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Geng C, He S, Yu S, Johnson HM, Shi H, Chen Y, Chan YK, He W, Qin M, Li X, Deng Y. Achieving Clearance of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection and Rapid Cutaneous Wound Regeneration Using an ROS-Balancing-Engineered Heterojunction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310599. [PMID: 38300795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Intractable infected microenvironments caused by drug-resistant bacteria stalls the normal course of wound healing. Sono-piezodynamic therapy (SPT) is harnessed to combat pathogenic bacteria, but the superabundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during SPT inevitably provoke severe inflammatory response, hindering tissue regeneration. Consequently, an intelligent nanocatalytic membrane composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and black phosphorus /V2C MXene bio-heterojunctions (2D2-bioHJs) is devised. Under ultrasonication, 2D2-bioHJs effectively eliminate drug-resistant bacteria by disrupting metabolism and electron transport chain (ETC). When ultrasonication ceases, they enable the elimination of SPT-generated ROS. The 2D2-bioHJs act as a "lever" that effectively achieves a balance between ROS generation and annihilation, delivering both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties to the engineered membrane. More importantly, in vivo assays corroborate that the nanocatalytic membranes transform the stalled chronic wound environment into a regenerative one by eradicating the bacterial population, dampening the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and promoting angiogenesis. As envisaged, this work demonstrates a novel tactic to arm membranes with programmed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects to remedy refractory infected wounds from drug-fast bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Geng
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuai He
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Hongxing Shi
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanbai Chen
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yau Kei Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wenxuan He
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Miao Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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2
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Xi Y, Long X, Song M, Liu Y, Yan J, Lv Y, Yang H, Zhang Y, Miao W, Lin C. The fatty acid 2-hydroxylase CsSCS7 is a key hyphal growth factor and potential control target in Colletotrichum siamense. mBio 2024; 15:e0201523. [PMID: 38197633 PMCID: PMC10865788 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02015-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
SCS7 is a fatty acid 2-hydroxylase required for the synthesis of inositol phosphorylceramide but is not essential for normal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we demonstrate that the Colletotrichum siamense SCS7 homolog CsSCS7 plays a key role in hyphal growth. The CsSCS7 deletion mutant showed strong hyphal growth inhibition, small conidia, and marginally reduced sporulation and also resulted in a sharp reduction in the full virulence and increasing the fungicide sensitivity. The three protein domains (a cytochrome b5 domain, a transmembrane domain, and a hydroxylase domain) are important to CsSCS7 protein function in hyphal growth. The fatty acid assay results revealed that the CsSCS7 gene is important for balancing the contents of multiple mid-long- and short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, the retarded growth and virulence of C. siamense ΔCsSCS7 can be recovered partly by the reintroduction of homologous sequences from Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum but not SCS7 of S. cerevisiae. In addition, the spraying of C. siamense with naked CsSCS7-double-stranded RNA (dsRNAs), which leads to RNAi, increases the inhibition of hyphal growth and slightly decreases disease lesions. Then, we used nano material Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide as carriers to deliver dsRNA, which significantly enhanced the control effect of dsRNA, and the lesion area was obviously reduced. These data indicated that CsSCS7 is an important factor for hyphal growth and affects virulence and may be a potential control target in C. siamense and even in filamentous plant pathogenic fungi.IMPORTANCECsSCS7, which is homologous to yeast fatty acid 2-hydroxylase SCS7, was confirmed to play a key role in the hyphal growth of Colletotrichum siamense and affect its virulence. The CsSCS7 gene is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. Homologs from the filamentous fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum can recover the retarded growth and virulence of C. siamense ΔCsSCS7. The spraying of double-stranded RNAs targeting CsSCS7 can inhibit hyphal growth and reduce the disease lesion area to some extent. After using nano material Mg-Al layered double hydroxide as carrier, the inhibition rates were significantly increased. We demonstrated that CsSCS7 is an important factor for hyphal growth and affects virulence and may be a potential control target in C. siamense and even in filamentous plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Xi
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiping Long
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Miao Song
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jingting Yan
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanyun Lv
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Mutiplication, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pest (Ministry of Education)/School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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3
