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Rajangam SL, Narasimhan MK. Current treatment strategies for targeting virulence factors and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:941-961. [PMID: 38683166 PMCID: PMC11290764 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A higher prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii infections and mortality rate has been reported recently in hospital-acquired infections (HAI). The biofilm-forming capability of A. baumannii makes it an extremely dangerous pathogen, especially in device-associated hospital-acquired infections (DA-HAI), thereby it resists the penetration of antibiotics. Further, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was exacerbated in DA-HAI during the epidemic. This review specifically examines the complex interconnections between several components and genes that play a role in the biofilm formation and the development of infections. The current review provides insights into innovative treatments and therapeutic approaches to combat A. baumannii biofilm-related infections, thereby ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of HAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Lakshmi Rajangam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Narasimhan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
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2
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Schaible GA, Jay ZJ, Cliff J, Schulz F, Gauvin C, Goudeau D, Malmstrom RR, Ruff SE, Edgcomb V, Hatzenpichler R. Multicellular magnetotactic bacteria are genetically heterogeneous consortia with metabolically differentiated cells. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002638. [PMID: 38990824 PMCID: PMC11239054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Consortia of multicellular magnetotactic bacteria (MMB) are currently the only known example of bacteria without a unicellular stage in their life cycle. Because of their recalcitrance to cultivation, most previous studies of MMB have been limited to microscopic observations. To study the biology of these unique organisms in more detail, we use multiple culture-independent approaches to analyze the genomics and physiology of MMB consortia at single-cell resolution. We separately sequenced the metagenomes of 22 individual MMB consortia, representing 8 new species, and quantified the genetic diversity within each MMB consortium. This revealed that, counter to conventional views, cells within MMB consortia are not clonal. Single consortia metagenomes were then used to reconstruct the species-specific metabolic potential and infer the physiological capabilities of MMB. To validate genomic predictions, we performed stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments and interrogated MMB consortia using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). By coupling FISH with bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT), we explored their in situ activity as well as variation of protein synthesis within cells. We demonstrate that MMB consortia are mixotrophic sulfate reducers and that they exhibit metabolic differentiation between individual cells, suggesting that MMB consortia are more complex than previously thought. These findings expand our understanding of MMB diversity, ecology, genomics, and physiology, as well as offer insights into the mechanisms underpinning the multicellular nature of their unique lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Schaible
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Zackary J. Jay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - John Cliff
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederik Schulz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Colin Gauvin
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Danielle Goudeau
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rex R. Malmstrom
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - S. Emil Ruff
- Ecosystems Center and Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Virginia Edgcomb
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roland Hatzenpichler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
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3
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Schaible GA, Jay ZJ, Cliff J, Schulz F, Gauvin C, Goudeau D, Malmstrom RR, Emil Ruff S, Edgcomb V, Hatzenpichler R. Multicellular magnetotactic bacterial consortia are metabolically differentiated and not clonal. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.27.568837. [PMID: 38076927 PMCID: PMC10705294 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.568837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Consortia of multicellular magnetotactic bacteria (MMB) are currently the only known example of bacteria without a unicellular stage in their life cycle. Because of their recalcitrance to cultivation, most previous studies of MMB have been limited to microscopic observations. To study the biology of these unique organisms in more detail, we use multiple culture-independent approaches to analyze the genomics and physiology of MMB consortia at single cell resolution. We separately sequenced the metagenomes of 22 individual MMB consortia, representing eight new species, and quantified the genetic diversity within each MMB consortium. This revealed that, counter to conventional views, cells within MMB consortia are not clonal. Single consortia metagenomes were then used to reconstruct the species-specific metabolic potential and infer the physiological capabilities of MMB. To validate genomic predictions, we performed stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments and interrogated MMB consortia using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). By coupling FISH with bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) we explored their in situ activity as well as variation of protein synthesis within cells. We demonstrate that MMB consortia are mixotrophic sulfate reducers and that they exhibit metabolic differentiation between individual cells, suggesting that MMB consortia are more complex than previously thought. These findings expand our understanding of MMB diversity, ecology, genomics, and physiology, as well as offer insights into the mechanisms underpinning the multicellular nature of their unique lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Schaible
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Zackary J. Jay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - John Cliff
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Frederik Schulz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Colin Gauvin
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Danielle Goudeau
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Rex R. Malmstrom
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - S. Emil Ruff
- Ecosystems Center and Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543
| | | | - Roland Hatzenpichler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
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Chang SC, Kao MR, Saldivar RK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Xing X, Furlanetto V, Yayo J, Divne C, Vilaplana F, Abbott DW, Hsieh YSY. The Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis harbors a polysaccharide synthase that can produce (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4526. [PMID: 37500617 PMCID: PMC10374906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucans are widely distributed in the cell walls of grasses (family Poaceae) and closely related families, as well as some other vascular plants. Additionally, they have been found in other organisms, including fungi, lichens, brown algae, charophycean green algae, and the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Only three members of the Cellulose Synthase-Like (CSL) genes in the families CSLF, CSLH, and CSLJ are implicated in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in grasses. Little is known about the enzymes responsible for synthesizing (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans outside the grasses. In the present study, we report the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in the exopolysaccharides of the Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis CRIBT. We also report that RiGT2 is the candidate gene of R. ilealis that encodes (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase. RiGT2 has conserved glycosyltransferase family 2 (GT2) motifs, including D, D, D, QXXRW, and a C-terminal PilZ domain that resembles the C-terminal domain of bacteria cellulose synthase, BcsA. Using a direct gain-of-function approach, we insert RiGT2 into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans are produced with structures similar to those of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans of the lichen Cetraria islandica. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that putative (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase candidate genes in several other bacterial species support the finding of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Valentina Furlanetto
