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Han Y, Ryu K, Song N, Seo J, Kang I, Chung HJ, Park R. Potential Migration and Health Risks of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Take-Out Food Containers in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:139. [PMID: 38397630 PMCID: PMC10887885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of take-out food has increased worldwide; consequently, people are increasingly being exposed to chemicals from food containers. However, research on the migration of metals from containers to food is limited, and therefore, information required to determine the health risks is lacking. Herein, the amount of transfer of nine metals and metalloids (Pb, Sb, Cd, Ge, Co, Mn, Sn, As, and Hg) from food containers to food in South Korea was assessed from take-out food containers classified into paper and plastic container groups. The sample containers were eluted over time by either warming with 4% acetic acid at 70 °C or cooling with 4% acetic acid at 100 °C /deionized water at 25 °C. It was analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and a direct mercury analyzer. The reliability of the quantitative results was verified by calculating the linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. We found that the amount of metals and metalloids (Pb, Sb, Cd, and Co) eluting over time was highly significant in the plastic group. Regardless of the food simulant and elution time, the amount of Sb transferred from the food containers to food was substantially higher in the plastic (average concentration: 0.488-1.194 μg/L) than in the paper group (average concentration: 0.001-0.03 μg/L). Fortunately, all food containers were distributed at levels safe for human health (hazard index: 0.000-64.756%). However, caution is needed when warm food is added to food containers. Overall, our results provide baseline data for the management and use of take-out containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Han
- Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584, Mujin-daero, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea; (K.R.); (N.S.); (J.S.); (I.K.); (R.P.)
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Keunyoung Ryu
- Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584, Mujin-daero, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea; (K.R.); (N.S.); (J.S.); (I.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Nanju Song
- Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584, Mujin-daero, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea; (K.R.); (N.S.); (J.S.); (I.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Jinjong Seo
- Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584, Mujin-daero, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea; (K.R.); (N.S.); (J.S.); (I.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Insook Kang
- Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584, Mujin-daero, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea; (K.R.); (N.S.); (J.S.); (I.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Hyun-Jung Chung
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ran Park
- Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584, Mujin-daero, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea; (K.R.); (N.S.); (J.S.); (I.K.); (R.P.)
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Carneado S, López-Sánchez JF, Sahuquillo Á. Antimony in Polyethylene Terephthalate-Bottled Beverages: The Migration Puzzle. Molecules 2023; 28:7166. [PMID: 37894645 PMCID: PMC10609323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy to assess the main variables that potentially affect the migration of antimony from PET bottles to beverages, including mineral waters and juices, is herein proposed. In a preliminary step, an LC-ICP-MS method previously used for water analysis was optimized to correct identify Sb species present in the studied matrices using HRMS. Subsequently, the influence of temperature and storage time up to 30 days on Sb migration from PET bottles into peach and pineapple juices of the same brand was studied. Storing PET bottled drinks at elevated temperatures (i.e., in a hot car or in summer) can cause antimony migration to exceed the limits allowed in the EU or USA. Because the behavior observed differed from the results reported for Sb migration in mineral waters, a second approach was proposed: three mineral water and two juice samples were kept in different PET containers and stored at an elevated temperature (up to 60 °C) to understand the role of the PET type and matrix simultaneously. This study demonstrated that both matrix characteristics and type of PET bottle greatly influence antimony leaching, highlighting the need to consider these variables together when conducting migration experiments. The obtained results can be helpful for developing future legislation concerning migration of pollutants from packing to food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ángeles Sahuquillo
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.C.); (J.F.L.-S.)
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Engloner AI, Németh K, Dobosy P, Óvári M. Exploring the trend effects of diffuse anthropogenic pollution in a large river passing through a densely populated area. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20120. [PMID: 37809789 PMCID: PMC10559857 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of non-point pollution in large rivers requires high-frequency sampling over a longer period of time, which, however presumably provides data with large spatial and temporal variance. Variability may mean that data sets recorded upstream and downstream from a densely populated area overlap, suggesting at first glance that the urban area did not affect water quality. This study presents a simple way to explore trend-like effects of non-point pollution in the Danube based on data that varied strongly in space and time. For one year, biweekly sampling was carried out upstream and downstream from a large city with negligible emission of untreated wastewater and the surrounding settlements, industrial and agricultural areas. Although most of the values of the 34 examined physicochemical characteristics fell within the range of data previously published for the Danube, and the mean values of all parameters indicated unpolluted surface water, different water quality was revealed upstream and downstream from the metropolitan area at each sampling time. Since the physicochemical characteristics causing the separation also differed from time to time, univariate tests and consensus ordination were used to determine which variables changed similarly during most of the examined period. With this evaluation method, several diffuse pollutants of anthropogenic origin contaminating the Danube in the long term were identified, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphate, chloride, potassium and vanadium. The results demonstrated that trend-like effects of non-point pollution can be detected even in a large river, where physicochemical measurements can vary strongly in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila I Engloner
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Kitti Németh
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Péter Dobosy
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Mihály Óvári
- Nuclear Security Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
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Release of Selected Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) from PET Food Contact Materials: A New Online SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Method. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) are an underestimated source of food chemical contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to chemicals that are harmful to the endocrine system. Foods and water are the main sources of exposure due to contact with the packaging materials, often of polymeric nature. European Regulation 10/2011 requires migration tests on FCMs and foodstuffs to evaluate the presence of listed substances (authorized monomers and additives) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) not listed in the regulation and not subjected to restrictions. The tests are required to ensure the compliance of packaging materials for the contained foods. NIAS are a heterogeneous group of substances classified with a potential estrogenic or androgenic activity. Subsequently, the evaluation of the presence of these molecules in foods and water is significant. Here we present an online SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method to quantify trace levels of NIAS in food simulants (A: aqueous 3% acetic acid; B: aqueous 20% ethanol) contained in PET preformed bottles. The use of online SPE reduces systemic errors thanks to the automation of the technique. For the developed analytical method, we evaluate the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantitation (LOQ), selectivity, RSD% and BIAS% for LLOQ for a total of twelve NIAS, including monomers, antioxidants, UV-filters and additives. LOD ranged between 0.002 µg/L for bisphenol S and 13.6 µg/L for 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). LOQs are comprised between 0.01 µg/L for bisphenol S and 42.2 µg/L for BHT. The online-SPE/UHPLC-tandem MS method is applied to the food simulants contained in several types of PET packaging materials to evaluate the migration of the selected NIAS. The results show the presence (µg/L) of NIAS in the tested samples, underlining the need for a new regulation for these potentially toxic molecules.