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Dhal A, Nayim S, Pattanayek S, Khatun M, Barman S, Paria S, Shit B, Kundu S, Jha PK, Hossain M. Evaluation of calf thymus DNA binding of newly synthesize five 9 O Imidazolyl alkyl berberine derivative: A comparative multi-spectroscopic and calorimetric study. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126958. [PMID: 37739293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA binding with small molecule plays an important role in the designing of various anticancer drugs with greater efficacy. The five 9-O-imidazolyl alkyl berberine derivatives (BI) of different chain length has been synthesized and fully characterized. The binding study of calf thymus DNA with these newly synthesized berberine derivative was performed using various biophysical techniques. The binding affinity of BI to calf thymus DNA increased with increasing the chain length. The binding constant value obtained from UV-Vis spectral analysis was 1.84x105for BI1, 2.01x105for BI2, 1.51 × 106 for BI3, 3.66 × 106 for BI4, 6.68 × 106. Partial intercalative binding with strong stabilization of the DNA helix was revealed from circular dichroism spectral study and viscosity measurement. From the ITC experiment it was revealed that the bindings of BI1, BI2, BI3, BI4 and BI5 to calf thymus DNA were favoured by a large positive favourable entropy and negative enthalpy change and the highest spontaneity found for BI5. With the increase in chain length the binding was driven by a stronger entropy term with a higher binding constant indicates involvement of hydrophobic force for all these interaction. High binding affinities of calf thymus DNA with berberine-imidazole derivatives might be helpful for new drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Dhal
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Nayim
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Swadesh Pattanayek
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Munira Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Barman
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Samaresh Paria
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Basudev Shit
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Somenath Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradeep K Jha
- Research and Development, Ghaziabad, ACE Green Recycling Inc, Singapore
| | - Maidul Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India.
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Habib Adam M, Tandon N, Singh I, Tandon R. The Phytochemical Tactics for Battling Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes: Secondary Metabolites and Nano Antibiotics Methods. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300453. [PMID: 37535351 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious threats to human health is antibiotic resistance, which has left the world without effective antibiotics. While continuous research and inventions for new antibiotics are going on, especially those with new modes of action, it is unlikely that this alone would be sufficient to win the battle. Furthermore, it is also important to investigate additional approaches. One such strategy for improving the efficacy of existing antibiotics is the discovery of adjuvants. This review has collected data from various studies on the current crisis and approaches for combating multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens using phytochemicals. In addition, the nano antibiotic approaches, are discussed, highlighting the high potentials of essential oils, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and nano antibiotics in combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Habib Adam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Iqubal Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
| | - Runjhun Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, 144411, Phagwara, India
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Qin Y, Wang J, Lv Q, Han B. Recent Progress in Research on Mitochondrion-Targeted Antifungal Drugs: a Review. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0000323. [PMID: 37195189 PMCID: PMC10269089 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections, which commonly occur in immunocompromised patients, can cause high morbidity and mortality. Antifungal agents act by disrupting the cell membrane, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis and function, or inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase. Because the incidences of life-threatening fungal infections and antifungal drug resistance are continuously increasing, there is an urgent need for the development of new antifungal agents with novel mechanisms of action. Recent studies have focused on mitochondrial components as potential therapeutic drug targets, owing to their important roles in fungal viability and pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss novel antifungal drugs targeting mitochondrial components and highlight the unique fungal proteins involved in the electron transport chain, which is useful for investigating selective antifungal targets. Finally, we comprehensively summarize the efficacy and safety of lead compounds in clinical and preclinical development. Although fungus-specific proteins in the mitochondrion are involved in various processes, the majority of the antifungal agents target dysfunction of mitochondria, including mitochondrial respiration disturbance, increased intracellular ATP, reactive oxygen species generation, and others. Moreover, only a few drugs are under clinical trials, necessitating further exploration of possible targets and development of effective antifungal agents. The unique chemical structures and targets of these compounds will provide valuable hints for further exploiting new antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanzhen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Sasidharan S, Nishanth KS, Nair HJ. A semi purified hydroalcoholic fraction from Caesalpinia bonduc seeds causes ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition in Candida albicans resulting in cell membrane damage. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1189241. [PMID: 37377930 PMCID: PMC10291067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1189241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are currently developing resistance to prevailing commercially available drugs, which raises an instantaneous need to discover novel antifungals. To cope with this shocking situation, phytochemicals are the richest, safest, and most potent source of excellent antimicrobials with broad-spectrum activity. The aim of the current study is to explore the anticandidal potential of the various fractions purified from the hydroalcoholic extract of C. bonduc seed. Out of five fractions purified from the hydroalcoholic extract, fraction 3 (Fr. 3) recorded the best activity against C. albicans (8 μg/mL) and thus this species was chosen for further mechanism of action studies. The phytochemical examination reveals that Fr. 3 was found to contain steroids and triterpenoids. This was further supported by LC-QTOF-MS and GCMS analyses. Our findings show that Fr. 3 targets the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in C. albicans by inhibiting the lanosterol 14-α demethylase enzyme and downregulating expression of its related gene ERG11. Molecular docking outcomes disclosed favorable structural dynamics of the compounds, implying that the compounds present in Fr. 3 would be able to successfully bind to the lanosterol 14-α demethylase, as evidenced by the docked compounds' strong interaction with the target enzyme's amino acid residues. Considering virulence factors, the Fr. 3 recorded significant antibiofilm activity as well as germ-tube reduction potential. Furthermore, Fr. 3 enhances the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This suggests that the antifungal activity of Fr. 3 was associated with membrane damage and the induction of ROS production, resulting in cell death. Fluorescence microscopic analysis of PI stained Candida further showed changes in the plasma membrane permeability, which causes severe loss of intracellular material and osmotic balance. This was demonstrated by the potassium ion leakage and release of genetic materials. Finally, the erythrocyte lysis assay confirmed the low cytotoxicity of Fr. 3. Both in silico and in vitro results suggest that Fr. 3 has the potential to propel forward novel antifungal drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sasidharan
- 1Department of R&D, Pankajakasthuri Herbal Research Foundation, Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Kumar S. Nishanth
- 1Department of R&D, Pankajakasthuri Herbal Research Foundation, Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Hareendran. J Nair
- 2Department of R&D, Pankajakasthuri Herbals India Pvt Ltd., Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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7
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Varela MF, Stephen J, Bharti D, Lekshmi M, Kumar S. Inhibition of Multidrug Efflux Pumps Belonging to the Major Facilitator Superfamily in Bacterial Pathogens. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1448. [PMID: 37239119 PMCID: PMC10216197 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens resistant to multiple structurally distinct antimicrobial agents are causative agents of infectious disease, and they thus constitute a serious concern for public health. Of the various bacterial mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance, active efflux is a well-known system that extrudes clinically relevant antimicrobial agents, rendering specific pathogens recalcitrant to the growth-inhibitory effects of multiple drugs. In particular, multidrug efflux pump members of the major facilitator superfamily constitute central resistance systems in bacterial pathogens. This review article addresses the recent efforts to modulate these antimicrobial efflux transporters from a molecular perspective. Such investigations can potentially restore the clinical efficacy of infectious disease chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F. Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Station 33, Portales, NM 88130, USA
| | - Jerusha Stephen
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India; (J.S.); (D.B.); (M.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Deeksha Bharti
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India; (J.S.); (D.B.); (M.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India; (J.S.); (D.B.); (M.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Sanath Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai 400061, India; (J.S.); (D.B.); (M.L.); (S.K.)
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Qiu K, Zou W, Fang Z, Wang Y, Bell S, Zhang X, Tian Z, Xu X, Ji B, Li D, Huang T, Diao J. 2D MoS 2 and BN Nanosheets Damage Mitochondria through Membrane Penetration. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4716-4728. [PMID: 36848459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the progression of nanotechnology, a growing number of nanomaterials have been created and incorporated into organisms and ecosystems, which raises significant concern about potential hazards of these materials on human health, wildlife, and the environment. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are one type of nanomaterials with thicknesses ranging from that of a single atom or of several atoms and have been proposed for a variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery and gene therapy, but the toxicity thereof on subcellular organelles remains to be studied. In this work, we studied the impact of two typical 2D nanomaterials, MoS2 and BN nanosheets, on mitochondria, which are a type of membranous subcellular organelle that provides energy to cells. While 2D nanomaterials at a low dose exhibited a negligible cell mortality rate, significant mitochondrial fragmentation and partially reduced mitochondrial functions occurred; cells initiate mitophagy in response to mitochondrial damages, which cleans damaged mitochondria to avoid damage accumulation. Moreover, the molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that both MoS2 and BN nanosheets can spontaneously penetrate the mitochondrial lipid membrane through the hydrophobic interaction. The membrane penetration induced heterogeneous lipid packing resulting in damages. Our results demonstrate that even at a low dose 2D nanomaterials can physically damage mitochondria by penetrating the membrane, which draws attention to carefully evaluating the cytotoxicity of 2D nanomaterials for the potential biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Zhou Fang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Sam Bell
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Xiuqiong Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Baohua Ji
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dechang Li
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
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9