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Johannes Yayo
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Christina Divne
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Shih CY, Chen SY, Hsu CR, Chin CH, Chiu WC, Chang MH, Kang LK, Yang CH, Pai TW, Hu CH, Hsu PH, Tzou WS. Distinctive microbial community and genome structure in coastal seawater from a human-made port and nearby offshore island in northern Taiwan facing the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284022. [PMID: 37294811 PMCID: PMC10256201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollution in human-made fishing ports caused by petroleum from boats, dead fish, toxic chemicals, and effluent poses a challenge to the organisms in seawater. To decipher the impact of pollution on the microbiome, we collected surface water from a fishing port and a nearby offshore island in northern Taiwan facing the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. By employing 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and whole-genome shotgun sequencing, we discovered that Rhodobacteraceae, Vibrionaceae, and Oceanospirillaceae emerged as the dominant species in the fishing port, where we found many genes harboring the functions of antibiotic resistance (ansamycin, nitroimidazole, and aminocoumarin), metal tolerance (copper, chromium, iron and multimetal), virulence factors (chemotaxis, flagella, T3SS1), carbohydrate metabolism (biofilm formation and remodeling of bacterial cell walls), nitrogen metabolism (denitrification, N2 fixation, and ammonium assimilation), and ABC transporters (phosphate, lipopolysaccharide, and branched-chain amino acids). The dominant bacteria at the nearby offshore island (Alteromonadaceae, Cryomorphaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Litoricolaceae, and Rhodobacteraceae) were partly similar to those in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Furthermore, we inferred that the microbial community network of the cooccurrence of dominant bacteria on the offshore island was connected to dominant bacteria in the fishing port by mutual exclusion. By examining the assembled microbial genomes collected from the coastal seawater of the fishing port, we revealed four genomic islands containing large gene-containing sequences, including phage integrase, DNA invertase, restriction enzyme, DNA gyrase inhibitor, and antitoxin HigA-1. In this study, we provided clues for the possibility of genomic islands as the units of horizontal transfer and as the tools of microbes for facilitating adaptation in a human-made port environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Shih
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Taiwan Ocean Genome Center, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Yi Chen
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ru Hsu
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Chin
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Chiu
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | - Lee-Kuo Kang
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Cing-Han Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shyong Tzou
- Taiwan Ocean Genome Center, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Departent of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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7
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Jayachandran D, Banerjee S, Chundawat SPS. Plant cellulose synthase membrane protein isolation directly from Pichia pastoris protoplasts, liposome reconstitution, and its enzymatic characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2023:106309. [PMID: 37211149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by a plant cell membrane-integrated processive glycosyltransferase (GT) called cellulose synthase (CesA). Since only a few of these plant CesAs have been purified and characterized to date, there are huge gaps in our mechanistic understanding of these enzymes. The biochemistry and structural biology studies of CesAs are currently hampered by challenges associated with their expression and extraction at high yields. To aid in understanding CesA reaction mechanisms and to provide a more efficient CesA extraction method, two putative plant CesAs - PpCesA5 from Physcomitrella patens and PttCesA8 from Populus tremula x tremuloides that are involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation in plants were expressed using Pichia pastoris as an expression host. We developed a protoplast-based membrane protein extraction approach to directly isolate these membrane-bound enzymes, as confirmed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry-based analyses. Our method gives 3-4-fold higher purified protein yield than the standard cell homogenization protocol. Our method resulted in liposome reconstituted CesA5 and CesA8 enzymes with similar Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants, Km = 167 μM, 108 μM and Vmax = 7.88 × 10-5 μmol/min, 4.31 × 10-5 μmol/min, respectively, in concurrence with the previous studies for enzymes isolated using the standard protocol. Taken together, these results suggest that CesAs involved in primary and secondary cell wall formation can be expressed and purified using a simple and more efficient extraction method. This protocol could help isolate enzymes that unravel the mechanism of native and engineered cellulose synthase complexes involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharanidaran Jayachandran
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shoili Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Hu X, Yang P, Chai C, Liu J, Sun H, Wu Y, Zhang M, Zhang M, Liu X, Yu H. Structural and mechanistic insights into fungal β-1,3-glucan synthase FKS1. Nature 2023; 616:190-198. [PMID: 36949198 PMCID: PMC10032269 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-integrated synthase FKS is involved in the biosynthesis of β-1,3-glucan, the core component of the fungal cell wall1,2. FKS is the target of widely prescribed antifungal drugs, including echinocandin and ibrexafungerp3,4. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of FKS remains enigmatic and this has hampered development of more effective medicines targeting the enzyme. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 and the echinocandin-resistant mutant FKS1(S643P). These structures reveal the active site of the enzyme at the membrane-cytoplasm interface and a glucan translocation path spanning the membrane bilayer. Multiple bound lipids and notable membrane distortions are observed in the FKS1 structures, suggesting active FKS1-membrane interactions. Echinocandin-resistant mutations are clustered at a region near TM5-6 and TM8 of FKS1. The structure of FKS1(S643P) reveals altered lipid arrangements in this region, suggesting a drug-resistant mechanism of the mutant enzyme. The structures, the catalytic mechanism and the molecular insights into drug-resistant mutations of FKS1 revealed in this study advance the mechanistic understanding of fungal β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis and establish a foundation for developing new antifungal drugs by targeting FKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changdong Chai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Controlled processivity in glycosyltransferases: A way to expand the enzymatic toolbox. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108081. [PMID: 36529206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GT) catalyse the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates which are the most abundant group of molecules in nature. They are involved in several key mechanisms such as cell signalling, biofilm formation, host immune system invasion or cell structure and this in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As a result, research towards complete enzyme mechanisms is valuable to understand and elucidate specific structure-function relationships in this group of molecules. In a next step this knowledge could be used in GT protein engineering, not only for rational drug design but also for multiple biotechnological production processes, such as the biosynthesis of hyaluronan, cellooligosaccharides or chitooligosaccharides. Generation of these poly- and/or oligosaccharides is possible due to a common feature of several of these GTs: processivity. Enzymatic processivity has the ability to hold on to the growing polymer chain and some of these GTs can even control the number of glycosyl transfers. In a first part, recent advances in understanding the mechanism of various processive enzymes are discussed. To this end, an overview is given of possible engineering strategies for the purpose of new industrial and fundamental applications. In the second part of this review, we focused on specific chain length-controlling mechanisms, i.e., key residues or conserved regions, and this for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes.