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Gerassimidou S, Lanska P, Hahladakis JN, Lovat E, Vanzetto S, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Muncke J, Maffini M, Martin OV, Iacovidou E. Unpacking the complexity of the PET drink bottles value chain: A chemicals perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128410. [PMID: 35295000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals can migrate from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drink bottles to their content and recycling processes may concentrate or introduce new chemicals to the PET value chain. Therefore, even though recycling PET bottles is key in reducing plastic pollution, it may raise concerns about safety and quality. This study provides a systematic evidence map of the food contact chemicals (FCCs) that migrate from PET drink bottles aiming to identify challenges in closing the plastic packaging loop. The migration potential of 193 FCCs has been investigated across the PET drink bottles lifecycle, of which 150 have been detected to migrate from PET bottles into food simulants/food samples. The study reveals that much research has focused on the migration of antimony (Sb), acetaldehyde and some well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It indicates and discusses the key influential factors on FCCs migration, such as physical characteristics and geographical origin of PET bottles, storage conditions, and reprocessing efficiency . Although, safety and quality implications arising from the recycling of PET bottles remain underexplored, the higher migration of Sb and Bishphenol A has been reported in recycled (rPET) compared to virgin PET. This is attributed to multiple contamination sources and the variability in the collection, sorting, and decontamination efficiency. Better collaboration among stakeholders across the entire PET bottles lifecycle is needed to ensure sustainable resource management and food contact safety of rPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Lanska
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elena Lovat
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS), Addis Ababa Office, Kebena, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Silvia Vanzetto
- Centro Internazionale per l'Infanzia e la Famiglia (CIFA) Onlus, Hawassa Field Office, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), Zurich 8045, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), Zurich 8045, Switzerland
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Periferakis A, Caruntu A, Periferakis AT, Scheau AE, Badarau IA, Caruntu C, Scheau C. Availability, Toxicology and Medical Significance of Antimony. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084669. [PMID: 35457536 PMCID: PMC9030621 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimony has been known and used since ancient times, but its applications have increased significantly during the last two centuries. Aside from its few medical applications, it also has industrial applications, acting as a flame retardant and a catalyst. Geologically, native antimony is rare, and it is mostly found in sulfide ores. The main ore minerals of antimony are antimonite and jamesonite. The extensive mining and use of antimony have led to its introduction into the biosphere, where it can be hazardous, depending on its bioavailability and absorption. Detailed studies exist both from active and abandoned mining sites, and from urban settings, which document the environmental impact of antimony pollution and its impact on human physiology. Despite its evident and pronounced toxicity, it has also been used in some drugs, initially tartar emetics and subsequently antimonials. The latter are used to treat tropical diseases and their therapeutic potential for leishmaniasis means that they will not be soon phased out, despite the fact the antimonial resistance is beginning to be documented. The mechanisms by which antimony is introduced into human cells and subsequently excreted are still the subject of research; their elucidation will enable us to better understand antimony toxicity and, hopefully, to improve the nature and delivery method of antimonial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.P.); (A.-T.P.); (I.A.B.); (C.C.)
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Aristodemos-Theodoros Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.P.); (A.-T.P.); (I.A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.P.); (A.-T.P.); (I.A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.P.); (A.-T.P.); (I.A.B.); (C.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, Prof. N.C. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.P.); (A.-T.P.); (I.A.B.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.S.)