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Li Y, Ge X. Role of Berberine as a Potential Efflux Pump Inhibitor against MdfA from Escherichia coli: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0332422. [PMID: 36786641 PMCID: PMC10100983 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03324-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by Gram-negative pathogens are usually difficult to manage due to the drug export by efflux pumps. With the evolution and horizontal transfer of efflux pumps, there is an urgent need to discover safe and effective efflux pump inhibitors. Here, we found that the natural compound berberine (BBR), a traditional medicine for intestinal infection, is an inhibitor against the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pump MdfA in Escherichia coli. The impact of BBR on MdfA was evaluated in a recombinant E. coli reporter strain. We demonstrated that low levels of BBR significantly increased intracellular ciprofloxacin concentrations and restored antibiotic susceptibility of the reporter strain. At the same time, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanisms of BBR's effect on MdfA. Our data indicated that BBR can aggregate to the periplasmic and cytoplasmic sides of MdfA in both of its inward and outward conformations. Protein rigidities were affected to different degrees. More importantly, two major driving forces for the conformational transition, salt bridges and hydrophilic interactions with water, were changed by BBR's aggregation to MdfA, which affected its conformational transition. In summary, our data provide evidence for the extended application of BBR as an efflux pump inhibitor at a clinically meaningful level. We also reveal the mechanisms and provide insights into BBR's effect on the reciprocal motion of MdfA. IMPORTANCE In this work, we evaluated the role of berberine (BBR) as an inhibitor of the MFS efflux pump MdfA from E. coli. We demonstrated that low levels of BBR significantly increased intracellular ciprofloxacin concentrations and restored antibiotic susceptibility of the reporter strain. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the effect of BBR on the conformational transition of MdfA. Our data suggested that driving forces for MdfA's conformational transition were affected by BBR and provided evidence for BBR's extended application as an effective inhibitor of MdfA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhen Ge
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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10
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Ma H, Yang L, Tian Z, Zhu L, Peng J, Fu P, Xiu J, Guo G. Antimicrobial peptide AMP-17 exerts anti-Candida albicans effects through ROS-mediated apoptosis and necrosis. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 26:81-90. [PMID: 36056293 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for new anti-Candida albicans (C. albicans) drugs owing to the emergence of drug resistance in recent years. AMP-17, an antimicrobial peptide from Musca domestica (M. domestica), is known to be an effective inhibitor of many fungal pathogens, including C. albicans. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism underlying the anti-C. albicans effects of AMP-17 using flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent probes, fluorescence microplate reader, and confocal laser microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, following AMP-17 treatment, the shape of C. albicans cells became irregular, and vacuoles could be seen in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, AMP-17 treatment resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and changes in the cell cycle, leading to the apoptosis and necrosis, which ultimately contributed to the death of C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Ma
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Longbing Yang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhuqing Tian
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jian Peng
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ping Fu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - JiangFan Xiu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Guo Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China. .,Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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11
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Zhou Y, Yang CJ, Luo XF, Li AP, Zhang SY, An JX, Zhang ZJ, Ma Y, Zhang BQ, Liu YQ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel berberine derivatives against phytopathogenic fungi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4361-4376. [PMID: 35758905 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of chemical fungicides not only leads to toxic residues and resistance in plant pathogenic fungi, but also causes environmental pollution and side effects on in humans and animals. Based on the antifungal activities of berberine, seven different types of berberine derivatives (A1-G1) were synthesized, and their antifungal activities against six plant pathogenic fungi were evaluated (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Magnaporthe oryzae). RESULTS The results for antifungal activities in vitro showed that berberine derivative E1 displayed good antifungal activity against R. solani with a median effective concentration (EC50 ) of 1.77 μg ml-1 , and berberine derivatives F1 and G1 demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activities with EC50 values ranging from 4.43 to 42.23 μg ml-1 against six plant pathogenic fungi. Berberine derivatives (E2-E29, F2-F18, and G2-G9) were further synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR), and compound E20 displayed significant antifungal activity against R. solani with an EC50 value of 0.065 μg ml-1 . Preliminary mechanism studies showed that E20 could cause mycelial shrinkage, cell membrane damage, mitochondrial abnormalities and the accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species, resulting in cell death in R. solani. Moreover, in vivo experimental results showed that the protective effect of E20 was 97.31% at 5 μg ml-1 , which was better than that of the positive control thifluzamide (50.13% at 5 μg ml-1 ). CONCLUSION Berberine derivative E20 merits further development as a new drug candidate with selective and excellent antifungal activity against R. solani. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Ping Li
