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Kraus MS, Walker TM, Perkins D, Keefe RS. Basic auditory processing and emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 27:100225. [PMID: 34840961 PMCID: PMC8606262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zarnowski O, Ziton S, Holmberg R, Musto S, Riegle S, Van Antwerp E, Santos-Nunez G. Functional MRI findings in personality disorders: A review. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:1049-1066. [PMID: 34468063 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) have a prevalence of approximately 10% in the United States, translating to over 30 million people affected in just one country. The true prevalence of these disorders may be even higher, as the paucity of objective diagnostic criteria could be leading to underdiagnosis. Because little is known about the underlying neuropathologies of these disorders, patients are diagnosed using subjective criteria and treated nonspecifically. To better understand the neural aberrancies responsible for these patients' symptoms, a review of functional MRI literature was performed. The findings reveal that each PD is characterized by a unique set of activation changes corresponding to individual structures or specific neural networks. While unique patterns of neural activity are distinguishable within each PD, aberrations of the limbic/paralimbic structures and default mode network are noted across several of them. In addition to identifying valuable activation patterns, this review reveals a void in research pertaining to paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and dependent PDs. By delineating patterns in PD neuropathology, we can more effectively direct future research efforts toward enhancing objective diagnostic techniques and developing targeted treatment modalities. Furthermore, understanding why patients are manifesting certain symptoms can advance clinical awareness and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Zarnowski
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Shirley Ziton
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Rylan Holmberg
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Sarafina Musto
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Sean Riegle
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Van Antwerp
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gabriela Santos-Nunez
- University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Radiology Department, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Attademo L, Bernardini F, Verdolini N. Neural Correlates of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: a Systematic Review of Neuroimaging and EEG Studies. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:1283-1298. [PMID: 33459241 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210114142206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a cluster A personality disorder affecting 1.0% of general population, characterised by disturbances in cognition and reality testing dimensions, affect regulation, and interpersonal function. SPD shares similar but attenuated phenomenological, genetic, and neurobiological abnormalities with schizophrenia (SCZ) and is described as part of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. OBJECTIVE Aim of this work was to identify the major neural correlates of SPD. METHODS This is a systematic review conducted according to PRISMA statement. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO - International prospective register of systematic reviews. The review was performed to summarise the most comprehensive and updated evidence on functional neuroimaging and neurophysiology findings obtained through different techniques (DW-MRI, DTI, PET, SPECT, fMRI, MRS, EEG) in individuals with SPD. RESULTS Of the 52 studies included in this review, 9 were on DW-MRI and DTI, 11 were on PET and SPECT, 11 were on fMRI and MRS, and 21 were on EEG. It was complex to synthesise all the functional abnormalities found into a single, unified, pathogenetic pathway, but a common theme emerged: the dysfunction of brain circuits including striatal, frontal, temporal, limbic regions (and their networks) together with a dysregulation along the dopaminergic pathways. CONCLUSION Brain abnormalities in SPD are similar, but less marked, than those found in SCZ. Furthermore, different patterns of functional abnormalities in SPD and SCZ have been found, confirming the previous literature on the 'presence' of possible compensatory factors, protecting individuals with SPD from frank psychosis and providing diagnostic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Attademo
- Hospital Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Care (S.P.D.C.) of Potenza, Department of Mental Health, ASP Basilicata, Italian National Health Service, Potenza. Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardini
- Hospital Psychiatric Service for Diagnosis and Care (S.P.D.C.) of Pordenone, Department of Mental Health, AsFO Friuli Occidentale, Italian National Health Service, Pordenone. Italy
| | - Norma Verdolini
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel st., Barcelona, Catalunya. Spain