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Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Requires a Complementary Function of Two Homologous Glycosyltransferases PssG and PssI. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044248. [PMID: 36835659 PMCID: PMC9961541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pss-I region of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 comprises more than 20 genes coding for glycosyltransferases, modifying enzymes, and polymerization/export proteins, altogether determining the biosynthesis of symbiotically relevant exopolysaccharides. In this study, the role of homologous PssG and PssI glycosyltransferases in exopolysaccharide subunit synthesis were analyzed. It was shown that the glycosyltransferase-encoding genes of the Pss-I region were part of a single large transcriptional unit with potential downstream promoters activated in specific conditions. The ΔpssG and ΔpssI mutants produced significantly lower amounts of the exopolysaccharide, while the double deletion mutant ΔpssIΔpssG produced no exopolysaccharide. Complementation of double mutation with individual genes restored exopolysaccharide synthesis, but only to the level similar to that observed for the single ΔpssI or ΔpssG mutants, indicating that PssG and PssI serve complementary functions in the process. PssG and PssI interacted with each other in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, PssI displayed an expanded in vivo interaction network comprising other GTs involved in subunit assembly and polymerization/export proteins. PssG and PssI proteins were shown to interact with the inner membrane through amphipathic helices at their C-termini, and PssG also required other proteins involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis to localize in the membrane protein fraction.
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De Giorgio E, Giannios P, Espinàs ML, Llimargas M. A dynamic interplay between chitin synthase and the proteins Expansion/Rebuf reveals that chitin polymerisation and translocation are uncoupled in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001978. [PMID: 36689563 PMCID: PMC9894549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a highly abundant polymer in nature and a principal component of apical extracellular matrices in insects. In addition, chitin has proved to be an excellent biomaterial with multiple applications. In spite of its importance, the molecular mechanisms of chitin biosynthesis and chitin structural diversity are not fully elucidated yet. To investigate these issues, we use Drosophila as a model. We previously showed that chitin deposition in ectodermal tissues requires the concomitant activities of the chitin synthase enzyme Kkv and the functionally interchangeable proteins Exp and Reb. Exp/Reb are conserved proteins, but their mechanism of activity during chitin deposition has not been elucidated yet. Here, we carry out a cellular and molecular analysis of chitin deposition, and we show that chitin polymerisation and chitin translocation to the extracellular space are uncoupled. We find that Kkv activity in chitin translocation, but not in polymerisation, requires the activity of Exp/Reb, and in particular of its conserved Nα-MH2 domain. The activity of Kkv in chitin polymerisation and translocation correlate with Kkv subcellular localisation, and in absence of Kkv-mediated extracellular chitin deposition, chitin accumulates intracellularly as membrane-less punctae. Unexpectedly, we find that although Kkv and Exp/Reb display largely complementary patterns at the apical domain, Exp/Reb activity nonetheless regulates the topological distribution of Kkv at the apical membrane. We propose a model in which Exp/Reb regulate the organisation of Kkv complexes at the apical membrane, which, in turn, regulates the function of Kkv in extracellular chitin translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore De Giorgio
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Panagiotis Giannios
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Lluisa Espinàs
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Chen W, Cao P, Liu Y, Yu A, Wang D, Chen L, Sundarraj R, Yuchi Z, Gong Y, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Structural basis for directional chitin biosynthesis. Nature 2022; 610:402-408. [PMID: 36131020 PMCID: PMC9556331 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitin, the most abundant aminopolysaccharide in nature, is an extracellular polymer consisting of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units1. The key reactions of chitin biosynthesis are catalysed by chitin synthase2-4, a membrane-integrated glycosyltransferase that transfers GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to a growing chitin chain. However, the precise mechanism of this process has yet to be elucidated. Here we report five cryo-electron microscopy structures of a chitin synthase from the devastating soybean root rot pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae (PsChs1). They represent the apo, GlcNAc-bound, nascent chitin oligomer-bound, UDP-bound (post-synthesis) and chitin synthase inhibitor nikkomycin Z-bound states of the enzyme, providing detailed views into the multiple steps of chitin biosynthesis and its competitive inhibition. The structures reveal the chitin synthesis reaction chamber that has the substrate-binding site, the catalytic centre and the entrance to the polymer-translocating channel that allows the product polymer to be discharged. This arrangement reflects consecutive key events in chitin biosynthesis from UDP-GlcNAc binding and polymer elongation to the release of the product. We identified a swinging loop within the chitin-translocating channel, which acts as a 'gate lock' that prevents the substrate from leaving while directing the product polymer into the translocating channel for discharge to the extracellular side of the cell membrane. This work reveals the directional multistep mechanism of chitin biosynthesis and provides a structural basis for inhibition of chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansheng Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ailing Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rajamanikandan Sundarraj
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Gong