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Xu S, Zhou P, Li H, Juhasz A, Cui X. Leaching and In Vivo Bioavailability of Antimony in PET Bottled Beverages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15227-15235. [PMID: 34738794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) may leach from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials into bottled water under improper storage conditions, particularly at high temperatures, leading to potential Sb chronic exposure and adverse health effects. However, Sb leaching may be promoted by various beverage constituents, which has received limited attention to date. In addition, few studies have considered Sb bioavailability in beverages and the influence of the beverage matrix on Sb bioavailability. In this study, PET-bottled beverages (n = 50) covering six categories (namely, carbonated, fruit juices, tea, sports, protein, and coffee beverages) were explored. Antimony leaching was assessed following the incubation of beverages at 60 °C for 7 days, which resulted in Sb concentrations 1.10-10.9 times greater than concentrations observed pre-incubation. Although regulatory standards vary internationally, a total of 21 beverages exceeded the Japanese Sb drinking water standard of 2 μg/L (up to 4.08 ± 0.11 μg/L) following incubation at 60 °C. pH significantly influenced Sb leaching (r = -0.38, p = 0.007) with beverages displaying lower pH (e.g., carbonated drinks) exhibiting higher Sb concentrations. An in vivo mouse model, using the liver as the biological endpoint, was adopted to assess Sb relative bioavailability (RBA) in bottled beverages. Sb RBA ranged from 1.97-58.7% with coffee beverages exhibiting the lowest Sb RBA (1.97-13.7%) and protein drinks the highest (41.1-58.7%). Linear regression revealed that Sb RBA in beverages was negatively influenced by Fe (r = -0.69, p = 0.02) and P (r = -0.73, p = 0.01) concentrations but positively correlated with tartaric acid (r = 0.59, p = 0.02). When an exposure assessment was undertaken using data generated in this study, carbonated and protein-rich beverages exhibited a higher exposure risk due to elevated Sb leaching and high Sb RBA compared to other beverage categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Nishad PA, Bhaskarapillai A. Antimony, a pollutant of emerging concern: A review on industrial sources and remediation technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130252. [PMID: 33780676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for remediation of industrial effluents and natural sources contaminated with antimony - a pollutant of emerging concern - are just emerging. The complex speciation of antimony makes it challenging to devise effective remediation technologies. Antimony is used in several industrial applications and comes into the environment majorly through human induced activities such as antimony mining and other activities involving the use of various products containing antimony. Many researchers are working on the important task of developing methodologies to stop or limit the release of antimony into the environment through these activities. Antimony removal is an important requirement in nuclear industry as well due to the formation of its radioactive isotopes during power plant operations. Thus, better antimony remediation or removal techniques can have wider applications ranging from domestic water treatment and industrial effluent remediation to safe isolation of radioactive waste in the nuclear industry. Proper understanding of the problem is very important in designing the source appropriate remediation technique. Treatment methodologies needed for antimony effluents from antimony mining and smelting industries are different from antimony decontamination in nuclear reactors. The problem of antimony leaching from a polyethylene terephthalate bottle is very much different from the leaching of antimony from mining wastes. Each process necessitates custom-made treatment methodologies by taking into account various factors including the speciation and concentration. The current review is focused on this aspect. The review attempts to bring out a clear understanding on various industry specific sources of antimony pollution and the available antimony removal/remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padala Abdul Nishad
- Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 102, India.
| | - Anupkumar Bhaskarapillai
- Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 102, India; HomiBhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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Zhang H, Zhou XL, Shao LM, Lü F, He PJ. Upcycling of PET waste into methane-rich gas and hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitor by autogenic pressure pyrolysis and activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145309. [PMID: 33578147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The explosive growth of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes has brought serious pollution to the environment. Here, PET waste was upcycled into methane-rich pyrolysis gas and carbon material for energy storage through autogenic pressure pyrolysis and post-activation. The pyrolysis gas contained 34.58 ± 0.23 vol% CH4. After CO2 removal, the high caloric value of the pyrolysis gas could reach 29.2 MJ m-3, which could be used as a substitute natural gas. Pyrolytic carbon was further activated by KOH and ZnCl2. KOH-activated carbon (AC-K) obtained a hierarchical porous structure, a high specific surface area of 2683 m2 g-1 and abundant surface functional groups. Working as supercapacitor electrodes, AC-K exhibited an outstanding specific capacitance of 325 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1. After 5000 charge-discharge cycles, AC-K still retained 91.86% of the initial specific capacitance. This study provides a sustainable way to control plastic-derived pollution and alleviate the energy crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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10
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Filella M. Antimony and PET bottles: Checking facts. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127732. [PMID: 32739689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, bottled water has gained in popularity reaching high sales world-wide. Most of this water is sold in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. About 15 years ago, the presence of antimony in water in those PET bottles raised concerns and studies on the subject have been regularly published since then. This review aims to evaluate whether the use of good analytical practices and the correct design of these studies support the accepted facts (i.e., PET is the origin of antimony presence in bottled waters, antimony concentrations are usually below regulated values, temperature increasing favours antimony leaching). The detailed analysis of published data has confirmed these facts but has also revealed frequency of faulty analytical practices and a lack of well-designed studies. A better understanding of the structure of PET polymer in the bottles, coupled with statistically-robust antimony release experiments, is required to progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Astolfi ML, Marconi E, Lorini L, Valentino F, Silva F, Ferreira BS, Canepari S, Majone M. Elemental concentration and migratability in bioplastics derived from organic waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127472. [PMID: 32599378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In line with the Circular Economy approach, the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) with organic waste as the feedstock may a biotechnological application to reduce waste and recover high-value materials. The potential contaminants that could transfer from bio-waste to a PHA include inorganic elements, such as heavy metals. Hence, the total content and migratability of certain