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Kraus MS, Walker TM, Jarskog LF, Millet RA, Keefe RSE. Basic auditory processing deficits and their association with auditory emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:155-161. [PMID: 30268821 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with schizophrenia are impaired in their ability to recognize emotions based on vocal cues and these impairments are associated with poor global outcome. Basic perceptual processes, such as auditory pitch processing, are impaired in schizophrenia and contribute to difficulty identifying emotions. However, previous work has focused on a relatively narrow assessment of auditory deficits and their relation to emotion recognition impairment in schizophrenia. METHODS We have assessed 87 patients with schizophrenia and 73 healthy controls on a comprehensive battery of tasks spanning the five empirically derived domains of auditory function. We also explored the relationship between basic auditory processing and auditory emotion recognition within the patient group using correlational analysis. RESULTS Patients exhibited widespread auditory impairments across multiple domains of auditory function, with mostly medium effect sizes. Performance on all of the basic auditory tests correlated with auditory emotion recognition at the p < .01 level in the patient group, with 9 out of 13 tests correlating with emotion recognition at r = 0.40 or greater. After controlling for cognition, many of the largest correlations involved spectral processing within the phase-locking range and discrimination of vocally based stimuli. CONCLUSIONS While many auditory skills contribute to this impairment, deficient formant discrimination appears to be a key skill contributing to impaired emotion recognition as this was the only basic auditory skill to enter a step-wise multiple regression after first entering a measure of cognitive impairment, and formant discrimination accounted for significant unique variance in emotion recognition performance after accounting for deficits in pitch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 10 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Trina M Walker
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 10 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - L Fredrik Jarskog
- North Carolina Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr # 1, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Robert A Millet
- Carolina Behavioral Care, 4102 Ben Franklin Blvd Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Richard S E Keefe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 10 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kircher T, Bröhl H, Meier F, Engelen J. Formal thought disorders: from phenomenology to neurobiology. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:515-526. [PMID: 29678679 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Formal thought disorder (FTD) is present in most psychiatric disorders and in some healthy individuals. In this Review, we present a comprehensive, integrative, and multilevel account of what is known about FTD, covering genetic, cellular, and neurotransmitter effects, environmental influences, experimental psychology and neuropsychology, brain imaging, phenomenology, linguistics, and treatment. FTD is a dimensional, phenomenologically defined construct, which can be clinically subdivided into positive versus negative and objective versus subjective symptom clusters. Because FTDs have been traditionally linked to schizophrenia, studies in other diagnoses are scarce. Aetiologically, FTD is the only symptom under genetic influence in schizophrenia as shown in linkage studies, but familial communication patterns (allusive thinking) have also been associated with the condition. Positive FTDs are related to synaptic rarefication in the glutamate system of the superior and middle lateral temporal cortices. Cortical volume of the left superior temporal gyrus is decreased in patients with schizophrenia who have positive FTD in structural MRI studies and shows reversed hemispheric (right more than left) activation in functional MRI experiments during speech production. Semantic network dysfunction in positive FTD has been demonstrated in experiments of indirect semantic hyperpriming (reaction time). In acute positive FTD, antipsychotics are effective, but a subgroup of patients have treatment-resistant, chronic, positive or negative FTD. Specific psychotherapy as treatment for FTD has not yet been developed. With this solid data on the pathogenesis of FTD, we can now implement clinical studies to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Henrike Bröhl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Meier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Engelen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany
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Neurological soft signs in Chinese adolescents with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:53-57. [PMID: 27432262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurological soft signs (NSSs) may reflect neurodevelopmental anomalies in association with the spectrum of schizophrenia disorders. We examined NSSs in Chinese adolescents with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits. METHODS Eighty-seven schizophrenic adolescents (SCH group), 85 adolescents with only schizotypal personality traits (SPT group), and 88 healthy controls (HC group) were enrolled. The NSS subscales of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory (CNI) were administered to all 260 participants. RESULTS The NSS prevalence rates were higher in the SCH group than in the other two groups for both hands in the fist-edge-palm, Oseretsky, and graphesthesia tests. Relative to HCs, the SCH group also showed higher NSS prevalence rates in the right finger agnosia and right mirror movement of finger opposition tests. SCH>SPT>HC trends were observed for all NSS subscale scores and for the left, right, and total NSS scores. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the present study is the first to examine NSSs in adolescents with schizophrenia and adolescents with schizotypal personality traits. These results provide preliminary findings suggesting that schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be characterized by developmental abnormalities in the central nervous system, and support the notion that NSSs may be schizophrenia spectrum disorder biomarkers.
