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Fan Y, Wu Y, Hou J, Wang P, Peng X, Ge G. Coumarin-based near-infrared fluorogenic probes: Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Yin X, Cai Y, Cai S, Jiao X, Liu C, He S, Zeng X. A deep-red fluorescent molecular rotor based on donor-two-acceptor modular system for imaging mitochondrial viscosity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30825-30831. [PMID: 35516013 PMCID: PMC9056405 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new donor-two-acceptor modular fluorescence rotor DpCy7 involving a phenolate donor unit and two benzothiazolium acceptor moieties was designed and synthesized. The DpCy7 underwent an internal charge transfer to form a Cy7-like longer conjugated system fluorochrome at a physiological pH. The probe exhibited a strong turn-on (8.5-fold) deep-red emission with a larger Stokes shift in glycerol aqueous solutions with restriction of rotation. Both the fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime displayed the linear relationship of viscosity changes in the logarithmic plots. Furthermore, the HeLa cell imaging experiments of DpCy7 indicated that the rotor could be used to monitor the mitochondrial viscosity in living cells. This new type of deep-red fluorescence rotor provides a potential platform for determining viscosity at subcellular levels. A deep-red fluorescence molecular rotor DpCy7 based on donor-two-acceptor modular system has been designed logically and synthesized for sensitive and selective response to viscosity changes and imaging of mitochondrial viscosity in living cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
| | - Yiping Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
| | - Songtao Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
| | - Xiaojie Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
| | - Chang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
| | - Song He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
| | - Xianshun Zeng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices
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Sharma N, Barbon SM, Lalonde T, Maar RR, Milne M, Gilroy JB, Luyt LG. The development of peptide–boron difluoride formazanate conjugates as fluorescence imaging agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18970-18977. [PMID: 35518290 PMCID: PMC9053952 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new fluorescence imaging probes have been synthesized by incorporating a versatile alkyne-substituted boron difluoride formazanate precursor with peptides through copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition. The formazanate dye was appended to a C-terminal amino acid of ghrelin for imaging the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a). To demonstrate versatile bioconjugation chemistry, the formazanate dye was added to the N-terminus of bombesin for targeting the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). These are the first examples of using this emerging class of dyes, boron difluoride formazanates, for the labelling of biomolecules. Conjugation of a boron difluoride formazanate dye to receptor targeting peptides provides cancer imaging agents for fluorescence microscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | | | - Tyler Lalonde
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Mark Milne
- London Regional Cancer Program
- Lawson Health Research Institute
- London
- Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program
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Tang S, Chen G, Sun G. Computer-Assisted Design of Environmentally Friendly and Light-Stable Fluorescent Dyes for Textile Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235971. [PMID: 31783546 PMCID: PMC6928968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five potentially environmentally friendly and light-stable hemicyanine dyes were designed based on integrated consideration of photo, environmental, and computational chemistry as well as textile applications. Two of them were synthesized and applied in dyeing polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cotton, and nylon fabrics, and demonstrated the desired properties speculated by the programs. The computer-assisted analytical processes includes estimation of the maximum absorption and emission wavelengths, aquatic environmental toxicity, affinity to fibers, and photo-stability. This procedure could effectively narrow down discovery of new potential dye structures, greatly reduce and prevent complex and expensive preparation processes, and significantly improve the development efficiency of novel environmentally friendly dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Gang Sun
- Division of Textiles and Clothing, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.S.)
