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Cheng P, Li Y, Wang G, Dong H, Liu H, Shen W, Zhou W. Aberrant topology of white matter networks in patients with methamphetamine dependence and its application in support vector machine-based classification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6958. [PMID: 37117256 PMCID: PMC10147725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain white matter (WM) networks have been widely studied in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, few studies have evaluated alterations in WM network topological organization in patients with methamphetamine (MA) dependence. Therefore, using machine learning classification methods to analyze WM network topological attributes may give new insights into patients with MA dependence. In the study, diffusion tensor imaging-based probabilistic tractography was used to map the weighted WM networks in 46 MA-dependent patients and 46 control subjects. Using graph-theoretical analyses, the global and regional topological attributes of WM networks for both groups were calculated and compared to determine inter-group differences using a permutation-based general linear model. In addition, the study used a support vector machine (SVM) learning approach to construct a classifier for discriminating subjects with MA dependence from control subjects. Relative to the control group, the MA-dependent group exhibited abnormal topological organization, as evidenced by decreased small-worldness and modularity, and increased nodal efficiency in the right medial superior temporal gyrus, right pallidum, and right ventromedial putamen; the MA-dependent group had the higher hubness scores in 25 regions, which were mainly located in the default mode network. An SVM trained with topological attributes achieved classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and kappa values of 98.09% ± 2.59%, 98.24% ± 4.00%, 97.94% ± 4.26%, and 96.18% ± 5.19% for patients with MA dependence. Our results may suggest altered global WM structural networks in MA-dependent patients. Furthermore, the abnormal WM network topological attributes may provide promising features for the construction of high-efficacy classification models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 57# Xing Ning Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yadi Li
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 57# Xing Ning Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 57# Xing Ning Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, 57# Xing Ning Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo University, 1# Zhuangyu South Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo University, 1# Zhuangyu South Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo University, 1# Zhuangyu South Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Lei D, Qin K, Pinaya WHL, Young J, Van Amelsvoort T, Marcelis M, Donohoe G, Mothersill DO, Corvin A, Vieira S, Lui S, Scarpazza C, Arango C, Bullmore E, Gong Q, McGuire P, Mechelli A. Graph Convolutional Networks Reveal Network-Level Functional Dysconnectivity in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:881-892. [PMID: 35569019 PMCID: PMC9212102 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia is increasingly understood as a disorder of brain dysconnectivity. Recently, graph-based approaches such as graph convolutional network (GCN) have been leveraged to explore complex pairwise similarities in imaging features among brain regions, which can reveal abstract and complex relationships within brain networks. STUDY DESIGN We used GCN to investigate topological abnormalities of functional brain networks in schizophrenia. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 505 individuals with schizophrenia and 907 controls across 6 sites. Whole-brain functional connectivity matrix was extracted for each individual. We examined the performance of GCN relative to support vector machine (SVM), extracted the most salient regions contributing to both classification models, investigated the topological profiles of identified salient regions, and explored correlation between nodal topological properties of each salient region and severity of symptom. STUDY RESULTS GCN enabled nominally higher classification accuracy (85.8%) compared with SVM (80.9%). Based on the saliency map, the most discriminative brain regions were located in a distributed network including striatal areas (ie, putamen, pallidum, and caudate) and the amygdala. Significant differences in the nodal efficiency of bilateral putamen and pallidum between patients and controls and its correlations with negative symptoms were detected in post hoc analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that GCN allows classification of schizophrenia at the individual level with high accuracy, indicating a promising direction for detection of individual patients with schizophrenia. Functional topological deficits of striatal areas may represent a focal neural deficit of negative symptomatology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter H L Pinaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Young
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Therese Van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Care Institute Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Donohoe
- School of Psychology & Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, NUI Galway University, Galway, Ireland
| | - David O Mothersill
- Psychology Department, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra Vieira
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Celso Arango
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ed Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qiyong Gong
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China; tel: 86-18980601593, fax: 028-85423503,
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Thalamic and striato-pallidal volumes in schizophrenia patients and individuals at risk for psychosis: A multi-atlas segmentation study. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:268-275. [PMID: 32448678 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite previous neuroimaging studies demonstrating morphological abnormalities of the thalamus and other subcortical structures in patients with schizophrenia, the potential role of the thalamus and its subdivisions in the pathophysiology of this illness remains elusive. It is also unclear whether similar changes of these structures occur in individuals at high risk for psychosis. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging was employed with the Multiple Automatically Generated Templates (MAGeT) brain segmentation algorithm to determine volumes of the thalamic subdivisions, the striatum (caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens), and the globus pallidus in 62 patients with schizophrenia, 38 individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) [4 of whom (10.5%) subsequently developed schizophrenia], and 61 healthy subjects. Cognitive function of the patients was assessed by using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). Thalamic volume (particularly the medial dorsal and ventral lateral nuclei) was smaller in the schizophrenia group than the ARMS and control groups, while there were no differences for the striatum and globus pallidus. In the schizophrenia group, the reduction of thalamic ventral lateral nucleus volume was significantly associated with lower BACS score. The pallidal volume was positively correlated with the dose of antipsychotic treatment in the schizophrenia group. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia, but not those with ARMS, exhibit volume reduction in specific thalamic subdivisions, which may underlie core clinical features of this illness.
