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Huon JF, Nizet P, Tollec S, Vene E, Fronteau C, Leichnam A, Tching-Sin M, Michelet-Barbotin V, Foucault-Fruchard L, Nativel F. A systematic review of the impact of simulation on students' confidence in performing clinical pharmacy activities. Int J Clin Pharm 2024:10.1007/s11096-024-01715-z. [PMID: 38632204 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although confidence does not automatically imply competence, it does provide pharmacy students with a sense of empowerment to manage a pharmacotherapeutic problem independently. Among the methods used in higher education, there is growing interest in simulation. AIM To evaluate the impact of simulation on pharmacy students' confidence in performing clinical pharmacy activities. METHOD Articles that reported the use of simulation among pharmacy students with fully described outcomes about confidence were included. Studies for which it was impossible to extract data specific to pharmacy students or simulation were excluded. The search was carried out in Medline, Embase, Lissa and PsycInfo from inception to August the 31th, 2022. The results were synthesized into 4 parts: confidence in collecting information, being an expert in a procedure/pathology, counselling and communicating, and other results. The quality assessment of included studies was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool "MMAT" tool. RESULTS Among the 39 included articles, the majority were published in the last 5 years and conducted in the United States. The majority included pharmacy students in years 1 through 3 (69.2%). The most common study design was the pre-post uncontrolled design (66.7%). Studies measuring the effects of human and/or virtual simulation were mainly focused on confidence to counsel and/or communicate with patients and colleagues (n = 20). Evaluations of the effects of these types of simulation on confidence in information gathering by health professionals were also well represented (n = 16). CONCLUSION Simulation-based training generally yielded positive impact on improving pharmacy students' confidence in performing clinical pharmacy activities. Rigorous assessment methods and validated confidence questionnaires should be developed for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Huon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pharmacie, 5 allée de l'île Gloriette, 44000, Nantes, France.
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France.
| | - Pierre Nizet
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pharmacie, 5 allée de l'île Gloriette, 44000, Nantes, France
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Tollec
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
- CHU Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Elise Vene
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
- CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Clémentine Fronteau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pharmacie, 5 allée de l'île Gloriette, 44000, Nantes, France
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Alison Leichnam
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pharmacie, 5 allée de l'île Gloriette, 44000, Nantes, France
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Martine Tching-Sin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Pharmacie, 5 allée de l'île Gloriette, 44000, Nantes, France
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Vanessa Michelet-Barbotin
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
- CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Foucault-Fruchard
- Réseau HUGOPharm : réseau des pharmacies hospitalieres des Hopitaux Universitaires du grand ouest, Nantes, France
- CHU Tours, Service Pharmacie, Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Fabien Nativel
- Nantes Université, Oniris, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, 44000, Nantes, France
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Cavanagh FC, Chevalier N, Timmermans KE, Killam LA. How to Partner With Persons Living With Mental Health Conditions: A Guide for Meaningful Simulation Cocreation. Simul Healthc 2024:01266021-990000000-00102. [PMID: 38265069 DOI: 10.1097/sih.0000000000000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Screen-based simulation is an effective educational strategy that can enhance health care students' engagement with content and critical thinking across various topics, including mental health. To create relevant and realistic simulations, best-practice guidelines recommend the involvement of experts in the development process. We collaborated with persons with lived experience and community partners to cocreate a mental health-focused screen-based simulation. Cocreating meant establishing a nonhierarchical partnership, with shared decision-making from start to finish.In this article, we present 8 principles developed to guide our cocreation with persons with lived experience: person-centeredness, trauma-informed approaches and ethical guidance, supportive environment, two-way partnership, mutual respect, choice and flexibility, open communication, and room to grow. These principles provide practical guidance for educators seeking to engage the expertise of persons who have been historically disadvantaged in society. By sharing these principles, we strive to contribute to a more equitable process in simulation development and promote meaningful, respectful, and safer collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Cavanagh
- From the School of Health Sciences, Nursing and Emergency Services, Cambrian College, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Febrinasari N, Widayanti AW, Prabandari YS, Satibi S. Role and challenges of community pharmacists in managing mental health care in Indonesia: A mix-method study. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 89:103773. [PMID: 37827062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to explore roles and challenges faced by Indonesian community pharmacists in mental healthcare management. A sequential mixed method study was conducted. This study found that drug counselling as a pharmaceutical care service that is often given to patients with mental disorder. Nonetheless, inadequate training and concern of psychotropic drug abused were identified as a major barrier hindering effective service delivery. These finding suggests that there is a need for pharmacists to gain additional education and training in mental health, as well as implement a system that integrates patient medical records across all healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Febrinasari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Anna Wahyuni Widayanti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yayi Suryo Prabandari