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Zhang Q, Shen J, Wu J, Yu X, Lou W, Fan H, Shi L, Wang D. Altered default mode network functional connectivity in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 160:51-6. [PMID: 25458858 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) has been identified to play a critical role in many mental disorders, but such abnormalities have not yet been determined in patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). The purpose of this study was to analyze the alteration of the DMN functional connectivity in subjects with (SPD) and compared it to healthy control subjects. Eighteen DSM-IV diagnosed SPD subjects (all male, average age: 19.7±0.9) from a pool of 3000 first year college students, and eighteen age and gender matched healthy control subjects were recruited (all male, average age: 20.3±0.9). Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to analyze the DMN functional connectivity alteration. Compared to the healthy control group, SPD subjects had significantly decreased functional connectivity in the frontal areas, including the superior and medial frontal gyrus, and greater functional connectivity in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and sub-lobar regions, including the bilateral putamen and caudate. Compared to subjects with SPD, the healthy control group showed decreased functional connectivity in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, but showed greater functional connectivity in the right transverse temporal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus. The healthy control group also showed greater activation in the cerebellum compared to the SPD group. These findings suggest that DMN functional connectivity, particularly that involving cognitive or emotional regulation, is altered in SPD subjects, and thus may be helpful in studying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China; Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Wutao Lou
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hongyu Fan
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Defeng Wang
- Research Center for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Fulham WR, Michie PT, Ward PB, Rasser PE, Todd J, Johnston PJ, Thompson PM, Schall U. Mismatch negativity in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia: a current source density analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100221. [PMID: 24949859 PMCID: PMC4064992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a component of the event-related potential elicited by deviant auditory stimuli. It is presumed to index pre-attentive monitoring of changes in the auditory environment. MMN amplitude is smaller in groups of individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. We compared duration-deviant MMN in 16 recent-onset and 19 chronic schizophrenia patients versus age- and sex-matched controls. Reduced frontal MMN was found in both patient groups, involved reduced hemispheric asymmetry, and was correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and negative symptom ratings. A cortically-constrained LORETA analysis, incorporating anatomical data from each individual's MRI, was performed to generate a current source density model of the MMN response over time. This model suggested MMN generation within a temporal, parietal and frontal network, which was right hemisphere dominant only in controls. An exploratory analysis revealed reduced CSD in patients in superior and middle temporal cortex, inferior and superior parietal cortex, precuneus, anterior cingulate, and superior and middle frontal cortex. A region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed. For the early phase of the MMN, patients had reduced bilateral temporal and parietal response and no lateralisation in frontal ROIs. For late MMN, patients had reduced bilateral parietal response and no lateralisation in temporal ROIs. In patients, correlations revealed a link between GAF and the MMN response in parietal cortex. In controls, the frontal response onset was 17 ms later than the temporal and parietal response. In patients, onset latency of the MMN response was delayed in secondary, but not primary, auditory cortex. However amplitude reductions were observed in both primary and secondary auditory cortex. These latency delays may indicate relatively intact information processing upstream of the primary auditory cortex, but impaired primary auditory cortex or cortico-cortical or thalamo-cortical communication with higher auditory cortices as a core deficit in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ross Fulham
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip B. Ward
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul E. Rasser
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juanita Todd
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Johnston