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Varejão JOS, Varejão EVV, Fernandes SA. Synthesis and Derivatization of Julolidine: A Powerful Heterocyclic Structure. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodieh Oliveira Santana Varejão
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB); Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Vinícius Vieira Varejão
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB); Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Sergio Antonio Fernandes
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB); Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; 36570-900 Brazil
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Ostad SN, Babaei S, Bayat AA, Mahmoudian J. Photobleaching Comparison of R-Phycoerythrin-Streptavidin and Streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 568 in a Breast Cancer Cell Line. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2019; 38:25-29. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Babaei
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmad Bayat
- ACECR, Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Mahmoudian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- ACECR, Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Qi S, Li Q, Liu W, Ren H, Zhang H, Wu J, Ge J, Wang P. Coumarin/fluorescein-fused fluorescent dyes for rapidly monitoring mitochondrial pH changes in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:590-597. [PMID: 29980060 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On base of the good optical properties of coumarin and fluorescein, we designed and synthesized two coumarin/fluorescein-fused fluorescent dyes (CF dyes), which enlarged the emission wavelength and increased the Stokes shift of fluorescein moiety. The corresponding optical properties of CF dyes were investigated in detail. CF dyes could easily introduce other groups to design different functional molecules. CF dyes also exhibited rapid and sensitive responses to pH values in the range of 4.0-7.4 through the characterization of absorption and fluorescence spectra in buffer solution. More importantly, CF ethyl ester dye (CFE dye) not only showed good cell membrane permeability and low cytotoxicity, but also had the ability to rapidly monitor mitochondrial pH changes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Haohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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9
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Wang XL, Sun R, Zhu WJ, Sha XL, Ge JF. Reversible Absorption and Emission Responses of Nile Blue and Azure A Derivatives in Extreme Acidic and Basic Conditions. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:819-827. [PMID: 28168517 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-2017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxazinium derivatives have recently played an important role in bioanalysis attributing to the distinguished properties, thus a detailed study of the structure-property relationship is especially significant. Herein, pH-sensitive optical properties of Nile Blue (1a), N-monoalkyl-Nile Blue (1b) and Azure A (1c) have been carried out in extreme acid and base conditions. Dyes 1a and 1c showed colorimetric changes by the protonation of nitrogen atom in strong acidic condition (pH < 2.0), and dyes 1a - c exhibited colorimetric changes by equilibrium between amino and imide groups in very strong basic case (pH > 7.6). Besides, their fluorescent properties were closed to ON - OFF and OFF - ON emissions at 640-820 nm under strong acidic and basic conditions. Moreover, the absorption and emission properties were reversible, and there were no remarkable optical intensity changes of dyes 1a - c under subacidic and neutral solutions (pH = 3.0-7.0). The (TD) DFT calculations were used to optimize the most stable structures of their corresponding protonated and deprotonated forms, and their absorption and emission properties were also explained. Their fluorescent properties nearly ON-OFF and OFF - ON in strong acidic and basic conditions at near-infrared region will give the possible application in pH detection for extreme conditions. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Jin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Long Sha
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Ge
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang P, Liu W, Niu G, Xiao H, Wang M, Ge J, Wu J, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang P. Coumarin-Based Boron Complexes with Aggregation-Induced Emission. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3456-3462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangle Niu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Haque A, Faizi MSH, Rather JA, Khan MS. Next generation NIR fluorophores for tumor imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2017-2034. [PMID: 28284863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases responsible for the major causes of mortality and morbidity among people of all ages. Even though medical sciences have made enormous growth, complete treatment of this deadly disease is still a challenging task. Last few decades witnessed an impressive growth in the design and development of near infrared (NIR) fluorophores with and without recognition moieties for molecular recognitions, imaging and image guided surgeries. The present article reviews recently reported NIR emitting organic/inorganic fluorophores that targets and accumulates in organelle/organs specifically for molecular imaging of cancerous cells. Near infrared (NIR probe) with or without a tumor-targeting warhead have been considered and discussed for their applications in the field of cancer imaging. In addition, challenges persist in this area are also delineated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | | | - Jahangir Ahmad Rather
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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A fluorescent probe for the efficient discrimination of Cys, Hcy and GSH based on different cascade reactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:117-124. [PMID: 27886598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe (1) for distinguishing amongst biothiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), is developed based on different cascade reactions. The key design feature of fluorescent probe 1 is the integration of two potential reaction groups for the thiol and amino groups of biothiols in one molecule. By reacting with the halogen atom and α, β-unsaturated malonitrile in probe 1, Cys, Hcy and GSH can generate a total of three main products with distinct photophysical properties. Probe 1 shows a strong fluorescence turn-on response to Cys with blue-green emission by using an excitation wavelength of 390nm. At an excitation wavelength of 500nm, probe 1 responds to GSH over Cys and Hcy and emits strong orange fluorescence. The discrimination of biothiols can be demonstrated by cell imaging experiments, indicating that probe 1 can be a useful tool for the selective imaging of Cys and GSH in living cells.
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Junager NPL, Kongsted J, Astakhova K. Revealing Nucleic Acid Mutations Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Probes. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081173. [PMID: 27472344 PMCID: PMC5017339 DOI: 10.3390/s16081173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid mutations are of tremendous importance in modern clinical work, biotechnology and in fundamental studies of nucleic acids. Therefore, rapid, cost-effective and reliable detection of mutations is an object of extensive research. Today, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes are among the most often used tools for the detection of nucleic acids and in particular, for the detection of mutations. However, multiple parameters must be taken into account in order to create efficient FRET probes that are sensitive to nucleic acid mutations. In this review; we focus on the design principles for such probes and available computational methods that allow for their rational design. Applications of advanced, rationally designed FRET probes range from new insights into cellular heterogeneity to gaining new knowledge of nucleic acid structures directly in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina P L Junager
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Kira Astakhova
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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