- Center for Multi-disciplinary Research, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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Julian JD, Zabotina OA. Xyloglucan Biosynthesis: From Genes to Proteins and Their Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:920494. [PMID: 35720558 PMCID: PMC9201394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.920494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant's recalcitrant cell wall is composed of numerous polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The most abundant hemicellulose in dicot cell walls is xyloglucan, which consists of a β-(1- > 4) glucan backbone with α-(1- > 6) xylosylation producing an XXGG or XXXG pattern. Xylose residues of xyloglucan are branched further with different patterns of arabinose, fucose, galactose, and acetylation that varies between species. Although xyloglucan research in other species lag behind Arabidopsis thaliana, significant advances have been made into the agriculturally relevant species Oryza sativa and Solanum lycopersicum, which can be considered model organisms for XXGG type xyloglucan. In this review, we will present what is currently known about xyloglucan biosynthesis in A. thaliana, O. sativa, and S. lycopersicum and discuss the recent advances in the characterization of the glycosyltransferases involved in this complex process and their organization in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Julian
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Lee OK, Lee EY. Alginate derived functional oligosaccharides: Recent developments, barriers, and future outlooks. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118158. [PMID: 34119132 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a biopolymer used extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) derived from alginate exhibit superior biological activities and therapeutic potential. Alginate lyases with characteristic substrate specificity can facilitate the production of a broad array of AOS with precise structure and functionality. By adopting innovative analytical tools in conjunction with focused clinical studies, the structure-bioactivity relationship of a number of AOS has been brought to light. This review covers fundamental aspects and recent developments in AOS research. Enzymatic and microbial processes involved in AOS production from brown algae and sequential steps involved in AOS structure elucidation are outlined. Biological mechanisms underlying the health benefits of AOS and their potential industrial and therapeutic applications are elaborated. Withal, various challenges in AOS research are traced out, and future directions, specifically on recombinant systems for AOS preparation, are delineated to further widen the horizon of these exceptional oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudulakumari Vasudevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Liston SD, Willis LM. Racing to build a wall: glycoconjugate assembly in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:55-65. [PMID: 33429200 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last two years have seen major advances in understanding the structural basis of bacterial cell envelope glycoconjugate biosynthesis, including capsules, lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acid, cellulose, and peptidoglycan. The recent crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures of proteins involved in the initial glycosyltransferase steps in the cytoplasm, the transport of large and small lipid-linked glycoconjugates across the inner membrane, the polymerization of glycans in the periplasm, and the export of molecules from the cell have shed light on the mechanisms by which cell envelope glycoconjugates are made. We discuss these recent advances and highlight remaining unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Liston
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1M1, Canada
| | - Lisa M Willis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2T2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2T2, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G2T2, Canada.
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16
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Caon I, Parnigoni A, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. Cell Energy Metabolism and Hyaluronan Synthesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:35-47. [PMID: 32623953 PMCID: PMC7780193 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420929772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesized by three hyaluronan synthases (HASes) at the plasma membrane using uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) as substrates. The production of HA is mainly regulated by hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), that can be controlled at different levels, from epigenetics to transcriptional and post-translational modifications. HA biosynthesis is an energy-consuming process and, along with HA catabolism, is strongly connected to the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. The cytoplasmic pool of UDP-sugars is critical for HA synthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an important nutrient sensor and serves as donor substrate for the O-GlcNAcylation of many cytosolic proteins, including HAS2. This post-translational modification stabilizes HAS2 in the membrane and increases HA production. Conversely, HAS2 can be phosphorylated by AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master metabolic regulator activated by low ATP/AMP ratios, which inhibits HA secretion. Similarly, HAS2 expression and the deposition of HA within the pericellular coat are inhibited by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), another important energetic sensor, confirming the tight connection between nutrients availability and HA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Zabotina OA, Zhang N, Weerts R. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases and Their Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625307. [PMID: 33679837 PMCID: PMC7933479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze reactions attaching an activated sugar to an acceptor substrate, which may be a polysaccharide, peptide, lipid, or small molecule. In the past decade, notable progress has been made in revealing and cloning genes encoding polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs. However, the vast majority of GTs remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. The mechanism by which they are organized in the Golgi membrane, where they synthesize complex, highly branched polysaccharide structures with high efficiency and fidelity, is also mostly unknown. This review will focus on current knowledge about plant polysaccharide-synthesizing GTs, specifically focusing on protein-protein interactions and the formation of multiprotein complexes.
