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Erden F. Graphene Oxide/Cholesterol-Substituted Zinc Phthalocyanine Composites with Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7060. [PMID: 38004990 PMCID: PMC10672206 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, cholesterol (Chol)-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (Chol-ZnPc) and its composite with graphene oxide (GO) were prepared for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Briefly, Chol-substituted phthalonitrile (Chol-phthalonitrile) was synthesized first through the substitution of Chol to the phthalonitrile group over the oxygen bridge. Then, Chol-ZnPc was synthesized by a tetramerization reaction of Chol-phthalonitrile with ZnCl2 in a basic medium. Following this, GO was introduced to Chol-ZnPc, and the successful preparation of the samples was verified through FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, SEM, and elemental analysis. Regarding PDT properties, we report that Chol-ZnPc exhibited a singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) of 0.54, which is slightly lower than unsubstituted ZnPc. Upon introduction of GO, the GO/Chol-ZnPc composite exhibited a higher Φ∆, about 0.78, than that of unsubstituted ZnPc. Moreover, this enhancement was realized with a simultaneous improvement in fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) to 0.36. In addition, DPPH results suggest low antioxidant activity in the composite despite the presence of GO. Overall, GO/Chol-ZnPc might provide combined benefits for PDT, particularly in terms of image guidance and singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Erden
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58000 Sivas, Türkiye
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2
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ÖMEROĞLU İ, DURMUŞ M. Water-soluble phthalocyanine photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:837-863. [PMID: 38173755 PMCID: PMC10760830 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on a photochemical reaction that is started when a photosensitizing process is activated by the light and results in the death of tumor cells. Solubility is crucial in PDT applications to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of phthalocyanines, but, unfortunately, most phthalocyanines show limited solubility especially in water. To increase the solubility of phthalocyanines in polar solvents and water, ionic groups such as -SO3-, -NR3+, -COO-, and nonionic groups such as polyoxy chains are frequently added to the peripheral or nonperipheral positions of the phthalocyanine framework. Since water-solubility and NIR-absorbing properties are essential for efficient PDT activation, studies have been focused on the synthesis of these types of phthalocyanine derivatives. This review focuses on the photophysical, photochemical, and some in vitro or in vivo studies of the recently published ionic and nonionic phthalocyanine-mediated photosensitizers carried out in the last five years. This review will have positive contributions to future studies on phthalocyanine chemistry and their PDT applications as well as photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek ÖMEROĞLU
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli,
Turkiye
| | - Mahmut DURMUŞ
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli,
Turkiye
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Abdulcelil Yüzer L, Kübra Demircioglu P, Derya Yetkin L, Ince M, Ayaz F. Beyond the Conventional Photodynamic Therapy by Water‐Soluble Phthalocyanines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lecturer Abdulcelil Yüzer
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone Tarsus University Mersin 33100 Turkey
| | - Perihan Kübra Demircioglu
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University Mersin Turkey
| | - Lecturer Derya Yetkin
- Mersin University, Advanced Technology Education Research and Application Center 33110 Mersin Turkey
- Mersin University, Department of Histology and Embryology 33110 Mersin Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University Mersin Turkey
| | - Furkan Ayaz
- Mersin University, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science 33110 Mersin Turkey
- Mersin University Biotechnology Research and Application Center 33110 Mersin Turkey
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Heptamethine Cyanine-Loaded Nanomaterials for Cancer Immuno-Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051015. [PMID: 35631600 PMCID: PMC9144181 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies capable of eliminating metastasized cancer cells and preventing tumor recurrence is an exciting and extremely important area of research. In this regard, therapeutic approaches that explore the synergies between nanomaterial-mediated phototherapies and immunostimulants/immune checkpoint inhibitors have been yielding remarkable results in pre-clinical cancer models. These nanomaterials can accumulate in tumors and trigger, after irradiation of the primary tumor with near infrared light, a localized temperature increase and/or reactive oxygen species. These effects caused damage in cancer cells at the primary site and can also (i) relieve tumor hypoxia, (ii) release tumor-associated antigens and danger-associated molecular patterns, and (iii) induced a pro-inflammatory response. Such events will then synergize with the activity of immunostimulants and immune checkpoint inhibitors, paving the way for strong T cell responses against metastasized cancer cells and the creation of immune memory. Among the different nanomaterials aimed for cancer immuno-phototherapy, those incorporating near infrared-absorbing heptamethine cyanines (Indocyanine Green, IR775, IR780, IR797, IR820) have been showing promising results due to their multifunctionality, safety, and straightforward formulation. In this review, combined approaches based on phototherapies mediated by heptamethine cyanine-loaded nanomaterials and immunostimulants/immune checkpoint inhibitor actions are analyzed, focusing on their ability to modulate the action of the different immune system cells, eliminate metastasized cancer cells, and prevent tumor recurrence.