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics, and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Hazlett EA, Lamade RV, Graff FS, McClure MM, Kolaitis JC, Goldstein KE, Siever LJ, Godbold JH, Moshier E. Visual-spatial working memory performance and temporal gray matter volume predict schizotypal personality disorder group membership. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:350-7. [PMID: 24398009 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work shows individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) evince temporal lobe volume abnormalities similar to schizophrenia but sparing of prefrontal cortex, which may mitigate psychosis and the severe neurocognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia. This study examined the extent to which frontal-temporal gray matter volume and neurocognitive performance predict: (1) SPD group membership in a demographically-balanced sample of 51 patients and 37 healthy controls; and (2) symptom severity in SPD. METHODS Dimensional gray-matter volume (left frontal-temporal regions (Brodmann area (BA) 10, 21, 22)) and neurocognitive performance on key memory tasks (California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Dot Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)), all salient to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders were examined in a multi-variable model. RESULTS Middle temporal gyrus (BA21) volume and spatial-working memory (Dot Test) performance were significant predictors of SPD group membership likelihood, with poorer working-memory performance indicating increased probability of SPD membership. Combining across regional volumes or cognitive measures resulted in fair-to-good discrimination of group membership, but including neurocognitive and non-collinear regional volume measures together resulted in a receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve with improved diagnostic discrimination. Larger BA10 volume in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) significantly predicted less symptom severity in SPD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that temporal lobe volume and spatial-working memory performance are promising biological/phenotype markers for likelihood of SPD classification, while greater DLPFC volume may serve as a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 3), James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Research & Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Raina V Lamade
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 3), James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fiona S Graff
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 3), James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Margaret M McClure
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 3), James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jeanine C Kolaitis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Research & Development, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kim E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Outpatient Psychiatry, James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry, Bronx, NY, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC VISN 3), James J. Peter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - James H Godbold
- Department of Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erin Moshier
- Department of Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Ettinger U, Meyhöfer I, Steffens M, Wagner M, Koutsouleris N. Genetics, cognition, and neurobiology of schizotypal personality: a review of the overlap with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:18. [PMID: 24600411 PMCID: PMC3931123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizotypy refers to a set of temporally stable traits that are observed in the general population and that resemble the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review evidence from studies on genetics, cognition, perception, motor and oculomotor control, brain structure, brain function, and psychopharmacology in schizotypy. We specifically focused on identifying areas of overlap between schizotypy and schizophrenia. Evidence was corroborated that significant overlap exists between the two, covering the behavioral brain structural and functional as well molecular levels. In particular, several studies showed that individuals with high levels of schizotypal traits exhibit alterations in neurocognitive task performance and underlying brain function similar to the deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia. Studies of brain structure have shown both volume reductions and increase in schizotypy, pointing to schizophrenia-like deficits as well as possible protective or compensatory mechanisms. Experimental pharmacological studies have shown that high levels of schizotypy are associated with (i) enhanced dopaminergic response in striatum following administration of amphetamine and (ii) improvement of cognitive performance following administration of antipsychotic compounds. Together, this body of work suggests that schizotypy shows overlap with schizophrenia across multiple behavioral and neurobiological domains, suggesting that the study of schizotypal traits may be useful in improving our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Vu MAT, Thermenos HW, Terry DP, Wolfe DJ, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, McCarley RW, Seidman LJ, Dickey CC. Working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: fMRI activation and deactivation differences. Schizophr Res 2013; 151:113-23. [PMID: 24161536 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is considered a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, sharing with schizophrenia cognitive, neuropsychological, epidemiological, and biological characteristics. Working memory may be one area of shared deficit, although to date, this is only the