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18
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Purushotham P, Ho R, Zimmer J. Architecture of a catalytically active homotrimeric plant cellulose synthase complex. Science 2020; 369:1089-1094. [PMID: 32646917 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential plant cell wall component and represents the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Supramolecular plant cellulose synthase complexes organize multiple linear glucose polymers into microfibrils as load-bearing wall components. We determined the structure of a poplar cellulose synthase CesA homotrimer that suggests a molecular basis for cellulose microfibril formation. This complex, stabilized by cytosolic plant-conserved regions and helical exchange within the transmembrane segments, forms three channels occupied by nascent cellulose polymers. Secretion steers the polymers toward a common exit point, which could facilitate protofibril formation. CesA's N-terminal domains assemble into a cytosolic stalk that interacts with a microtubule-tethering protein and may thus be involved in CesA localization. Our data suggest how cellulose synthase complexes assemble and provide the molecular basis for plant cell wall engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallinti Purushotham
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharides and glycoproteins of pathogenic bacteria assist in adherence, autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and host immune system evasion. As a result, considerable research in the field of glycobiology is dedicated to study the composition and function of glycans associated with virulence, as well as the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis with the aim to identify novel antibiotic targets. Especially, insights into the enzyme mechanism, substrate binding, and transition-state structures are valuable as a starting point for rational inhibitor design. An intriguing aspect of enzymes that generate or process polysaccharides and glycoproteins is the level of processivity. The existence of enzymatic processivity reflects the need for regulation of the final glycan/glycoprotein length and structure, depending on the role they perform. In this Review, we describe the currently reported examples of various processive enzymes involved in polymerization and transfer of sugar moieties, predominantly in bacterial pathogens, with a focus on the biochemical methods, to showcase the importance of studying processivity for understanding the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Yakovlieva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Differences in protein structural regions that impact functional specificity in GT2 family β-glucan synthases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224442. [PMID: 31665152 PMCID: PMC6821405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cell wall and secreted β-glucans are synthesised by the CAZy Glycosyltransferase 2 family (www.cazy.org), with different members catalysing the formation of (1,4)-β-, (1,3)-β-, or both (1,4)- and (1,3)-β-glucosidic linkages. Given the distinct physicochemical properties of each of the resultant β-glucans (cellulose, curdlan, and mixed linkage glucan, respectively) are crucial to their biological and biotechnological functions, there is a desire to understand the molecular evolution of synthesis and how linkage specificity is determined. With structural studies hamstrung by the instability of these proteins to solubilisation, we have utilised in silico techniques and the crystal structure for a bacterial cellulose synthase to further understand how these enzymes have evolved distinct functions. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine amino acid conservation, both family-wide and within each sub-family. Further structural analysis centred on comparison of a bacterial curdlan synthase homology model with the bacterial cellulose synthase crystal structure, with molecular dynamics simulations performed with their respective β-glucan products bound in the trans-membrane channel. Key residues that differentially interact with the different β-glucan chains and have sub-family-specific conservation were found to reside at the entrance of the trans-membrane channel. The linkage-specific catalytic activity of these enzymes and hence the type of β-glucan chain built is thus likely determined by the different interactions between the proteins and the first few glucose residues in the channel, which in turn dictates the position of the acceptor glucose. The sequence-function relationships for the bacterial β-glucan synthases pave the way for extending this understanding to other kingdoms, such as plants.
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Mestrom L, Przypis M, Kowalczykiewicz D, Pollender A, Kumpf A, Marsden SR, Bento I, Jarzębski AB, Szymańska K, Chruściel A, Tischler D, Schoevaart R, Hanefeld U, Hagedoorn PL. Leloir Glycosyltransferases in Applied Biocatalysis: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215263. [PMID: 31652818 PMCID: PMC6861944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are nature’s catalyst of choice for the highly selective and efficient coupling of carbohydrates. Enzymatic sugar coupling is a competitive technology for industrial glycosylation reactions, since chemical synthetic routes require extensive use of laborious protection group manipulations and often lack regio- and stereoselectivity. The application of Leloir glycosyltransferases has received considerable attention in recent years and offers excellent control over the reactivity and selectivity of glycosylation reactions with unprotected carbohydrates, paving the way for previously inaccessible synthetic routes. The development of nucleotide recycling cascades has allowed for the efficient production and reuse of nucleotide sugar donors in robust one-pot multi-enzyme glycosylation cascades. In this way, large glycans and glycoconjugates with complex stereochemistry can be constructed. With recent advances, LeLoir glycosyltransferases are close to being applied industrially in multi-enzyme, programmable cascade glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Mestrom
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Przypis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Daria Kowalczykiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - André Pollender
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Kumpf
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stefan R Marsden
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel Bento
- EMBL Hamburg, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | | | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- ChiralVision, J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Section Biocatalysis, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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22
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Agarwal G, K V K, Prasad SB, Bhaduri A, Jayaraman G. Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic acid polymer: Dissecting the role of sub structural elements of hyaluronan synthase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12510. [PMID: 31467312 PMCID: PMC6715743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) based biomaterials have several biomedical applications. HA biosynthesis is catalysed by hyaluronan synthase (HAS). The unavailability of 3-D structure of HAS and gaps in molecular understanding of HA biosynthesis process pose challenges in rational engineering of HAS to control HA molecular weight and titer. Using in-silico approaches integrated with mutation studies, we define a dictionary of sub-structural elements (SSE) of the Class I Streptococcal HAS (SeHAS) to guide rational engineering. Our study identifies 9 SSE in HAS and elucidates their role in substrate and polymer binding and polymer biosynthesis. Molecular modelling and docking assessment indicate a single binding site for two UDP-substrates implying conformationally-driven alternating substrate specificities for this class of enzymes. This is the first report hypothesizing the involvement of sites from SSE5 in polymer binding. Mutation at these sites influence HA production, indicating a tight coupling of polymer binding and synthase functions. Mutation studies show dispensable role of Lys-139 in substrate binding and a key role of Gln-248 and Thr-283 in HA biosynthesis. Based on the functional architecture in SeHAS, we propose a plausible three-step polymer extension model from its reducing end. Together, these results open new avenues for rational engineering of Class I HAS to study and regulate its functional properties and enhanced understanding of glycosyltransferases and processive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agarwal
- Materials Simulation group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung R&D Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560037, India.