- Department Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Satibi Satibi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Sibeoni J, Ellul P, Bubola T, Debiche Y, Piot MA. Mental health first aid training among healthcare French students: a qualitative study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1268277. [PMID: 37937137 PMCID: PMC10626461 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1268277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare students are a population more at risk for mental health issues, especially anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts. The health faculty of Université Paris Cité in France, Paris has implemented a Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) course aiming to improve students' mental health literacy, self-care and peer-support and to decrease stigma about mental illness. We conducted a qualitative study exploring the lived experience of this MHFA training course among healthcare students so to better assess its implementation within this specific context and population. Methods This qualitative study used the five-stage inductive process to analyze the structure of lived experience (IPSE) approach. All the healthcare students that had completed the 2-day MHFA training were approached to participate. Data was collected through individual semi-structured interviews and inclusion continued until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was based on an inductive, descriptive, and structuring procedure to determine the structure of lived experience characterized by the central axes of experience. Results Twenty students were included. Data analysis produced a common structure of lived experience based on three central axes of experience, (1) a personal experience, (2) a student experience and (3) a professional experience. The participants all experienced this course intertwined within these 3 axes. Their motivation to take the course was personal -being of feeling concerned by the topic-, was study-oriented - to learn and revise psychiatry- and was professional - so to develop both practical and soft skills. In their personal experience, participants reported a transformative experience and some interventions with friends and family, while both in their student and professional experience, they felt frustrated with both the content and the form of the course. Conclusion The results reported similar outcomes reported in the literature about skills, knowledge, and awareness; but mostly produce original avenues about how to better adapt such course to this specific population so to better address students' expectations and mental health issues. This MHFA course -with an adapted content addressing eating disorders, self-mutilations and sexual and gender-based violence - could be part of the early curriculum of healthcare students. The latter could then benefit from a level 2/advanced MHFA course years later specifically tailored for healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Sibeoni
- Argenteuil Hospital Centre, Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Adolescent, Argenteuil, France
- ECSTRRA Team, UMR, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ellul
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), UMRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Théo Bubola
- Health Faculty, Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yanis Debiche
- Health Faculty, Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Aude Piot
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malade, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Inserm, Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé des Populations (CESP), UMR, USQV, Villejuif, France
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Rens E, Scheepers J, Foulon V, Hutsebaut C, Ghijselings A, Van den Broeck K. Building Bridges between Pharmacy and Psychosocial Care: Supporting and Referring Patients with Psychosocial Needs in a Pilot Study with Community Pharmacists. Int J Integr Care 2023; 23:15. [PMID: 37781047 PMCID: PMC10540865 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community pharmacists are accessible primary care providers and therefore in a good position to detect unmet psychosocial needs of their patients and pharmacy visitors. Description A collaboration between pharmacists and psychosocial work was set up in Flanders, Belgium. Community pharmacists were trained to discuss psychosocial needs, to inform patients about possible help and refer them to a Center for General Wellbeing if needed. During the pilot of the project between October 2021 and January 2022, the feasibility and potential of this collaboration were examined. Discussion A total of 79 patient contacts about psychosocial wellbeing were reported using an online registration form, the majority of which concerned women. Family problems and mental health problems were most often reported. Focus group discussions with 28 participating pharmacists showed that they experience their role in psychosocial care as fulfilling and of valuable. Patient satisfaction was mentioned to be a major motivating factor, while time and privacy are barriers. Adequate training in psychosocial wellbeing and care was considered crucial. Conclusion Pharmacists can be valuable partners in the recognition and referral of patients with unmet psychosocial needs. Structural collaborations between community pharmacy and psychosocial care should be further supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rens