second study to investigate working memory in SPD using fMRI. METHODS In a block-design fMRI study, fifteen antipsychotic-naïve SPD and sixteen healthy control subjects performed blocks of a 2back visual working memory task and 0back continuous performance task while undergoing whole-brain fMRI at 3T. Whole-brain analyses were performed for the 0back>rest (fixation baseline) and the 2back>0back contrasts (isolating the working memory component from the visual perception and attention component). Parameter estimates were extracted to determine whether observed differences were due to task-induced activation and/or deactivation. RESULTS Activation differences emerged between the two groups, without differences in task performance. In the 0back task, SPD showed decreased task-induced activation of the left postcentral gyrus. In the 2back>0back contrast, HC showed greater task-induced activation of the left posterior cingulate gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula, and middle frontal gyrus. These differences were due to SPD subjects' decreased task-induced activation in the left posterior cingulate gyrus, and task-induced deactivation in the remaining regions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that compared to HC subjects, individuals with SPD may achieve comparable working memory performance. However, differences emerge at the level of functional neural activation, attributable to different task-induced activation and deactivation patterns. Such differential recruitment of neural resources may be beneficial, contributing to SPD subjects' ability to perform these tasks comparably to HC subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Anh T Vu
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Fervaha G, Remington G. Neuroimaging findings in schizotypal personality disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:96-107. [PMID: 23220094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypal personality disorder is the prototypical schizophrenia-spectrum condition, sharing similar phenomenological, cognitive, genetic, physiological, neurochemical, neuroanatomical and neurofunctional abnormalities with schizophrenia. Investigations into SPD circumvent many confounds inherent to schizophrenia such as medication and institutionalization. Hence, SPD offers a unique vantage point from which to study schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. METHODS We systematically reviewed the neuroimaging literature in SPD to establish: (1) whether there are concordant findings in SPD and schizophrenia, possibly reflective of core pathology between the two conditions and (2) whether there are discordant findings in SPD and schizophrenia, possibly reflecting protective factors in the former. The findings are synthesized across structural and functional neuroimaging domains. RESULTS A total of 54 studies were identified. Medial temporal lobe structures seem to be compromised in both SPD and schizophrenia. In schizophrenia prefrontal structures are further compromised, whereas in SPD these seem to be larger-than-normal, possibly reflecting a compensatory mechanism. Additional pathology is discussed, including evidence of aberrant subcortical dopaminergic functioning. CONCLUSIONS SPD is a schizophrenia-spectrum condition that shares pathology with schizophrenia, but is distinct in showing unique neural findings. Future studies are needed to confirm and localize regions of common and disparate pathology between SPD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Fervaha
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Dickey CC, Vu MAT, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, McCarley RW, Panych LP. Prosodic abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2012; 142:20-30. [PMID: 23068317 PMCID: PMC3502641 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with schizophrenia speak with blunted vocal affect but little is known regarding the prosody of persons with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). This work examined expressive prosody in SPD, its relationship to brain structure, and outlined a framework for measuring elements of prosody in clinical populations. METHODS Twenty-eight antipsychotic-naïve SPD subjects were matched with 27 healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Subjects read aloud short sentences and responded to probes to record both predetermined and self-generated speech samples. Samples were analyzed acoustically (pause proportion, duration, attack, and pitch variability) and subjectively by raters (amount of pauses, degree of emotion portrayed, and how much they wanted to hear more from the subjects) on paragraph, sentence, word, word-fragment, and syllable levels. Alexithymia and ability to self-monitor behavior were compared between groups. The pars opercularis was manually traced on structural MRI data. RESULTS SPD subjects' speech had significantly more pauses, was slower, had less pitch variability, and expressed less emotion than HC subjects. Pitch variability correlated with socio-economic status achievement. There was no difference between groups in left or right pars opercularis volumes. A statistically significant correlation suggested that smaller left pars opercularis volumes in SPD subjects correlated with more pauses and less emotion. SPD subjects reported more alexithymia and difficulty self-monitoring their behavior compared with controls. In SPD subjects the high alexithymia correlated with raters not wanting to hear more from them and SPD subjects' inability to modulate their social behavior correlated with their having fewer friends. Thus, the SPD subjects exhibited insight. CONCLUSIONS SPD subjects displayed significant prosodic deficits that were measurable in speech samples as brief as a word-fragment. The determinants of these deficits are not known although these may include a dysfunctional pars opercularis. These data add to the nascent literature describing social cognition deficits in SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandlee C. Dickey