| | - Krishnan K V
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Shashi Bala Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Anirban Bhaduri
- Materials Simulation group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung R&D Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560037, India
| | - Guhan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Allen KN, Imperiali B. Structural and mechanistic themes in glycoconjugate biosynthesis at membrane interfaces. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:81-90. [PMID: 31003021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral and integral membrane proteins feature in stepwise assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates. Catalysis on membrane-bound substrates features challenges with substrate solubility and active-site accessibility. However, advantages in enzyme and substrate orientation and control of lateral membrane diffusion provide order to the multistep processes. Recent glycosyltransferase (GT) studies show that substrate diversity is met by the selection of folds which do not converge upon a common mechanism. Examples of polyprenol phosphate phosphoglycosyl transferases (PGTs) highlight that divergent fold families catalyze the same reaction with different mechanisms. Lipid A biosynthesis enzymes illustrate that variations on the robust Rossmann fold allow substrate diversity. Improved understanding of GT and PGT structure and function holds promise for better function prediction and improvement of therapeutic inhibitory ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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25
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Manou D, Caon I, Bouris P, Triantaphyllidou IE, Giaroni C, Passi A, Karamanos NK, Vigetti D, Theocharis AD. The Complex Interplay Between Extracellular Matrix and Cells in Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1952:1-20. [PMID: 30825161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9133-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) maintains the structural integrity of tissues and regulates cell and tissue functions. ECM is comprised of fibrillar proteins, proteoglycans (PGs), glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins, creating a heterogeneous but well-orchestrated network. This network communicates with resident cells via cell-surface receptors. In particular, integrins, CD44, discoidin domain receptors, and cell-surface PGs and additionally voltage-gated ion channels can interact with ECM components, regulating signaling cascades as well as cytoskeleton configuration. The interplay of ECM with recipient cells is enriched by the extracellular vesicles, as they accommodate ECM, signaling, and cytoskeleton molecules in their cargo. Along with the numerous biological properties that ECM can modify, autophagy and angiogenesis, which are critical for tissue homeostasis, are included. Throughout development and disease onset and progression, ECM endures rearrangement to fulfill cellular requirements. The main responsible molecules for tissue remodeling are ECM-degrading enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen activators, cathepsins, and hyaluronidases, which can modify the ECM structure and function in a dynamic mode. A brief summary of the complex interplay between ECM macromolecules and cells in tissues and the contribution of ECM in tissue homeostasis and diseases is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Manou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Bouris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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26
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Amos RA, Mohnen D. Critical Review of Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Glycosyltransferase Activities Verified by Heterologous Protein Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379900 PMCID: PMC6646851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle and development of plants requires the biosynthesis, deposition, and degradation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The structures of the diverse cell wall matrix polysaccharides influence commercially important properties of plant cells, including growth, biomass recalcitrance, organ abscission, and the shelf life of fruits. This review is a comprehensive summary of the matrix polysaccharide glycosyltransferase (GT) activities that have been verified using in vitro assays following heterologous GT protein expression. Plant cell wall (PCW) biosynthetic GTs are primarily integral transmembrane proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the plant secretory system. The low abundance of these enzymes in plant tissues makes them particularly difficult to purify from native plant membranes in quantities sufficient for enzymatic characterization, which is essential to study the functions of the different GTs. Numerous activities in the synthesis of the major cell wall matrix glycans, including pectins, xylans, xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans (MLGs), and arabinogalactan components of AGP proteoglycans have been mapped to specific genes and multi-gene families. Cell wall GTs include those that synthesize the polymer backbones, those that elongate side branches with extended glycosyl chains, and those that add single monosaccharide linkages onto polysaccharide backbones and/or side branches. Three main strategies have been used to identify genes encoding GTs that synthesize cell wall linkages: analysis of membrane fractions enriched for cell wall biosynthetic activities, mutational genetics approaches investigating cell wall compositional phenotypes, and omics-directed identification of putative GTs from sequenced plant genomes. Here we compare the heterologous expression systems used to produce, purify, and study the enzyme activities of PCW GTs, with an emphasis on the eukaryotic systems Nicotiana benthamiana, Pichia pastoris, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We discuss the enzymatic properties of GTs including kinetic rates, the chain lengths of polysaccharide products, acceptor oligosaccharide preferences, elongation mechanisms for the synthesis of long-chain polymers, and the formation of GT complexes. Future directions in the study of matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra Mohnen
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27
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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28
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Dharwada ST, Dalton LE, Bean BDM, Padmanabhan N, Choi C, Schluter C, Davey M, Conibear E. The chaperone Chs7 forms a stable complex with Chs3 and promotes its activity at the cell surface. Traffic 2018; 19:285-295. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai T. Dharwada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Lauren E. Dalton
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Björn D. M. Bean
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Nirmala Padmanabhan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Catherine Choi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Cayetana Schluter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Michael Davey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
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29
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Blackburn MR, Hubbard C, Kiessling V, Bi Y, Kloss B, Tamm LK, Zimmer J. Distinct reaction mechanisms for hyaluronan biosynthesis in different kingdoms of life. Glycobiology 2018; 28:108-121. [PMID: 29190396 PMCID: PMC6192386 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is an acidic high molecular weight cell surface polysaccharide ubiquitously expressed by vertebrates, some pathogenic bacteria and even viruses. HA modulates many essential physiological processes and is implicated in numerous pathological conditions ranging from autoimmune diseases to cancer. In various pathogens, HA functions as a non-immunogenic surface polymer that reduces host immune responses. It is a linear polymer of strictly alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine units synthesized by HA synthase (HAS), a membrane-embedded family-2 glycosyltransferase. The enzyme synthesizes HA and secretes the polymer through a channel formed by its own membrane-integrated domain. To reveal how HAS achieves these tasks, we determined the biologically functional units of bacterial and viral HAS in a lipid bilayer environment by co-immunoprecipitation, single molecule fluorescence photobleaching, and site-specific cross-linking analyses. Our results demonstrate that bacterial HAS functions as an obligate homo-dimer with two functional HAS copies required for catalytic activity. In contrast, the viral enzyme, closely related to vertebrate HAS, functions as a monomer. Using site-specific cross-linking, we identify the dimer interface of bacterial HAS and show that the enzyme uses a reaction mechanism distinct from viral HAS that necessitates a dimeric assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Blackburn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Caitlin Hubbard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Volker Kiessling