elements were evaluated in several PHA samples produced from different origins and following different methods. The total content of certain elements in PHA ranged between 0.0001 (Be) and 49,500 mg kg-1 (Na). The concentrations of some alkaline (Na and K) and alkaline earth (Ca and Mg) metals were highest, which are of little environmental concern. The feedstock type and PHA stabilisation and extraction procedures affected the element contents. Several sets of experiments were conducted to evaluate the migration of elements from the PHA samples under different storage times, temperatures, and pH levels. The total contents of some heavy metals (As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in PHA produced from fruit waste or crops (commercial PHA) were lower than those in the PHA samples produced from the mixture of the organic fraction of municipal waste and sludge from wastewater treatment. Both the PHA obtained by extraction from wet biomass (acid storage) with aqueous phase extraction reagents and commercial PHA were below the migration limits stipulated by the current Toy Safety Directive and by Commission Regulation (EU) October 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food under frozen and refrigerated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Marconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Lorini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Valentino
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernando Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sommer Ferreira
- Biotrend - Inovação e Engenharia em Biotecnologia, S.A., Biocant Park, Núcleo o4 Lote 2, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Majone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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12
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Maria Kanuchova, Kozakova L, Bakalar T, Skvarla J. Characterization of Antimony Leaching from Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482010007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The Korean bottled water market has continuously expanded during the last 25 years. However, in-depth studies of its geochemistry have not been conducted. Four types of bottled water manufactured in South Korea (i.e., natural mineral water, NMW; functional water, FW; carbonated water, CW; and desalinated seawater, DSW) were investigated to classify the water type, verify the accuracy of the ion contents detailed on the bottle labels, and decipher the origin of the water sources using major and trace elements and their isotopes. The waters was classified into three types: Ca-HCO3, Ca(Mg)-Cl, and Na-HCO3. NMW and FW are mainly of the Ca-HCO3 type. Our findings indicate that Korean bottled water chemistry is associated with lithological features and manufacturing processes; NMW is closely related to lithology while FW and DSW are strongly affected by manufacturing processes. Unlike major ions, trace elements cannot be used to decipher Korean bottled water chemistry because they show little apparent relationship with lithology. Regardless of the water chemistry, typical isotopic signals corresponding to intrinsic water were observed in all of the samples, indicating that groundwater and seawater were the sources of Korean bottled water.
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14
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Wang L, Ni H, Cao Z, Wu M. A Pyrene‐based Probe for Antimony with Special Excimer Fluorescence. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuansong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Huagang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhihai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P. R. China
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15
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Liu M, Ding L, Liu J, Na X, Mao X. High Sensitivity Determination of Antimony with Application for the Characterization of Its Migration in Bottled Water by a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Coupled with Hydride Generation – Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (HG-AFS). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1789989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meitong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ding
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jixin Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ability Technology Company, Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Na
- Beijing Ability Technology Company, Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Mao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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16
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Liu X, Wen Y, Chen X, Tang T, Mijowska E. Co-etching effect to convert waste polyethylene terephthalate into hierarchical porous carbon toward excellent capacitive energy storage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138055. [PMID: 32217393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing consumption of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) related products, how to recycle the waste PET still remains as a great challenge for the sustainable development. Converting waste PET into porous carbon material has been emerged as a promising way to address this issue. Recently, the microporous carbon derived from waste PET has drawn considerable attention in adsorption field, but its electrochemical application is still impeded by low specific surface area (SSA <1500 m2 g-1) and small meso-/macropores volume (<0.2 cm3 g-1). Herein, hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) is successfully prepared from waste PET. The obtained HPC possesses a high SSA (2238 m2 g-1) and a large meso-/macropores volume (0.51 cm3 g-1). The formation mechanism of hierarchical porous structure is proposed: co-etching effect of sp2/sp3 hybridized carbon produces micropores and meso-/macropores, respectively. In a three-electrode configuration, HPC based electrode achieves an outstanding capacitance of 413 F g-1, while the traditional microporous carbon exhibits a low capacitance of 142 F g-1. The fabricated symmetric supercapacitor shows a high energy density of 25 Wh kg-1. This work provides a good reference to convert waste plastics into hierarchical porous carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Yanliang Wen
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Xuecheng Chen
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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17
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Abstract
The packaging of a beverage is an essential element for customer convenience and the preservation of beverage quality. On the other hand, chemical compounds present in the packaging materials, either intentionally added or non-intentionally, may be transferred to the food. With a huge variety of materials used in the production, beverage packaging requires safety assessments with respect to the migration of packaging compounds into the filled beverages. The present article deals with potential migrants from different materials for beverage packaging, including PET bottles, glass bottles, metal cans and cardboard multilayers. The list of migrants comprises monomers and additives, oligomers or degradation products. The article presents a review on scientific literature and summarizes European food regulatory requirements. The review shows no evidence of critical substances migrating from packaging into beverages. Testing the migration in real beverages during and at the end of the shelf life shows compliance with the specific migration limits. Accelerated testing using food simulants, however, shows higher migration in some cases, especially at high temperatures in ethanolic simulants. For some migrants, more realistic testing conditions should be applied in order to show compliance with their specific migration limits.