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301,Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301,Corresponding Author: Chandlee Dickey, M.D. VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychiatry 116A-7, 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301 Phone: (774) 826-2457 Fax: (774) 826-1859
| | - Mai-Anh T Vu
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1249 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Martina M. Voglmaier
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301
| | - Margaret A. Niznikiewicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301,Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 1249 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Robert W. McCarley
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School 940 Belmont St., Brockton, MA 02301
| | - Lawrence P. Panych
- Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02216
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Kostova M, de Loye C, Blanchet A. Left but not right hemisphere semantic processing abnormalities in language comprehension in subjects with schizotypy traits. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:84-91. [PMID: 20627324 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thought and language disorders in schizophrenia and schizotypy are thought to result from hemispheric dysfunction during semantic processing. Left hemisphere (LH) abnormalities are well established, but little is known about right hemisphere (RH) semantic processes. We explored hemispheric processing in 50 healthy volunteers assigned to high (h-SZT) or low schizotypy (l-SZT) group using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Subjects were asked to make semantic judgments on sentence pair ending with a target that was either expected word (EW) or an unexpected word from the same (related violation, RV) or a different category (unrelated violation, URV). Targets were presented in a dichotic manner to the left or right ear. Analyses of reaction times in the l-SZT group showed semantic compatibility effect (URV-EW) in the LH and semantic memory activation effect (RV-URV) as well as semantic compatibility effect in the RH. The h-SZT group showed semantic memory activation but no semantic compatibility effect in the LH, the RH pattern resembling that of the l-SZT group. The magnitude of the LH semantic compatibility effect was inversely correlated with SPQ total scores and SPQ Cognitive-perceptual factor. Thus, RH semantic processes are effective and there is a deficit in LH focused activation in schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kostova
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (EA 2027), Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France.
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15
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Hazlett EA, Goldstein KE, Tajima-Pozo K, Speidel ER, Zelmanova Y, Entis JJ, Silverman JM, New AS, Koenigsberg HW, Haznedar MM, Byne W, Siever LJ. Cingulate and temporal lobe fractional anisotropy in schizotypal personality disorder. Neuroimage 2011; 55:900-8. [PMID: 21223999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consistent with the clinical picture of milder symptomatology in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) than schizophrenia, morphological studies indicate SPD abnormalities in temporal lobe regions but to a much lesser extent in prefrontal regions implicated in schizophrenia. Lower fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white-matter integrity within prefrontal, temporal, and cingulate regions has been reported in schizophrenia but has been little studied in SPD. AIMS The study aim was to examine temporal and prefrontal white matter FA in 30 neuroleptic-naïve SPD patients and 35 matched healthy controls (HCs). We hypothesized that compared with HCs, SPD patients would exhibit lower FA in temporal lobe and anterior cingulum regions but relative sparing in prefrontal regions. METHOD We acquired diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in all participants and examined FA in the white matter underlying Brodmann areas (BAs) in dorsolateral prefrontal (BAs 44, 45, and 46), temporal lobe (BAs 22, 21, and 20), and cingulum (BAs 25, 24, 31, 23, and 29) regions with a series of analyses using multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS Compared with HCs, the SPD group had significantly lower FA in the left temporal lobe but not prefrontal regions. In the cingulum, FA was lower in the SPD group in the posterior regions (BAs 31 and 23), higher in the anterior (BA 25) regions and lower overall in the right but not the left cingulum. Among the SPD group, lower FA in the cingulum was associated with more severe negative symptoms (e.g., odd speech). CONCLUSIONS Similar to schizophrenia, our results indicate cingulum-temporal lobe FA abnormalities in SPD and suggest that cingulum abnormalities are associated with negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Hazlett