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yunchen Bi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brian Kloss
- Center on Membrane Protein Production and Analysis (COMPPÅ), New York Structural Biology Center (NYSBC), 89 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lukas K Tamm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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30
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Abstract
The principle of immunoisolation of cells is based on encapsulation of cells in immunoprotective but semipermeable membranes that protect cells from hazardous effects of the host immune system but allows ingress of nutrients and outgress of therapeutic molecules. The technology was introduced in 1933 but has only received its deserved attention for its therapeutic application for three decades now.In the past decade important advances have been made in creating capsules that provoke minimal or no inflammatory responses. There are however new emerging challenges. These challenges relate to optimal nutrition and oxygen supply as well as standardization and documentation of capsule properties.It is concluded that the proof of principle of applicability of encapsulated grafts for treatment of human disease has been demonstrated and merits optimism about its clinical potential. Further innovation requires a much more systematic approach in identifying crucial properties of capsules and cellular grafts to allow sound interpretations of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Vos
- Division of Immuno-Endocrinology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Albesa-Jové D, Romero-García J, Sancho-Vaello E, Contreras FX, Rodrigo-Unzueta A, Comino N, Carreras-González A, Arrasate P, Urresti S, Biarnés X, Planas A, Guerin ME. Structural Snapshots and Loop Dynamics along the Catalytic Cycle of Glycosyltransferase GpgS. Structure 2017. [PMID: 28625787 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) play a central role in nature. They catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety to a broad range of acceptor substrates. GTs are highly selective enzymes, allowing the recognition of subtle structural differences in the sequences and stereochemistry of their sugar and acceptor substrates. We report here a series of structural snapshots of the reaction center of the retaining glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (GpgS). During this sequence of events, we visualize how the enzyme guides the substrates into the reaction center where the glycosyl transfer reaction takes place, and unveil the mechanism of product release, involving multiple conformational changes not only in the substrates/products but also in the enzyme. The structural data are further complemented by metadynamics free-energy calculations, revealing how the equilibrium of loop conformations is modulated along these itineraries. The information reported here represent an important contribution for the understanding of GT enzymes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Albesa-Jové
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Romero-García
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bioengineering Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
| | - F-Xabier Contreras
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Rodrigo-Unzueta
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
| | - Natalia Comino
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Carreras-González
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Pedro Arrasate
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
| | - Saioa Urresti
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bioengineering Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bioengineering Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ed. 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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32
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Xie H, Fu Q, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Xu L, Zhang W, Yang Y, Xu J. Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II predicts poor prognosis of patients with non-metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317691417. [PMID: 28231735 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317691417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II is found to be associated with the alterations of tumor-related glycosylation. However, the clinical significance of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II in non-metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma has not been reported up to now. Herein, our researches suggested that the expression level of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II was first found to be positively associated with tumor size, Fuhrman grade, lymphovascular invasion, rhabdoid differentiation, tumor necrosis and poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival of patients with non-metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, both in training set and validation set. Moreover, beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II expression was identified as an independent adverse prognosticator for overall survival and recurrence-free survival of patients with non-metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Ultimately, prognostic accuracy of the nomogram integrating beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II with other independent prognostic parameters was dramatically improved for overall survival and recurrence-free survival of patients with non-metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Taken together, beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase II is a potential independent adverse prognostic factor for postoperative recurrence and survival, which could be developed as a useful biomarker for non-metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma by a series of further independent and retrospective studies, so as to help the postsurgical management of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Zhang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huyang Xie
- 3 Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,4 Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- 3 Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,4 Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- 5 Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- 6 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Yang
- 7 Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Biochemistry and Physiology of Heavy Metal Resistance and Accumulation in Euglena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:91-121. [PMID: 28429319 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Free-living microorganisms may become suitable models for removal of heavy metals from polluted water bodies, sediments, and soils by using and enhancing their metal accumulating abilities. The available research data indicate that protists of the genus Euglena are a highly promising group of microorganisms to be used in bio-remediation of heavy metal-polluted aerobic and anaerobic acidic aquatic environments. This chapter analyzes the variety of biochemical mechanisms evolved in E. gracilis to resist, accumulate and remove heavy metals from the environment, being the most relevant those involving (1) adsorption to the external cell pellicle; (2) intracellular binding by glutathione and glutathione polymers, and their further compartmentalization as heavy metal-complexes into chloroplasts and mitochondria; (3) polyphosphate biosynthesis; and (4) secretion of organic acids. The available data at the transcriptional, kinetic and metabolic levels on these metabolic/cellular processes are herein reviewed and analyzed to provide mechanistic basis for developing genetically engineered Euglena cells that may have a greater removal and accumulating capacity for bioremediation and recycling of heavy metals.