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18
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Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in highly acidic juice packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) container: Occurrence, migration and estrogenic activity-associated risk assessment. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Filella M, Hennebert P, Okkenhaug G, Turner A. Occurrence and fate of antimony in plastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121764. [PMID: 32061422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is a technology critical element whose presence is ubiquitous in manufactured products, and in particular in plastics where it is used extensively as a flame retardant synergist for brominated compounds, as a catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate production, and as a pigment for colour. This study reviews the usage, regulations and fate of Sb in plastics by examining primary data on its production, applications, contents in and migration from manufactured objects, and presence in and release from waste, including the disposal and recycling routes for this material (i.e., non-controlled disposal, incineration, landfilling and recycling). Consumption of Sb and the relative apportioning of the metalloid between different uses in plastics change continuously and are largely driven by dynamic economic factors; accordingly, reference to secondary data or sources can be misleading. Since Sb is not recovered from plastics, its fate is entirely linked to the fate of plastics themselves which, as far as disposal and recycling are concerned, might be dictated by the presence of co-associated regulated substances such as brominated flame retardants. Significantly, because of the high leachability of Sb from bottom incineration ashes, the EU considers the metalloid as the most problematic substance regarding the potential reuse of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Hennebert
- INERIS (National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks), BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Science (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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20
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Kowalska G, Pankiewicz U, Kowalski R, Mazurek A. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the content of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb),
arsenic (As), aluminium (Al), thallium (Tl), antimony (Sb) and uranium (U) in the
apple and orange juices and black currant nectar in relation to the kind of
packaging. Also, probabilistic risk assessment (non-carcinogenic) was estimated by
models including target hazard quotient (THQ and THQ*). Aluminium (Al) was present at
the highest concentration in the analysed juices and nectars, with average
concentration ranging from 1.34 mg/kg in orange juices (glass) to
4.26 mg/kg in black currant nectar (glass). Fruit juices and nectars kept in
tetra pack packaging were characterised by elevated concentrations of Al and Sb,
while the products in glass packaging contained significantly higher concentrations
of As compared with the products in tetra pack packaging. Although the average
concentrations of trace elements were lower than the standard limit, exposure to
non-carcinogenic factors was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Kowalska
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Pankiewicz
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Kowalski
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Mazurek
- Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food Quality, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
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21
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Zmit B, Belhaneche-Bensemra N. Antimony leaching from PET plastic into bottled water in Algerian market. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:749. [PMID: 31728744 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Twelve different brands of mineral water were collected from the Algerian market and analyzed to determine the initial antimony (Sb) content in both the PET package and mineral water. Experiments were conducted under different time conditions: 1, 10, to 365 days, different temperatures: 6, 25, and 40 °C, and different bottles sizes: 0.33 L and 1.5 L. The Sb in mineral water bottles varies between 0.50 and 1.12 μg/L for 0.33 L bottles, and 0.37 to 0.77 μg/L for 1.5 L ones. All of these values remain below the limit set by the European Union of 5 μg/L in drinking water. The diffusion coefficient of Sb in PET has been experimentally determined at 6, 25, and 40 °C, after the content of Sb in 1.5 L PET bottles had been determined. In the second part of the study, a factorial design 23 enabled a model the migration of antimony (Sb) in the bottled solutions and highlighted the influencing effects, such as temperature (°C), time (h), and thickness (mm) for two different time domains encompassing the entire validity period of the product. A simple polynomial function based on a single parameter has been determined with a precision indicator R2 = 0.98. This model has the advantage of being simple and fast. The Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) of Sb has been calculated, for adults. It does not exceed the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulated CDI value of 400 ng/kg/day. The CDI values for children increase as the weight of the children decreases. The passage from the maximum child weight to the minimum value in the study increases the CDI of 77%.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zmit
- Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, Département de Génie Chimique, Laboratoire de Valorisation des Energies Fossiles, 10, rue des frères Ouddak, Hassen Badi, BP. 182, 16200, EL-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - N Belhaneche-Bensemra
- Département de Génie de l'Environnement, Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement, Algiers, Algeria
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22
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Koyuncu M, Alwazeer D. Determination of trace elements, heavy metals, and antimony in polyethylene terephthalate-bottled local raw cow milk of Iğdır region in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:666. [PMID: 31650329 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of several trace elements, heavy metals, and antimony in polyethylene terephthalate-bottled local raw cow milk samples of Iğdır region in Turkey was investigated. The milk samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted digestion. Milk samples were categorized into three groups according to the element level intensity in the sample. While 70% of samples showed 2.5 times the maximum Turkish and European permissible level of lead, the lowest lead-contaminated sample exhibited 1.25 times this level. All the examined samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit administrated for arsenic and 35% of samples exhibited 5 times this limit. Results showed 40% of samples contain an antimony level higher than the Turkish maximum allowable concentration. The high antimony content of raw milk samples may be related to the release of antimony from the PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles. This study showed high contamination levels of the most toxic trace elements, i.e., lead and arsenic in milk and possible antimony contamination from PET bottles which may cause many health hazards for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubin Koyuncu
- Research Center for Redox Applications in Foods (RCRAF), Iğdır University, 76000, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Duried Alwazeer
- Research Center for Redox Applications in Foods (RCRAF), Iğdır University, 76000, Iğdır, Turkey.