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center VISN 3, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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16
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Factors in sensory processing of prosody in schizotypal personality disorder: an fMRI experiment. Schizophr Res 2010; 121:75-89. [PMID: 20362418 PMCID: PMC2905482 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits in prosody recognition. To examine prosody along the schizophrenia spectrum, antipsychotic-naïve schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) subjects and healthy control subjects were compared. It was hypothesized that SPD subjects would perform more poorly; with cognitive and demographic factors contributing to the poor performance. The superior temporal gyrus (STG) was selected as the region-of-interest (ROI) given its known abnormalities in SPD and its important role in the processing of prosody. METHODS SPD and healthy comparison (HC) subjects were matched on age, IQ, and parental social-economic status (PSES). Cognitive measures included the Speech Sound Perception Test (SSPT) to examine phonological processing (SPD=68, HC=74) and the Verbal Fluency task to examine executive functioning (SPD=129, HC=138). The main experiment was a novel fMRI task of prosody identification using semantically neutral sentences spoken with emotional prosody (SPD=16, HC=13). Finally, volumetric measurement of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), a key region for processing prosody, and partially overlapping with the STG, was performed (SPD=30, HC=30). RESULTS Phonological processing and executive functioning were both impaired in SPD subjects compared with HC subjects. Contrary to the prediction, SPD subjects, as a group, were similar to HC subjects in terms of correctly indentifying the emotion conveyed and reaction time. Within the SPD group, prosody identification accuracy was influenced by executive functioning, IQ and perhaps PSES, relationships not found with HC subjects. Phonological perception aided prosody identification in both diagnostic groups. As expected, both groups activated the STG while performing the prosody identification task. However, SPD subjects may have been less "efficient" in their recruitment of STG neurons. Finally, SPD subjects demonstrated a trend toward smaller STS volumes on the left, particularly the lower bank. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that subtle differences between SPD and controls in phonological processing, executive functioning, IQ, and possibly PSES, contributed to difficulty in processing prosody for some SPD subjects.
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Macedo CE, Angst MJ, Guiberteau T, Brasse D, O'Brien TJ, Sandner G. Acoustic hypersensitivity in adult rats after neonatal ventral hippocampus lesions. Behav Brain Res 2009; 207:161-8. [PMID: 19818810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rats with a bilateral neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (NVHL) are used as models of neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia. In view of their decreased number of GABAergic interneurons, we hypothesized that they would show increased reactivity to acoustic stimuli. We systematically characterized the acoustic reactivity of NVHL rats and sham operated controls. They were behaviourally observed during a loud white noise. A first cohort of 7 months' old rats was studied. Then the observations were reproduced in a second cohort of the same age after characterizing the reactivity of the same rats to dopaminergic drugs. A third cohort of rats was studied at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. In subsets of lesioned and control rats, inferior colliculus auditory evoked potentials were recorded. A significant proportion of rats (50-62%) showed aberrant audiogenic responses with explosive wild running resembling the initial phase of audiogenic seizures. This was not correlated with their well-known enhanced reactivity to dopaminergic drugs. The proportion of rats showing this strong reaction increased with rats' age. After the cessation of the noise, NVHL rats showed a long freezing period that did neither depend on the size of the lesion nor on the rats' age. The initial negative deflection of the auditory evoked potential was enhanced in the inferior colliculus of only NVHL rats that displayed wild running. Complementary anatomical investigations using X-ray scans in the living animal, and alizarin red staining of brain slices, revealed a thin layer of calcium deposit close to the medial geniculate nuclei in post-NVHL rats, raising the possibility that this may contribute to the hyper-reactivity to sounds seen in these animals. The findings of this study provide complementary information with potential relevance for the hyper-reactivity noted in patients with schizophrenia, and therefore a tool to investigate the underlying biology of this endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Macedo