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Smigielski L, Wotruba D, Treyer V, Rössler J, Papiol S, Falkai P, Grünblatt E, Walitza S, Rössler W. The Interplay Between Postsynaptic Striatal D2/3 Receptor Availability, Adversity Exposure and Odd Beliefs: A [11C]-Raclopride PET Study. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1495-1508. [PMID: 33876249 PMCID: PMC8379534 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between unaffected mental health and diagnosable psychiatric disorders, there is a vast continuum of functioning. The hypothesized link between striatal dopamine signaling and psychosis has guided a prolific body of research. However, it has been understudied in the context of multiple interacting factors, subclinical phenotypes, and pre-postsynaptic dynamics. METHOD This work investigated psychotic-like experiences and D2/3 dopamine postsynaptic receptor availability in the dorsal striatum, quantified by in vivo [11C]-raclopride positron emission tomography, in a sample of 24 healthy male individuals. Additional mediation and moderation effects with childhood trauma and key dopamine-regulating genes were examined. RESULTS An inverse relationship between nondisplaceable binding potential and subclinical symptoms was identified. D2/3 receptor availability in the left putamen fully mediated the association between traumatic childhood experiences and odd beliefs, that is, inclinations to see meaning in randomness and unfounded interpretations. Moreover, the effect of early adversity was moderated by a DRD2 functional variant (rs1076560). The results link environmental and neurobiological influences in the striatum to the origination of psychosis spectrum symptomology, consistent with the social defeat and diathesis-stress models. CONCLUSIONS Adversity exposure may affect the dopamine system as in association with biases in probabilistic reasoning, attributional style, and salience processing. The inverse relationship between D2/3 availability and symptomology may be explained by endogenous dopamine occupying the receptor, postsynaptic compensatory mechanisms, and/or altered receptor sensitivity. This may also reflect a cognitively stabilizing mechanism in non-help-seeking individuals. Future research should comprehensively characterize molecular parameters of dopamine neurotransmission along the psychosis spectrum and according to subtype profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Smigielski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Militärstrasse 8, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland; tel: +044-296-73-94, fax: +044-296-74-69, e-mail:
| | - Diana Wotruba
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Treyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Julian Rössler
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Numerical density of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters in the anterior putamen in major psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:841-850. [PMID: 32060609 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to support the notion that oligodendrocyte and myelin abnormalities may contribute to the functional dysconnectivity found in the major psychiatric disorders. The putamen, which is an important hub in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop, has been implicated in a broad spectrum of psychiatric illnesses and is a central target of their treatments. Previously we reported a reduction in the numerical density of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters in the prefrontal and parietal cortex in schizophrenia. Oligodendrocyte clusters contain oligodendrocyte progenitors and are involved in functionally dependent myelination. We measured the numerical density (Nv) of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters in the putamen in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) as compared to healthy controls (15 cases per group). Optical disector was used to estimate the Nv of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters. A significant reduction in both the Nv of oligodendrocytes (- 34%; p < 0.01) and the Nv of oligodendrocyte clusters (- 41%; p < 0.05) was found in the schizophrenia group as compared to the control group. Sexual dimorphism for both measurements was found only within the control group. The Nv of oligodendrocytes was significantly lower in male schizophrenia cases as compared to the male control cases. However, the Nv of oligodendrocyte clusters was significantly lower in all male clinical cases as compared to the male control group. The data suggest that lowered density of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters may contribute to the altered functional connectivity in the putamen in subjects with schizophrenia.