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23
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Qiao F, Lei K, Li Z, Liu Q, Wei Z, An L, Qi H, Cui S. Effects of storage temperature and time of antimony release from PET bottles into drinking water in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:1388-1393. [PMID: 29090435 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) concentrations were measured in 10 brands of PET bottled drinking water available in supermarkets in China. To simulate general storage habits based on market research, these PET bottles with drinking water were stored for 4 weeks in a lab or a car trunk during the summer. Although the PET package material of brand A had the lowest Sb level (142.71 ± 29.81 μg/g), it showed a significant increase in Sb concentrations when stored in both the car trunk and the lab. There was significant release of Sb from the PET bottles into the water following 24 h of incubation at ≥ 40 °C (40, 50, 60, and 70 °C), especially at 70 °C. The potential health risk of Sb release from PET bottles was calculated based on daily intake values and determined to be acceptable for consumers under normal storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zicheng Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhanliang Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da-Yang-Fang, An-Wai-Bei-Yuan Rd., Chao-yang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hongli Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Song Cui
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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24
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Al-Otoum F, Al-Ghouti MA, Costa OS, Khraisheh M. Impact of temperature and storage time on the migration of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers into bottled water in Qatar. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:631. [PMID: 29129001 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prosperity in Qatar and the consequent stresses on water resources resulted in a sustainable increase in the bottled drinking water market. Reports on health concerns and possible migration of chemicals from the plastic material into the water have driven the current investigation. This study aims to address the extent of antimony (Sb) leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles subject to temperature variations (24-50 °C) due to Qatar's hot climate and improper storage conditions. A representative basket including 66 different imported and locally produced water bottles was considered. The concentrations of Sb in bottled water ranged from 0.168 to 2.263 μg/L at 24 °C and from 0.240 to 6.110 μg/L at 50 °C. Antimony concentrations in PET bottles at 24 °C was significantly lower than those at 50 °C (p = 0.0142), indicating that the temperature was a principal factor affecting the release of Sb from the plastic into the water. Although the detected Sb amounts were below the guidelines endorsed by WHO and Qatar (standard 5 μg/L) at 24 °C, the concentration measured at 50 °C was higher than the recommended WHO values (6.11 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Al-Otoum
- Ministry of Public Health, Public Health Department, P.O. Box: 42, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ozeas S Costa
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University at Mansfield, 395 Ovalwood Hall, 1760 University Drive, Mansfield, OH, 44906, USA
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
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25
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de Andrade JK, de Andrade CK, Felsner ML, Quináia SP, dos Anjos VE. Pre-concentration and speciation of inorganic antimony in bottled water and natural water by cloud point extraction with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Puype F, Samsonek J, Vilímková V, Kopečková Š, Ratiborská A, Knoop J, Egelkraut-Holtus M, Ortlieb M, Oppermann U. Towards a generic procedure for the detection of relevant contaminants from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in plastic food-contact materials: a review and selection of key parameters. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1767-1783. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1332430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franky Puype
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Samsonek
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Vilímková
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kopečková
- Institute for Testing and Certification, Inc, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Knoop
- Shimadzu Europa GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
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27
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Kiyataka PHM, Dantas ST, Albino AC, Pallone JAL. Antimony Assessment in PET Bottles for Soft Drink. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Stanič TF, Miler M, Brenčič M, Gosar M. Calcite precipitates in Slovenian bottled waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14176-14189. [PMID: 28421519 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Storage of bottled waters in varying ambient conditions affects its characteristics. Different storage conditions cause changes in the initial chemical composition of bottled water which lead to the occurrence of precipitates with various morphologies. In order to assess the relationship between water composition, storage conditions and precipitate morphology, a study of four brands of Slovenian bottled water stored in PET bottles was carried out. Chemical analyses of the main ions and measurements of the physical properties of water samples were performed before and after storage of water samples at different ambient conditions. SEM/EDS analysis of precipitates was performed after elapsed storage time. The results show that the presence of Mg2+, SO42-, SiO2, Al, Mn and other impurities such as K+, Na+, Ba and Sr in the water controlled precipitate morphology by inhibiting crystal growth and leading to elongated rhombohedral calcite crystal forms which exhibit furrowed surfaces and calcite rosettes. Different storage conditions, however, affected the number of crystallization nuclei and size of calcite crystals. Hollow calcite spheres composed of cleavage rhombohedrons formed in the water with variable storage conditions by a combination of evaporation and precipitation of water droplets during high temperatures or by the bubble templating method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miloš Miler
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mihael Brenčič
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Gosar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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29
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Kappen P, Ferrando-Miguel G, Reichman SM, Innes L, Welter E, Pigram PJ. Antimony leaching and chemical species analyses in an industrial solid waste: Surface and bulk speciation using ToF-SIMS and XANES. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 329:131-140. [PMID: 28131040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry and bulk chemical speciation of solid industrial wastes containing 8wt-% antimony (Sb) were investigated using synchrotron X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Time-of-Flight Ion Secondary Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Leaching experiments were conducted in order to better understand the behavior of Sb in waste streams and to inform regulatory management of antimony-containing wastes. The experiments also demonstrate how a combination of XANES and ToF-SIMS adds value to the field of waste investigations. Leaching treatments (acid and base) were performed at a synchrotron over 24h time periods. Surface analyses of the wastes before leaching showed the presence of Sb associated with S and O. Bulk analyses revealed Sb to be present, primarily, as trivalent sulfide species. Both acid and base leaching did not change the antimony speciation on the solid. Leaching transferred about 1% of the total Sb into solution where Sb was found to be present as Sb(V). XANES data showed similarities between leachate and FeSbO4. During base leaching, the Sb content in solution gradually increased over time, and potential desorption mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kappen
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - G Ferrando-Miguel
- Environment Protection Authority - Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - S M Reichman
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - L Innes
