Drug distribution evaluation using FT-IR imaging on the surface of a titanium alloy coated with zinc titanate with potential application in the release of drugs for osteoporosis

Antibacterial Properties and Biocompatibility of Multicomponent Titanium Oxides: A Review

The simple oxides like titania, zirconia, and ZnO are famous with their antibacterial (or even antimicrobial) properties as well as their biocompatibility. They are broadly used for air and water filtering, in food packaging, in medicine (for implants, prostheses, and scaffolds), etc. However, these application fields can be broadened by switching to the composite multicomponent compounds (for example, titanates) containing in their unit cell, together with oxygen, several different metallic ions. This review begins with a description of the synthesis methods, starting from wet chemical conversion through the manufacturing of oxide (nano)powders toward mechanosynthesis methods. The morphology of these multicomponent oxides can also be very different (like thin films, complicated multilayers, or porous scaffolds). Further, we discuss in vitro tests. The antimicrobial properties are investigated with Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria (like Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus) or fungi. The cytotoxicity can be studied, for example, using mouse mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs (C3H10T1/2), or human osteoblast-like cells (MG63). Other human osteoblast-like cells (SaOS-2) can be used to characterize the cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. The in vitro tests with individual microbial or cell cultures are rather far away from the real conditions in the human or animal body. Therefore, they have to be followed by in vivo tests, which permit the estimation of the real applicability of novel materials. Further, we discuss the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms determining the antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility. The possible directions of future developments and novel application areas are described in the concluding section of the review.

Titanium modification using bioactive titanate layer with divalent ions and coordinated ciprofloxacin - Assessment of drug distribution using FT-IR imaging

The paper presents a new method of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) modification using bioactive titanate layers containing various divalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Zn2+) and surface-coordinated ciprofloxacin. Due to the coordination of ciprofloxacin (antibiotic) on the surface of the alloy, it has great application potential. In the paper, the influence of a given cation on the effectiveness of drug sorption was determined. The most effective cation was zinc and the least effective was calcium. The distribution of the antibiotic on the alloy surface was determined using FT-IR imaging. The antibiotic was evenly distributed on alloys modified with magnesium, strontium and zinc titanates. In the case of calcium titanate, the analysis could not be performed because the amount of the drug was too small. The release profiles of ciprofloxacin indicate that it can be released for as long as 3 h for strontium and zinc titanates. The biocompatibility of the obtained materials is indicated by the results of the BSA adsorption, and HA growth test. The obtained results confirm that the proposed modification can be used in the modification of titanium implants. The big advantage of this layer is that ciprofloxacin is coordinated on the surface of the material and thus will not be removed during the surgical procedure. The creation of this type of layer may in the future allow for fewer perioperative infections, and thus fewer complications.

Electrospun PCL Wires Loaded with Vancomycin on Zirconium Substrate

The current study presents research about electrodeposition in relation to electrospinning PCL wires on a Zr substrate and loading the coating with vancomycin. The structural composition of the coatings was investigated via FT-IR analysis. The morphology evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, for the composition (SEM-EDS), evidenced the presence of the polymer wires, with and without drug vancomycin loading. The wettability of the coatings was evaluated from the hydrophobic-hydrophilic point of view, and the characterization was completed with mechanical and electrochemical tests. All the electrochemical tests performed in simulated body fluid highlighted that PCL represents a barrier against corrosion processes. The quantitative method to evaluate the loading efficiency shows that almost 80% of the total loaded vancomycin is released within 144 h; after the initial burst at 24 h, a steady release of vancomycin is observed over 7 days. A kinetic model of the drug release was also constructed.

Surface Modification of Ti6Al4V ELI Titanium Alloy by Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) and Risedronate Sodium

With the simultaneous increase in the number of endoprostheses being performed, advances in the field of biomaterials are becoming apparent-whereby the materials and technologies used to construct implants clearly improve the implants' quality and, ultimately, the life of the patient after surgery. The aim of this study was to modify the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V ELI used in the construction of hip joint endoprostheses. This is why the continuous development of biomaterials is so important. This paper presents the results of research for a new application of polymer poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) as a drug release layer, placed on the surface of a titanium alloy. The obtained layers were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy (spectra and maps), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (spectra and maps), contact angle measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy imaging and topography analysis. The results confirmed that the polymer layer obtained on the plate surface after the alkali heat treatment process is much better-it binds much more polymer and thus the applied drug. In addition, a longer and more gradual release of the drug was observed for the alkali heat treatment modification than for H2O2 solution.

Chitosan hydrogel modified with lanthanum as a drug delivery system for epigallocatechin gallate: Investigation of hydrogel - drug interaction by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy

In the presented work, chitosan hydrogel modified with lanthanum was obtained for the first time. The hydrogel was used as a carrier in the controlled release of epigallocatechin gallate. The work proved the effectiveness of drug sorption by hydrogel and controlled release in simulated body fluids. The drug was released slowly and in a controlled manner from the carrier. The research techniques used in this work (FT-IR spectroscopy and imaging, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/EDS) allowed to confirm the successful retention of EGCG on the hydrogel surface. On the basis of the EDS mapping, it was possible to confirm the even distribution of the lanthanum ions. Using FT-IR imaging, we verified that the drug was evenly distributed on the entire surface of the prepared material. The antifungal effectiveness of the material has been proven on several types of fungi. The research proved that the prepared material is capable of long-term release of the active substance and has antifungal properties. As a result, the prepared material can be successfully used as an implantable hydrogel or a coating in, e.g. titanium implants.

Characterization of Magnesium and Zinc Forms of Sodalite Coatings on Ti6Al4V ELI for Potential Application in the Release of Drugs for Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disease of the skeletal system and is characterized by impaired bone strength. This translates into an increased risk of low-energy fractures, which means fractures caused by disproportionate force. This disease is quite insidious, its presence is usually detected only at an advanced stage, where treatment with pharmaceuticals does not produce sufficient results. It is obligatory to replace the weakened bone with an implant. For this reason, it is necessary to look at the possibilities of surface modification used in tissue engineering, which, in combination with the drugs for osteoporosis, i.e., bisphosphonates, may constitute a new and effective method for preventing the deterioration of the osteoporotic state. To achieve this purpose, titanium implants coated with magnesium or zinc zeolite were prepared. Both the sorption and release profiles differed depending on the type of ion in the zeolite structure. The successful release of risedronate from the materials at a low level was proven. It can be concluded that the proposed solution will allow the preparation of endoprostheses for patients with bone diseases such as osteoporosis.