- Family and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Janne Scheepers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Foulon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Hutsebaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aline Ghijselings
- Vlaams Apothekersnetwerk (Flemish Association of Pharmacists), Belgium
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Murry LT, Flood M, Holton A, Kenny RA, Moriarty F. Use of pharmacy services in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults; findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 10:100265. [PMID: 37181502 PMCID: PMC10173775 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of community pharmacists has evolved in recent years with expansion in pharmacy services offered. The extent to which patients utilise such services in community pharmacies in Ireland is unclear. Objective To assess pharmacy services use among adults aged ≥56 years in Ireland, and determine the demographic and clinical factors associated with pharmacy services use. Methods This cross-sectional study included community-dwelling participants in wave 4 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), aged ≥56 years who were self-respondents. TILDA is a nationally representative cohort study, with wave 4 data collected during 2016. TILDA collects participant demographics and health data, in addition to information on the use of several services when visiting the pharmacy in the last 12 months. Characteristics and pharmacy services use were summarised. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of demographic and health factors with reporting (i) any pharmacy service use and (ii) requesting medicines advice. Results Among 5782 participants (55.5% female, mean age 68 years), 96.6% (5587) reported visiting a pharmacy in the previous 12 months, and almost one fifth of these (1094) utilised at least one non-dispensing pharmacy service. The most common non-dispensing services reported were requesting advice about medications (786, 13.6%), blood pressure monitoring (184, 3.2%), and vaccination (166, 2.9%). Controlling for other factors, female sex (odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.14-1.52), third-level education (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.51-2.27), higher rates of GP visits, private health insurance (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.56), higher number of medications, loneliness, and respiratory condition diagnosis (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.14-1.74) were associated with higher likelihood of utilising pharmacy services. The relationship between these factors and requesting medicines advice was similar. Conclusion A high proportion of middle-aged and older adults visit community pharmacy and a fifth utilise specified pharmacy services. Despite advances in the services offered in pharmacies, medicines advice remains at the core of pharmacists' practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T. Murry
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Flood
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice Holton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin., Ireland
| | - Frank Moriarty
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin., Ireland
- Corresponding author at: School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Murphy AL, Suh S, Gillis L, Morrison J, Gardner DM. Pharmacist Administration of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics to Community-Dwelling Patients: A Scoping Review. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020045. [PMID: 36961024 PMCID: PMC10037648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIAs) have demonstrated positive outcomes for people with serious mental illnesses. They are underused, and access to LAIAs can be challenging. Pharmacies could serve as suitable environments for LAIA injection by pharmacists. To map and characterize the literature regarding the administration of LAIAs by pharmacists, a scoping review was conducted. Electronic-database searches (e.g., PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, Scopus, and Embase) and others including ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global and Google, were conducted. Citation lists and cited-reference searches were completed. Zotero was used as the reference-management database. Covidence was used for overall review management. Two authors independently screened articles and performed full-text abstractions. From all sources, 292 studies were imported, and 124 duplicates were removed. After screening, 13 studies were included for abstraction. Most articles were published in the US since 2010. Seven studies used database and survey methods, with adherence and patient satisfaction as the main patient-outcomes assessed. Reporting of pharmacists' and patients' perspectives surrounding LAIA administration was minimal and largely anecdotal. Financial analyses for services were also limited. The published literature surrounding pharmacist administration of LAIAs is limited, providing little-to-no guidance for the development and implementation of this service by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Sowon Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Louise Gillis
- W.K. Kellogg Health Sciences Library, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jason Morrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - David M Gardner
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