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5
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Pellei M, Del Bello F, Porchia M, Santini C. Zinc coordination complexes as anticancer agents. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Fabrication and characterization of polyethersulfone membranes functionalized with zinc phthalocyanines embedding different substitute groups. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Stabilization of cationic zinc phthalocyanine monomers by adsorption on clay nanosheet colloid and photogeneration of singlet oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of photochemical properties of tetra-substituted zinc phthalocyanines bearing 4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl moiety with different linker heteroatoms. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Fujishiro R, Sonoyama H, Ide Y, Fujimura T, Sasai R, Kaufman NEM, Zhou Z, Vicente MGH, Ikeue T. Singlet oxygen generation of subphthalocyanine-fused dimer and trimer. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Subphthalocyanine (SubPc) macrocycles are known as an interesting class of nonplanar aromatic dyes. Despite documented high fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields, the properties of SubPcs in photodynamic therapy (PDT) are underestimated, because their absorption bands do not reach a significant wavelength range. With this in mind, we combined a SubPc ring and a SubPc ring by introducing a common benzene ring and obtained a SubPc dimer (2) and trimer (3) with the Q-band at the near-IR region, owing to the expansion of the [Formula: see text] electron conjugated system. In this study, we reported1O2generation abilities of 2 and 3based on the applied absolute singlet oxygen quantum yields ([Formula: see text]absolute). Subsequent research revealed that 2 and 3 showed the potential to generate1O2to not only in toluene but also in DMSO. Although the photocytotoxicity of 2 and 3 were investigated upon photo-irradiation with a low light dose of approximately 1.5 J/cm2, 2 and 3 showed almost negligible toxic properties toward HEp2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hayato Sonoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Nichole E. M. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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Özdemir M, Karapınar B, Yalçın B, Salan Ü, Durmuş M, Bulut M. Synthesis and characterization of novel 7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin substituted metallo phthalocyanines and investigation of their photophysical and photochemical properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13046-13056. [PMID: 31407759 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02687h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of novel 7-hydroxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin (1), four respective phthalonitriles; 4-(7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin)phthalonitrile (2), 3-(7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin)phthalonitrile (3), 4-chloro-5-(7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin)phthalonitrile (4), and 4,5-bis(7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin)phthalonitrile (5) and their corresponding alpha tetra, beta tetra and beta octa 7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin and beta octa 4-chloro-5-(7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin) substituted Zn(ii) (6a-9a) and In(iii) Cl (6b-9b) phthalocyanines has been performed. The novel purified compounds were characterized by standard characterization techniques such as elemental analysis, thermal analysis, FT-IR, UV-vis, 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. All of the obtained phthalocyanines showed lipophilic behaviour with excellent solubility in organic solvents such as acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, pyridine and ethyl acetate. The fluorescence quenching behaviour was investigated using 1,4-benzoquinone and potassium iodide as quenchers. The photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical (singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields) properties of these novel phthalocyanines (6a-9a and 6b-9b) were studied in DMF. They produced high singlet oxygen (for example ΦΔ = 0.99 for 7b) and showed appropriate photodegradation (in the order of 10-5) which is very important for photodynamic therapy (PDT), and thus these phthalocyanines can be used as Type II photosensitizers in PDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mücahit Özdemir
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Begümhan Karapınar
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bahattin Yalçın
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ümit Salan
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Bulut
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
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11
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Ayaz F, Ugur N, Ocakoglu K, Ince M. Photo-induced anti-inflammatory activities of chloro substituted subphthalocyanines on the mammalian macrophage in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:499-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Breitenbach BB, Steiert E, Konhäuser M, Vogt LM, Wang Y, Parekh SH, Wich PR. Double stimuli-responsive polysaccharide block copolymers as green macrosurfactants for near-infrared photodynamic therapy. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1423-1434. [PMID: 30662988 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The NIR absorbing photosensitizer phthalocyanine zinc (PC(Zn)) was stabilized in aqueous media as water-dispersible nanoparticles with a reduction- and pH-responsive full polysaccharide block copolymer. A cellular uptake and also photo switchable intracellular activity of the cargo upon irradiation at wavelengths in the near infrared region were shown. The block copolymer was synthesized by applying a copper-free click strategy based on a thiol exchange reaction, creating an amphiphilic double-stimuli-responsive mixed disulfide. The dual-sensitive polysaccharide micelles represent a non-toxic and biodegradable green macrosurfactant for the delivery of phthalocyanine zinc. By encapsulation into micellar nanoparticles, the bioavailability of PC(Zn) increased significantly, enabling smart photodynamic therapy for future applications in cancer-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Breitenbach
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Fujishiro R, Sonoyama H, Ide Y, Fujimura T, Sasai R, Nagai A, Mori S, Kaufman NEM, Zhou Z, Vicente MGH, Ikeue T. Synthesis, photodynamic activities, and cytotoxicity of new water-soluble cationic gallium(III) and zinc(II) phthalocyanines. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 192:7-16. [PMID: 30551005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cationic Ga(III) and Zn(II) phthalocyanines carrying N-methyl-pyridinium groups at eight peripheral β-positionshave been synthesized. These complexes are highly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and moderately soluble in water and phosphate buffered saline (PBS); both Ga(III)Cl and Zn(II) complexes have shown no aggregation in water up to 1.2 × 10-4 and 1.5 × 10-5 M, respectively. A higher water-solubility of Ga(III)Cl complex as compared to Zn(II) complex is ascribed to the presence of an axially coordinated chloride. The spectroscopic properties, photogeneration of singlet oxygen (1O2), and cytotoxicity of these complexes have been investigated. The absolute quantum yields (ΦΔabsolute) for the photogeneration of singlet oxygen using Ga(III)Cl and Zn(II) complexes have been determined to be 4.4 and 5.3%, respectively, in DMSO solution. The cytotoxicity and intracellular sites of localization of Ga(III)Cl and Zn(II) complexes have been evaluated in human HEp2 cells. Both complexes, localized intracellularly in multiple organelles, have shown no cytotoxicity in the dark. Upon exposure to a low light dose (1.5 J/cm2), however, Zn(II) complex has exhibited a high photocytotoxicity. The result suggests that Zn(II) complex can be considered as a potential photosensitizer for Photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hayato Sonoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nichole E M Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1804, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1804, USA
| | - M Graça H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1804, USA
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan.
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14
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Gorduk S. Ferulic Acid Substituted Zn(II) Phthalocyanine: Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Photophysical and Photochemical Properties. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.438111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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