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Fu L, Mou J, Deng Y, Ren X. Structural modifications of berberine and their binding effects towards polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid structures: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:940282. [PMID: 36016553 PMCID: PMC9395745 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.940282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) is a plant derived quaternary benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, which has been widely used in traditional medicines for a long term. It possesses broad pharmacological effects and is widely applied in clinical. In recent years, the anti-tumor effects of BBR have attracted more and more attention of the researchers. The canonical right-handed double-stranded helical deoxyribonucleic acid (B-DNA) and its polymorphs occur under various environmental conditions and are involved in a plethora of genetic instability-related diseases especially tumor. BBR showed differential binding effects towards various polymorphic DNA structures. But its poor lipophilicity and fast metabolism limited its clinical utility. Structural modification of BBR is an effective approach to improve its DNA binding activity and bioavailability in vivo. A large number of studies dedicated to improving the binding affinities of BBR towards different DNA structures have been carried out and achieved tremendous advancements. In this article, the main achievements of BBR derivatives in polymorphic DNA structures binding researches in recent 20 years were reviewed. The structural modification strategy of BBR, the DNA binding effects of its derivatives, and the structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiajia Mou
- *Correspondence: Jiajia Mou, ; Xiaoliang Ren,
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13
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Shen J, Li J, Yu P, Du G. Research Status and Hotspots of Anticancer Natural Products Based on the Patent Literature and Scientific Articles. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903239. [PMID: 35784720 PMCID: PMC9247190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The patent literature contains a large amount of information on the internal state of current industrial technologies that are not available in other literature studies. Scientific articles are the direct achievements of theoretical research in this field and can reveal how current theories in basic research have developed. In this study, the progress and status of natural anticancer products in this field were summarized, and the research hotspots were explored through the analysis of the relevant patent literature and scientific articles. Methods: Patent data were retrieved from the incoPat patent retrieval database, and paper data were retrieved from the Web of Science core set and PubMed. GraphPad Prism 8, Microsoft Excel 2010, and CiteSpace 5.8.R3 were used to perform visual processing. The analyzed patent literature includes the patent applicant type, country (or region), and technical subject. The analyzed scientific article includes academic groups, subject areas, keyword clustering, and burst detection. Results: A total of 20,435 patent families and 38,746 articles were collected by 4 January 2022. At present, antitumor drugs derived from natural products mainly include 1) apoptosis inducers such as curcumin, gallic acid, resveratrol, Theranekron D6, and gaillardin; 2) topoisomerase inhibitors such as camptothecins, scaffold-hopped flavones, podophyllotoxin, oxocrebanine, and evodiamine derivatives; 3) telomerase inhibitors such as camptothecin and isoquinoline alkaloids of Chelidonium majus, amentoflavone, and emodin; 4) microtubule inhibitors such as kolaflavanone, tanshinone IIA analog, eugenol, and millepachine; 5) immunomodulators such as fucoidan, myricetin, bergapten, and atractylenolide I; 6) tumor microenvironment regulators such as beta-escin and icaritin; 7) multidrug resistance reversal agents such as berberine, quercetin, and dihydromyricetin; and 8) antiangiogenic and antimetastatic agents such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, lupeol, ononin, and saikosaponin A. Conclusion: Anticancer natural product technology was introduced earlier, but the later development momentum was insufficient. In addition, scientific research activities are relatively closed, and technical exchanges need to be strengthened. Currently, the development of medicinal plants and the research on the anticancer mechanism of natural active products are still research hotspots, especially those related to immune checkpoints, essential oils, and metastatic cancer. Theories of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as "restraining excessiveness to acquire harmony," "same treatment for different diseases," "Meridian induction theory," and "Fuzheng Quxie," have important guiding significance to the research of anticancer mechanisms and the development of new drugs and can provide new ideas for this process. Systematic Review Registration: [https://sourceforge.net/projects/citespace/], identifier [000755430500001].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiahuan Li
- *Correspondence: Jiahuan Li, ; Gangjun Du,
| | | | - Gangjun Du
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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14
