dye unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Anju
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Kerala-673 635
- India
| | - T. Divya
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Kerala-673 635
- India
| | - M. P. Nikhila
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Kerala-673 635
- India
| | | | - A. K. Akhila
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Kerala-673 635
- India
| | - V. A. Ansi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Kerala-673 635
- India
| | - N. K. Renuka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calicut
- Kerala-673 635
- India
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Gao S, Zhang L, Wang G, Yang K, Chen M, Tian R, Ma Q, Zhu L. Hybrid graphene/Au activatable theranostic agent for multimodalities imaging guided enhanced photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 79:36-45. [PMID: 26691399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been increasingly investigated. However, there are still challenges in strategies that can further enhance photoconversion efficiency and improve photothermal tumor ablation effect of current nanomaterials. Herein, we developed a fluorescent/photoacoustic imaging guided PTT agent by seeding Gold (Au) nanoparticles onto graphene oxide (GO). Near infrared dye (Cy5.5) labeled-matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) substrate (CP) was conjugated onto the GO/Au complex (GA) forming tumor targeted theranostic probe (CPGA), whereCy5.5 fluorescent signal is quenched by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) capacity from both GO and Au, yet it can boost strong fluorescence signals after degradation by MMP-14. The photothermal effect of GA hybrid was found significantly elevated compared with Au or GO alone. After intravenous administration of CPGA into SCC7 tumor-bearing mice, high fluorescence and PA signals were observed in the tumor area over time, which peaked at the 6 h time point (tumor-to-normal tissue ratio of 3.64 ± 0.51 for optical imaging and 2.5 ± 0.27 for PA imaging). The tumors were then irradiated with a laser, and an excellent tumor inhibition was observedwithoutrecurrence. Our studies further encourage applications of the hybrid nanocomposite for image-guided enhanced PTT in biomedical applications, especially in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Qingjie Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Geng H, Zhang XF. Spectroscopic insights on selfassembly and excited state interactions between rhodamine and phthalocyanine molecules. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 139:13-19. [PMID: 25546492 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as fluorescence lifetimes of tetrasulfonated zinc phthalocyanine ZnPc(SO3Na)4 were measured in the absence and presence of four rhodamine dyes, Rhodamine B (RB), Ethyl rhodamine B (ERB), Rhodamine 6G (R6G), Rhodamine 110 (R110), and Pyronine B (PYB). The ground state complexes of phthalocyanine-(Rhodamine)2 were observed which exhibit new absorption bands. The binding constants are all very large (0.86×10(5)-0.22×10(8) M(-1)), suggesting rhodamine-phthalocyanine pairs are very good combinations for efficient selfassembly. Both the fluorescence intensity and the lifetime values of ZnPc(SO3Na)4 were decreased by the presence of rhodamines. The structural effect of rhodamines on selfassembly is significant. The ground state binding and dynamic quenching capability is PYB>R6G>ERB>RB>R110. The dynamic fluorescence quenching is due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The PET rate constant is very large and in the order of 10(13) M(-1) s(-1), much greater than kf and kic (in the order of 10(8) M(-1) s(-1)), which means that the PET efficiency is almost 100%. Therefore the non-covalent Pc-rhodamine is a very good pair of donor/acceptor for potential efficient solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- Institute of Applied Photochemistry & Center of Analysis and Measurements, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China
| | - Xian-Fu Zhang
- Institute of Applied Photochemistry & Center of Analysis and Measurements, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, China; MPC Technologies, Hamilton, ON L8S 3H4, Canada.
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Zhang XF, Shao X. π–π binding ability of different carbon nano-materials with aromatic phthalocyanine molecules: Comparison between graphene, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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