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Meller T, Ettinger U, Grant P, Nenadić I. The association of striatal volume and positive schizotypy in healthy subjects: intelligence as a moderating factor. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2355-2363. [PMID: 31530329 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizotypy, a putative schizophrenia endophenotype, has been associated with brain-structural variations partly overlapping with those in psychotic disorders. Variations in precuneus structure have been repeatedly reported, whereas the involvement of fronto-striatal networks - as in schizophrenia - is less clear. While shared genetic architecture is thought to increase vulnerability to environmental insults, beneficial factors like general intelligence might buffer their effect. METHODS To further investigate the role of fronto-striatal networks in schizotypy, we examined the relationship of voxel- and surface-based brain morphometry and a measure of schizotypal traits (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, with subscores Cognitive-Perceptual, Interpersonal, Disorganised) in 115 healthy participants [54 female, mean age (s.d.) = 27.57(8.02)]. We tested intelligence (MWT-B) as a potential moderator. RESULTS We found a positive association of SPQ Cognitive-Perceptual with putamen volume (p = 0.040, FWE peak level-corrected), moderated by intelligence: with increasing IQ, the correlation of SPQ Cognitive-Perceptual and striatal volume decreased (p = 0.022). SPQ Disorganised was positively correlated with precentral volume (p = 0.013, FWE peak level-corrected). In an exploratory analysis (p < 0.001, uncorrected), SPQ total score was positively associated with gyrification in the precuneus and postcentral gyrus, and SPQ Disorganised was negatively associated with gyrification in the inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the role of fronto-striatal networks for schizotypal features in healthy individuals, and suggest that these are influenced by buffering factors like intelligence. We conclude that protective factors, like general cognitive capacity, might attenuate the psychosis risk associated with schizotypy. These results endorse the idea of a continuous nature of schizotypy, mirroring similar findings in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Meller
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111Bonn, Germany
| | - Phillip Grant
- Psychology School, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Marienburgstr. 6, 60528Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Faculty of Life Science Engineering, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35032Marburg, Germany
- Marburg University Hospital - UKGM, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039Marburg, Germany
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Bykowsky O, Harrisberger F, Schmidt A, Smieskova R, Hauke DJ, Egloff L, Riecher-Rössler A, Fusar-Poli P, Huber CG, Lang UE, Andreou C, Borgwardt S. Association of antidepressants with brain morphology in early stages of psychosis: an imaging genomics approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8516. [PMID: 31186482 PMCID: PMC6560086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive symptoms in subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) or at first-episode psychosis (FEP) are often treated with antidepressants. Our cross-sectional study investigated whether brain morphology is altered by antidepressant medication. High-resolution T1-weighted structural MRI scans of 33 CHR-P and FEP subjects treated with antidepressants, 102 CHR-P and FEP individuals without antidepressant treatment and 55 controls, were automatically segmented using Freesurfer 6.0. Linear mixed-effects modelling was applied to assess the differences in subcortical volume, surface area and cortical thickness in treated, non-treated and healthy subjects, taking into account converted dosages of antidepressants. Increasing antidepressant dose was associated with larger volume of the pallidum and the putamen, and larger surface of the left inferior temporal gyrus. In a pilot subsample of separately studied subjects of known genomic risk loci, we found that in the right postcentral gyrus, the left paracentral lobule and the precentral gyrus antidepressant dose-associated surface increase depended on polygenic schizophrenia-related-risk score. As the reported regions are linked to the symptoms of psychosis, our findings reflect the possible beneficial effects of antidepressant treatment on an emerging psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Bykowsky
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Addiction Medicine, Châlons-en-Champagne General Hospital, Châlons-en-Champagne, France
| | - Fabienne Harrisberger
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renata Smieskova
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Hauke
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Egloff
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian G Huber
- Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Andreou
- Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Neuropsychiatry and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical Detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Luo Q, Chen Q, Wang W, Desrivières S, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Macare C, Robert GH, Cui J, Guedj M, Palaniyappan L, Kherif F, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Pausova Z, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Crivello F, Berman KF, Li F, Paus T, Weinberger DR, Murray RM, Schumann G, Feng J. Association of a Schizophrenia-Risk Nonsynonymous Variant With Putamen Volume in Adolescents: A Voxelwise and Genome-Wide Association Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:435-445. [PMID: 30649180 PMCID: PMC6450291 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Importance Deviation from normal adolescent brain development precedes manifestations of many major psychiatric symptoms. Such altered developmental trajectories in adolescents may be linked to genetic risk for psychopathology. Objective To identify genetic variants associated with adolescent brain structure and explore psychopathologic relevance of such associations. Design, Setting, and Participants Voxelwise genome-wide association study in a cohort of healthy adolescents aged 14 years and validation of the findings using 4 independent samples across the life span with allele-specific expression analysis of top hits. Group comparison of the identified gene-brain association among patients with schizophrenia, unaffected siblings, and healthy control individuals. This was a population-based, multicenter study combined with a clinical sample that included participants from the IMAGEN