- Laboratorio de Psicobiologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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Goldstein KE, Hazlett EA, New AS, Haznedar MM, Newmark RE, Zelmanova Y, Passarelli V, Weinstein SR, Canfield EL, Meyerson DA, Tang CY, Buchsbaum MS, Siever LJ. Smaller superior temporal gyrus volume specificity in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2009; 112:14-23. [PMID: 19473820 PMCID: PMC2782902 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superior temporal gyrus (STG/BA22) volume is reduced in schizophrenia and to a milder degree in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), representing a less severe disorder in the schizophrenia spectrum. SPD and Borderline personality disorder (BPD) are severe personality disorders characterized by social and cognitive dysfunction. However, while SPD is characterized by social withdrawal/anhedonia, BPD is marked by hyper-reactivity to interpersonal stimuli and hyper-emotionality. This is the first morphometric study to directly compare SPD and BPD patients in temporal lobe volume. METHODS We compared three age-, sex-, and education-matched groups: 27 unmedicated SPD individuals with no BPD traits, 52 unmedicated BPD individuals with no SPD traits, and 45 healthy controls. We examined gray matter volume of frontal and temporal lobe Brodmann areas (BAs), and dorsal/ventral amygdala from 3-T magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS In the STG, an auditory association area reported to be dysfunctional in SPD and BPD, the SPD patients had significantly smaller volume than healthy controls and BPD patients. No group differences were found between BPD patients and controls. Smaller BA22 volume was associated with greater symptom severity in SPD patients. Reduced STG volume may be an important endophenotype for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. SPD is distinct from BPD in terms of STG volume abnormalities which may reflect different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and could help discriminate between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin A. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Erin A. Hazlett, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Box 1505, Mount Sinal School of Medicine, NY, NY 10029.
| | - Antonia S. New
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NY and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
| | - M. Mehmet Haznedar
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randall E. Newmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuliya Zelmanova
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Passarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shauna R. Weinstein
- Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NY and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
| | - Emily L. Canfield
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A. Meyerson
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheuk Y. Tang
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monte S. Buchsbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NY and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
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Niznikiewicz MA, Spencer KM, Dickey C, Voglmaier M, Seidman LJ, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Abnormal pitch mismatch negativity in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 2009; 110:188-93. [PMID: 19327968 PMCID: PMC4285443 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the study was to examine mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) individuals. Abnormal MMN has been a consistent finding in chronic schizophrenia and there also have been reports of reduced duration MMN in first episode schizophrenia patients [Umbricht, D., Krljes, S., Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research (2005); 76(1):1-23], with some studies finding no pitch MMN amplitude differences [Salisbury, D.F., Shenton, M.E., Griggs, C.B., Bonner-Jackson, A., McCarley, R.W., Mismatch negativity n chronic schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry (2002); 59(8):686-694.], while others reporting a modest reduction [Umbricht, D.S., Bates, J.A., Lieberman, J.A., Kane, J.M., Javitt, D.C., Electrophysiological indices of automatic and controlled auditory information processing in first-episode, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry (2006); 59(8):762-772], in recent onset schizophrenia patients. To our knowledge no reports exist of MMN in SPD individuals. METHODS Twenty six normal (14 females) control and 23 SPD (12 females) individuals were tested using the pitch MMN paradigm. Normal control (NC) and SPD individuals were recruited from the general population and assessed using DSM-IV. SPD individuals were included if they met 5 or more criteria for SPD disorder. The subjects listened to 2000 frequent 1 kHz pure tones and 100 rare 1.2 kHz pure tones while reading a magazine article. MMN was measured from a difference waveform within the latency window of 175-276 ms. RESULTS Reduced MMN amplitude was found in SPD relative to NC subjects (p<0.045). CONCLUSIONS These results point to potential differences between SPD and schizophrenia, where no reduction in MMN was found in most studies of first episode patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Niznikiewicz
- VA Boston Healthcare System Boston VA Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain VA and Brockton VA campuses, United States.
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