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34
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Bernardi S, Yi D, He N, Casnati A, Fessner WD, Sansone F. Complete tetraglycosylation of a calix[4]arene by a chemo-enzymatic approach. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:10064-10072. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02448g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that a calixarene can be a substrate for glycosyltransferases and thanks to an exhaustive glycosylation a multivalent tetralactosaminyl calix[4]arene was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Dong Yi
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Ning He
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università di Parma
- I-43124 Parma
- Italy
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35
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Glycolipid substrates for ABC transporters required for the assembly of bacterial cell-envelope and cell-surface glycoconjugates. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1394-1403. [PMID: 27793707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates, molecules that contain sugar components, are major components of the cell envelopes of bacteria and cover much of their exposed surfaces. These molecules are involved in interactions with the surrounding environment and, in pathogens, play critical roles in the interplay with the host immune system. Despite the remarkable diversity in glycoconjugate structures, most are assembled by glycosyltransferases that act on lipid acceptors at the cytosolic membrane. The resulting glycolipids are then transported to the cell surface in processes that frequently begin with ATP-binding cassette transporters. This review summarizes current understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of glycolipid substrates and the structure and functions of their transporters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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Albesa-Jové D, Guerin ME. The conformational plasticity of glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 40:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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A single heterologously expressed plant cellulose synthase isoform is sufficient for cellulose microfibril formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11360-11365. [PMID: 27647898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606210113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are a composite material of polysaccharides, proteins, and other noncarbohydrate polymers. In the majority of plant tissues, the most abundant polysaccharide is cellulose, a linear polymer of glucose molecules. As the load-bearing component of the cell wall, individual cellulose chains are frequently bundled into micro and macrofibrils and are wrapped around the cell. Cellulose is synthesized by membrane-integrated and processive glycosyltransferases that polymerize UDP-activated glucose and secrete the nascent polymer through a channel formed by their own transmembrane regions. Plants express several different cellulose synthase isoforms during primary and secondary cell wall formation; however, so far, none has been functionally reconstituted in vitro for detailed biochemical analyses. Here we report the heterologous expression, purification, and functional reconstitution of Populus tremula x tremuloides CesA8 (PttCesA8), implicated in secondary cell wall formation. The recombinant enzyme polymerizes UDP-activated glucose to cellulose, as determined by enzyme degradation, permethylation glycosyl linkage analysis, electron microscopy, and mutagenesis studies. Catalytic activity is dependent on the presence of a lipid bilayer environment and divalent manganese cations. Further, electron microscopy analyses reveal that PttCesA8 produces cellulose fibers several micrometers long that occasionally are capped by globular particles, likely representing PttCesA8 complexes. Deletion of the enzyme's N-terminal RING-finger domain almost completely abolishes fiber formation but not cellulose biosynthetic activity. Our results demonstrate that reconstituted PttCesA8 is not only sufficient for cellulose biosynthesis in vitro but also suffices to bundle individual glucan chains into cellulose microfibrils.
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Baggenstoss BA, Harris EN, Washburn JL, Medina AP, Nguyen L, Weigel PH. Hyaluronan synthase control of synthesis rate and hyaluronan product size are independent functions differentially affected by mutations in a conserved tandem B-X7-B motif. Glycobiology 2016; 27:154-164. [PMID: 27558839 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthases (HAS) normally make large (>MDa) hyaluronan (HA) products. Smaller HA fragments (e.g. 100-400 kDa) produced in vivo are associated with inflammation and cell signaling by HA receptors that bind small, but not large, HA. Although HA fragments can arise from breakdown by hyaluronidases, HAS might also be regulated directly to synthesize small HA. Here we examined the Streptococcus equisimilis HAS (SeHAS) C-terminus, which contains a tandem B-X7-B motif (K398-X7-R406-X7-K414), by testing the effects of 27 site-specific scanning mutations and 7 C-terminal truncations on HA synthesis activity and weight-average mass. Although HAS enzymes cannot be HA-binding proteins, these motifs are highly conserved within the Class I HAS family. Fifteen Arg406 mutants made large MDa HA (86-110% wildtype size), with specific activities from 70% to 177% of wildtype. In contrast, 10 of 12 Lys398 mutants made HA that was 8-14% of wildtype size (≤250-480 kDa), with specific activities from 14% to 64% of wildtype. Four nearly inactive (2% wildtype activity) C-terminal truncation mutants made MDa HA (56-71% wildtype). The results confirm earlier findings with Cys-mutants [Weigel PH, Baggenstoss BA. 2012. Hyaluronan synthase polymerizing activity and control of product size are discrete enzyme functions that can be uncoupled by mutagenesis of conserved cysteines. Glycobiology 22:1302-1310] that HAS uses two independent activities to control HA size and HA synthesis rate; these are two separate functions. We conclude that HAS regulatory modifications that alter tandem B-X7-B motif conformation could mimic these mutagenesis-induced effects, allowing HAS in vivo to make small HA directly. The results also support a model in which the tandem-motif region is part of the intra-HAS pore and interacts directly with HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Baggenstoss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Washburn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Andria P Medina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Long Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Paul H Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Zielinski T, Reichman M, Donover PS, Lowery RG. Development and Validation of a Universal High-Throughput UDP-Glycosyltransferase Assay with a Time-Resolved FRET Signal. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:240-51. [PMID: 27136323 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase enzymes play diverse metabolic and regulatory roles by catalyzing the transfer of sugar molecules to protein, lipid, and carbohydrate acceptors, and they are increasingly of interest as therapeutic targets in a number of diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. The glycosyltransferases are a challenging target class from an assay development perspective because of the diversity of both donor and acceptor substrates and the lack of suitable glycan detection methods. However, many glycosyltransferases use uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) sugars as donor substrates, and detection of the free UDP reaction product provides a generic approach for measuring the activity of those enzymes. To exploit this approach for a broadly applicable high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for discovery of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, we developed a Transcreener(®) assay for immunodetection of UDP with a time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) signal. We optimized the assay for detection of glycosyltransferase activity with nucleotide diphosphate (NDP) sugars at concentrations from 10 μM to 1 mM, achieving Z' values of 0.6 or higher. The assay was validated by orthogonal pooled screening with 8,000 compounds using polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T3 as the target, and the hits were confirmed using an orthogonal readout. The reagents and signal were both stable for more than 8 h at room temperature, insuring robust performance in automated HTS environments. The TR-FRET-based UDP detection assay provides a broadly applicable approach for screening glycosyltransferases that use a UDP-sugar donor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melvin Reichman
- 2 Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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