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Evaluation of a training program to support the implementation of a community pharmacist-led support service for people living with severe and persistent mental illness. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:807-816.e2. [PMID: 36788042 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With appropriate training, community pharmacists can support people living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) by identifying and managing medication-related issues and physical health concerns. The Bridging the Gap between Physical and Mental Illness in Community Pharmacy (PharMIbridge) randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested the impact of an individualized, pharmacist-led support service for people living with SPMI. OBJECTIVE(S) To evaluate the impact of the PharMIbridge training program on pharmacy participants' knowledge and confidence, as well as stigma and attitudes, in relation to supporting, and providing services to, people living with SPMI; compared to Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training alone. METHODS Pharmacy staff (n = 140) from 55 community pharmacies across four RCT regions attended face-to-face training. Both intervention group (IG) and comparator group (CG) participants received MHFA training while IG participants received additional PharMIbridge training, involving role-plays and mental health consumer educators (MHCEs). A questionnaire including validated instruments was administered at baseline, after training and after 12 months. Comparative analyses included paired t tests and mixed between/within analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Pre and post-training surveys were completed by 136 participants, most of which were pharmacists. Both IG and CG participants had significant reductions in stigma (P < 0.001) post-training. IG participants' confidence and knowledge regarding metabolic monitoring significantly improved compared to CG (P < 0.001). IG participants were significantly more confident and comfortable in providing medication counseling, compared to CG participants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION MHFA training reduced participants' stigma toward mental health. However, the purpose-designed PharMIbridge training program provided pharmacists with additional knowledge and skills to confidently support the physical health care needs of people living with SPMI. The inclusion of role-plays and MHCEs allowed pharmacists to self-reflect and practice skills in safe, supportive environments. Future studies should continue to involve MHCEs in pharmacy training and explore whether these improvements are sustainable.
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Mykhalchuk VM, Bilousova NA. ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD'S BEST PRACTICES IN TRAINING PHARMACISTS FOR PROVIDING MENTAL HEALTH CARE TO PATIENTS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:2706-2713. [PMID: 38290037 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202312122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The article analyzes and systematizes international documents and research results, which reveal the experience of implementing the best practices in mental health into the educational process of training pharmacists at various levels of education. Available foreign educational programs were analyzed in terms of their form and content. According to the results of the research, it was found out that the practice of professional training of pharmacists on mental health issues is quite widespread at the world level and is presented in various scientific publications. The results of their analysis also indicate different forms of training process organization.
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Shen B, Liu J, He JH, Zhu Z, Zhou B. Development and evaluation of an online training program based on the O-AMAS teaching model for community pharmacists in the post-COVID-19 era. Front Public Health 2022; 10:906504. [PMID: 36211685 PMCID: PMC9538181 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.906504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Formerly, the community pharmacists' work was mainly focused on drug supply. However, during the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak, community pharmacists in Wuhan played an important role in control and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and in providing pharmaceutical care. Due to a lack of adequate knowledge and skills, many community pharmacists were not able to cope with healthcare work timely and efficiently. To improve community pharmacists' specialized knowledge and enhance their professional competence through systemic training in the post-COVID-19 era. Methods Based on the O-AMAS (Objective, Activation, Multi-learning, Assessment and Summary) teaching model and flipped classroom, an online continuing training program containing four sections was developed. It was a semi-experimental study with no control group. Quantitative tests before and after training as well as questionnaire were used to evaluate the outcome of this training program for community pharmacists. Results A total of twenty-six community pharmacists were invited to participate in continuing education, and twenty-five trainees finished this training program with a completion rate of 96.2 %. Quantitative tests before and after training and anonymous questionnaires were carried out to comprehensively evaluate the outcomes of this training program. Compared with the test scores before training (61.6 ± 6.6), the score after training was statistically higher, reaching 80.9 ± 7.5 (P < 0.001). Twenty-three questionnaires were received (returns ratio, 92.0%). Notably, most of the pharmacists were satisfied with the training program. The percentage of positive responses for each item in this anonymous questionnaire was more than 85 %. Conclusion It was suggested that the O-AMAS model and the flipped classroom-based continuing educational program achieved the expected training effects. It is a promising on-the-job training approach for pharmacy continuing education. Moreover, our study also demonstrated that online learning had advantages of no geographic constraints, flexible learning beyond time and easy interaction, over traditional face-to-face training style, especially in the post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzheng Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Bingzheng Shen
| | - Jun Liu
- Health Service Center, Xianghe Community, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahuan Helen He
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhanyong Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benhong Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Benhong Zhou
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