cohort, Saguenay Youth Study, Three-City Study, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development sample cohorts and UK biobank who were assessed for both brain imaging and genetic sequencing. Clinical samples included patients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings of patients from the Lieber Institute for Brain Development study. Data were analyzed between October 2015 and April 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Gray matter volume was assessed by neuroimaging and genetic variants were genotyped by Illumina BeadChip. Results The discovery sample included 1721 adolescents (873 girls [50.7%]), with a mean (SD) age of 14.44 (0.41) years. The replication samples consisted of 8690 healthy adults (4497 women [51.8%]) from 4 independent studies across the life span. A nonsynonymous genetic variant (minor T allele of rs13107325 in SLC39A8, a gene implicated in schizophrenia) was associated with greater gray matter volume of the putamen (variance explained of 4.21% in the left hemisphere; 8.66; 95% CI, 6.59-10.81; P = 5.35 × 10-18; and 4.44% in the right hemisphere; t = 8.90; 95% CI, 6.75-11.19; P = 6.80 × 10-19) and also with a lower gene expression of SLC39A8 specifically in the putamen (t127 = -3.87; P = 1.70 × 10-4). The identified association was validated in samples across the life span but was significantly weakened in both patients with schizophrenia (z = -3.05; P = .002; n = 157) and unaffected siblings (z = -2.08; P = .04; n = 149). Conclusions and Relevance Our results show that a missense mutation in gene SLC39A8 is associated with larger gray matter volume in the putamen and that this association is significantly weakened in schizophrenia. These results may suggest a role for aberrant ion transport in the etiology of psychosis and provide a target for preemptive developmental interventions aimed at restoring the functional effect of this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Pharnext, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ile de France, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Christine Macare
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Gabriel H. Robert
- EA 4712 “Behavior and Basal Ganglia,” Rennes University 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jing Cui
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Guedj
- Pharnext, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ile de France, France
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ferath Kherif
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
- Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
- GH Nord Essonne Psychiatry Department, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1219, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1219, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
- Commissariat à L'énergie Atomiquecea, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-Equipe 5, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karen F. Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, MOE-Shanghai Key Lab for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated To Shang Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, England
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, England
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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9
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Kubota M, Nagashima T, Takano H, Kodaka F, Fujiwara H, Takahata K, Moriguchi S, Kimura Y, Higuchi M, Okubo Y, Takahashi H, Ito H, Suhara T. Affinity States of Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptors in Antipsychotic-Free Patients with Schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:928-935. [PMID: 29016872 PMCID: PMC5737675 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D2 receptors are reported to have high-affinity (D2High) and low-affinity (D2Low) states. Although an increased proportion of D2High has been demonstrated in animal models of schizophrenia, few clinical studies have investigated this alteration of D2High in schizophrenia in vivo. METHODS Eleven patients with schizophrenia, including 10 antipsychotic-naive and 1 antipsychotic-free individuals, and 17 healthy controls were investigated. Psychopathology was assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and a 5-factor model was used. Two radioligands, [11C]raclopride and [11C]MNPA, were employed to quantify total dopamine D2 receptor and D2High, respectively, in the striatum by measuring their binding potentials. Binding potential values of [11C]raclopride and [11C]MNPA and the binding potential ratio of [11C]MNPA to [11C]raclopride in the striatal subregions were statistically compared between the 2 diagnostic groups using multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for age, gender, and smoking. Correlations between binding potential and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores were also examined. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant effect of diagnosis (schizophrenia and control) on the binding potential ratio (P=.018), although the effects of diagnosis on binding potential values obtained with either [11C]raclopride or [11C]MNPA were nonsignificant. Posthoc test showed that the binding potential ratio was significantly higher in the putamen of patients (P=.017). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale "depressed" factor in patients was positively correlated with binding potential values of both ligands in the caudate. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates the possibilities of: (1) a higher proportion of D2High in the putamen despite unaltered amounts of total dopamine D2 receptors; and (2) associations between depressive symptoms and amounts of caudate dopamine D2 receptors in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Tomohisa Nagashima
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Harumasa Takano
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Fumitoshi Kodaka
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Sho Moriguchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito)
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (Drs Kubota, Nagashima, Takano, Kodaka, Fujiwara, Moriguchi, Kimura, Higuchi, Takahashi, Ito, and Suhara); Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Takano); Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Kodaka); Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan (Dr Kimura); Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (Dr Okubo); Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Dr Takahashi); Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan (Dr Ito).,Correspondence: Tetsuya Suhara, MD, PhD, Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263–8555, Japan ()
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