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Zhang D, Shi C, Cong Z, Chen Q, Bi Y, Zhang J, Ma K, Liu S, Gu J, Chen M, Lu Z, Zhang H, Xie J, Xiao X, Liu L, Jiang W, Shao N, Chen S, Zhou M, Shao X, Dai Y, Li M, Zhang L, Liu R. Microbial Metabolite Inspired β-Peptide Polymers Displaying Potent and Selective Antifungal Activity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104871. [PMID: 35307990 PMCID: PMC9108603 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potent and selective antifungal agents are urgently needed due to the quick increase of serious invasive fungal infections and the limited antifungal drugs available. Microbial metabolites have been a rich source of antimicrobial agents and have inspired the authors to design and obtain potent and selective antifungal agents, poly(DL-diaminopropionic acid) (PDAP) from the ring-opening polymerization of β-amino acid N-thiocarboxyanhydrides, by mimicking ε-poly-lysine. PDAP kills fungal cells by penetrating the fungal cytoplasm, generating reactive oxygen, and inducing fungal apoptosis. The optimal PDAP displays potent antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration as low as 0.4 µg mL-1 against Candida albicans, negligible hemolysis and cytotoxicity, and no susceptibility to antifungal resistance. In addition, PDAP effectively inhibits the formation of fungal biofilms and eradicates the mature biofilms. In vivo studies show that PDAP is safe and effective in treating fungal keratitis, which suggests PDAPs as promising new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Chao Shi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Kaiqian Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Jiawei Gu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Minzhang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Ximian Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Longqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Weinan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Ning Shao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Xiaoyan Shao
- Shanghai Ruijin Rehabilitation HospitalShanghai200023China
| | - Yidong Dai
- Shanghai Ruijin Rehabilitation HospitalShanghai200023China
| | - Maoquan Li
- Department of Interventional and Vascular SurgeryShanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional MedicineShanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai200072China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of EducationFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic ChemistryResearch Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
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15
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Emerging Antifungal Targets and Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052756. [PMID: 35269898 PMCID: PMC8911111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant research in the field of antifungal drug discovery, fungal infections remain a significant healthcare burden. There is an emerging need for the development of novel antifungals since those currently available are limited and do not completely provide safe and secure protection. Since the current knowledge regarding the physiology of fungal cells and the infection mechanisms is greater than ever, we have the opportunity to use this for the development of novel generations of antifungals. In this review, we selected and summarized recent studies describing agents employing different antifungal mechanisms. These mechanisms include interference with fungal resistance, including impact on the efflux pumps and heat shock protein 90. Additionally, interference with virulence factors, such as biofilms and hyphae; the impact on fungal enzymes, metabolism, mitochondria, and cell wall; and antifungal vaccines are explored. The agents investigated belong to different classes of natural or synthetic molecules with significant attention given also to plant extracts. The efficacy of these antifungals has been studied mainly in vitro with some in vivo, and clinical studies are needed. Nevertheless, there is a large quantity of products employing novel antifungal mechanisms that can be further explored for the development of new generation of antifungals.
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16
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Tong Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang Q, Huang H, Chen X, Zhang Q, Li H, Sun N, Liu G, Zhang B, Song F, Alterovitz G, Dai H, Zhang L. Hyper-Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Rapamycin and Peptide-Like Compounds against Candida albicans Orthogonally via Tor1 Kinase. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2826-2835. [PMID: 34514778 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a life-threatening, opportunistic fungal pathogen with a high mortality rate, especially within the immunocompromised populations. Multidrug resistance combined with limited antifungal drugs even worsens the situation. Given the facts that the current drug discovery strategies fail to deliver sufficient antifungals for the emerging multidrug resistance, we urgently need to develop novel approaches. By systematically investigating what caused the different antifungal activity of rapamycin in RPMI 1640 and YPD, we discovered that peptide-like compounds can generate a hyper-synergistic antifungal effect with rapamycin on both azole-resistant and sensitive clinical C. albicans isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rapamycin reaches as low as 2.14 nM (2-9 μg/mL), distinguishing this drug combination as a hyper-synergism by having a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index ≤ 0.05 from the traditional defined synergism with an FIC index < 0.5. Further studies reveal that this hyper-synergism orthogonally targets the protein Tor1 and affects the TOR signaling pathway in C. albicans, very likely without crosstalk to the stress response, Ras/cAMP/PKA, or calcineurin signaling pathways. These results lead to a novel strategy of controlling drug resistant C. albicans infection in the immunocompromised populations. Instead of prophylactically administering other antifungals with undesirable side-effects for extended durations, we now only need to coadminister some nontoxic peptide additives. The novel antifungal strategy approached in this study not only provides a new therapeutic method to control fungal infections in rapamycin-taking immunocompromised patients but also mitigates the immunosuppressive side-effects of rapamycin, repurposing rapamycin as an antifungal agent with wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Luoqiang Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, China
- Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nuo Sun
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | - Fuhang Song
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- National Artificial Intelligence Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, United States
| | - Huanqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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