- Environment Protection Authority - Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, PO Box 36, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - E Welter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron - A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P J Pigram
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Lambert S, Scherer C, Wagner M. Ecotoxicity testing of microplastics: Considering the heterogeneity of physicochemical properties. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:470-475. [PMID: 28440923 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
"Microplastic" is an umbrella term that covers many particle shapes, sizes, and polymer types, and as such the physical and chemical properties of environmental microplastics will differ from the primary microbeads commonly used for ecotoxicity testing. In the present article, we discuss the physical and chemical properties of microplastics that are potentially relevant to their ecotoxicity, including particle size, particle shape, crystallinity, surface chemistry, and polymer and additive composition. Overall, there is a need for a structured approach to the testing of different properties to identify which are the most relevant drivers of microplastic toxicity. In addition, the properties discussed will be influenced by and change depending on environmental conditions and degradation pathways. Future challenges include new technologies that will enter the plastic production cycle and the impact of these changes on the composition of environmental microplastics. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:470-475. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Lambert
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Scherer
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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31
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Davis N, Danes JE, Vorst K. Sensor array for the detection of organic and inorganic contaminants in post-consumer recycled plastics for food contact. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1681-1689. [PMID: 28447541 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1323277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic material is made by collecting used plastic products (e.g., bottles and other plastic packaging materials) and reprocessing them into solid-state pellets or flakes. Plastic recycling has positive environmental benefits, but may also carry potential drawbacks due to unwanted organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants can migrate into food packaging made from these recycled plastic materials. The purpose of this research was to identify economically viable real-time monitoring technologies that can be used during the conversion of virgin and recycled resin feedstocks (i.e., various blends of virgin pellets and recycled solid-state pellet or mechanically ground flake) to final articles to ensure the safety, quality and sustainability of packaging feedstocks. Baseline analysis (validation) of real-time technologies was conducted using industry-standard practices for polymer analysis. The data yielded supervised predictive models developed by training sessions completed in a controlled laboratory setting. This technology can be employed to evaluate compliance and aid converters in commodity sourcing of resin without exceeding regulatory thresholds. Furthermore, this technology allowed for real-time decision and diversion strategies during the conversion of resin and flake to final articles or products to minimise the negative impact on human health and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davis
- a Polymer and Food Protection Consortium , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Ideopak , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Jeffrey E Danes
- c Dialogr Systems , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA.,d Cal Poly State University (Emeritus) , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA
| | - Keith Vorst
- a Polymer and Food Protection Consortium , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Ideopak , Ames , IA , USA
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32
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Turner A, Filella M. Field-portable-XRF reveals the ubiquity of antimony in plastic consumer products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:982-989. [PMID: 28190576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Very little systematic information exists on the occurrence and concentrations of antimony (Sb) in consumer products. In this study, a Niton XL3t field-portable-X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF) spectrometer was deployed in situ and in the laboratory to provide quantitative information on Sb dissipated in plastic items and fixtures (including rubber, textile and foamed materials) from the domestic, school, vehicular and office settings. The metalloid was detected in 18% of over 800 measurements performed, with concentrations ranging from about 60 to 60,000μgg-1. The highest concentrations were encountered in white, electronic casings and in association with similar concentrations of Br, consistent with the use of antimony oxides (e.g. Sb2O3) as synergistic flame retardants. Concentrations above 1000μgg-1, and with or without Br, were also encountered in paints, piping and hosing, adhesives, whiteboards, Christmas decorations, Lego blocks, document carriers, garden furniture, upholstered products and interior panels of private motor vehicles. Lower concentrations of Sb were encountered in a wide variety of items but its presence (without Br) in food tray packaging, single-use drinks bottles, straws and small toys were of greatest concern from a human health perspective. While the latter observations are consistent with the use of antimony compounds as catalysts in the production of polyethylene terephthalate, co-association of Sb and Br in many products not requiring flame retardancy suggests that electronic casings are widely recycled. Further research is required into the mobility of Sb when dissipated in new, recycled and aged polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Lin YA, Jiang SJ, Sahayam AC. Determination of antimony compounds in waters and juices using ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 230:76-81. [PMID: 28407974 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed by coupling ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the speciation of antimony. In this study, antimony species such as antimonite [Sb(III)], antimonate [Sb(V)] and trimethyl antimony(V) (TMeSb) were separated in less than 8min using anion exchange chromatography with a Hamilton PRP-X100 column as the stationary phase. Mobile phase A was 20mmolL-1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2mmolL-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) in 1% v/v methanol (pH 5.5) and 20mmolL-1 EDTA, 2mmolL-1 KHP, 40mmolL-1 (NH4)2CO3 in 1% v/v methanol (pH 9.0) formed mobile phase B. Detection limits and relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.012-0.032ngmL-1 and 2.2-2.8% respectively. This method was applied to bottled waters and fruit juices purchased in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. In water samples, Sb(V) was the major species where as in juices organometallic Sb species were also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-An Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Jen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - A C Sahayam
- National Centre for Compositional Characterisation of Materials (NCCCM), Hyderabad, India
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Payán L, Poyatos MT, Muñoz L, La Rubia MD, Pacheco R, Ramos N. Study of the influence of storage conditions on the quality and migration levels of antimony in polyethylene terephthalate-bottled water. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2017; 23:318-327. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013217690300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study are to determine the presence of antimony in water stored in polyethylene terephthalate bottles and the influence of temperature and time over the migration levels. For this purpose, Sb determination was carried out in water at different experimental conditions: storage for one to three weeks at 25 to 80 ℃; long-term (six months) storage at room temperature between 16 and 24 ℃ and storage in car during summer which is a common consumer’s habit. In addition, water quality analysis was developed after different time–temperature storage conditions. All the samples at the end of their storage conditions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The limit of detection and quantification were 0.50 and 0.80 µg/L, respectively. The results for the bottled water stored during six months indicated that the average Sb concentration was 0.332 ± 0.015 µg/L. This value is below the European maximum permissible migration level of 5 µg/L. With regard to the newly bottled water, no Sb was detected at the initial time for all temperatures studied. However, the Sb concentration in water increased with both time and temperature. The levels of Sb started exceeding the European limits when the samples were stored at 60 ℃ for two weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Payán
- Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - M Teresa Poyatos
- Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lucía Muñoz
- Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - M Dolores La Rubia
- Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Rafael Pacheco
- Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Natividad Ramos
- Physical Chemistry and Analytical Department, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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35
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Chapa-Martínez CA, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Hernández-Ramírez A, Ruiz-Ruiz E, Maya-Treviño L, Guzmán-Mar JL. An evaluation of the migration of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:511-518. [PMID: 27192700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The leaching of antimony (Sb) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottling material was assessed in twelve brands of bottled water purchased in Mexican supermarkets by atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a hydride generation system (HG-AFS). Dowex® 1X8-100 ion-exchange resin was used to preconcentrate trace amounts of Sb in water samples. Migration experiments from the PET bottle material were performed in water according to the following storage conditions: 1) temperature (25 and 75°C), 2) pH (3 and 7) and 3) exposure time (5 and 15days), using ultrapure water as a simulant for liquid foods. The test conditions were studied by a 2(3) factorial experimental design. The Sb concentration measured in the PET packaging materials varied between 73.0 and 111.3mg/kg. The Sb concentration (0.28-2.30μg/L) in all of the PET bottled drinking water samples examined at the initial stage of the study was below the maximum contaminant level of 5μg/L prescribed by European Union (EU) regulations. The parameters studied (pH, temperature, and storage time) significantly affected the release of Sb, with temperature having the highest positive significant effect within the studied experimental domain. The highest Sb concentration leached from PET containers was in water samples at pH7 stored at 75°C for a period of 5days. The extent of Sb leaching from the PET ingredients for different brands of drinking water can differ by as much as one order of magnitude in experiments conducted under the worst-case conditions. The chronic daily intake (CDI) caused by the release of Sb in one brand exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulated CDI value of 400ng/kg/day, with values of 514.3 and 566.2ng/kg/day for adults and children. Thus, the appropriate selection of the polymer used for the production of PET bottles seems to ensure low Sb levels in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Chapa-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - L Hinojosa-Reyes
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - E Ruiz-Ruiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - L Maya-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - J L Guzmán-Mar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, Mexico.
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36
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Zhang F, Kang H, Bai Y, Jiang B, Huang Y, Liu L. Catalytic property of poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) synthesized with a novel Sb/Al bimetallic compound catalyst. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study investigated the hydrolysis of aluminum subacetate, and poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) was synthesized by using a compound catalyst made of its hydrolysate, γ-AlOOH, with ethylene glycol stibium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Yudong Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
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37
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Manoli E, Voutsa D. Food Containers and Packaging Materials as Possible Source of Hazardous Chemicals to Food. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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38
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Dardmeh N, Khosrowshahi A, Almasi H, Zandi M. Study on Effect of the Polyethylene Terephthalate/Nanoclay Nanocomposite Film on the Migration of Terephthalic Acid into the Yoghurt Drinks Simulant. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dardmeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - A. Khosrowshahi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - H. Almasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - M. Zandi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
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39
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Gerla SR, Lloyd MA, Eggett DL, Pike OA. Microbial and chemical safety of non-commercially packaged water stored for emergency use. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:819-826. [PMID: 26322767 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water storage is one of the most important components of emergency preparedness. Potable water is needed for ensuring the survival and well-being of disaster victims. Consumers may store water in previously used beverage or other food-grade containers for emergency use; however, this practice poses potential safety risks. Water stored in various containers for emergency purposes in residences within the state of Utah was tested for various contaminants. Of 240 samples, seven contained coliforms and 14 samples had free chlorine levels over the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 4 parts per million limit. There was a negative correlation between chlorine levels and age of water. The probability that a container had free chlorine present decreased by 4% for each month of storage, suggesting the importance of preventing subsequent contamination of water during storage and use. Water in clear polyethylene terephthalate plastic soda bottles (n=16), even when stored for >18 months, did not exceed 0.3 parts per billion (ppb) antimony, a level significantly lower than the EPA limit of 6.0 ppb antimony. These results support the practice of utilizing previously used containers, when properly cleaned and chlorinated, for emergency water storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Gerla
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-221 Eyring Science Center, Provo, UT 84602, USA E-mail:
| | - Michelle A Lloyd
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-221 Eyring Science Center, Provo, UT 84602, USA E-mail:
| | - Dennis L Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Oscar A Pike
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-221 Eyring Science Center, Provo, UT 84602, USA E-mail:
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40
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Atakan D, Durukan İ, Bektas S. Determination of Antimony from Polyethylene Terephthalate in Drinking Water by Solid Floating Organic Drop Microextraction and Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1067811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Sodium titanium tris(glycolate) as a catalyst for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) via glycolysis and repolycondensation. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Hu X, He M, Li S. Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH, temperature and organic acids. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:11-17. [PMID: 25766008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony (Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62×10(4) mg/kg. Effects of initial pH, temperature and four organic acids (acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors. Approximately 30% (97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The pH-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded (average 9×10(3) mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils (2.7±1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Sisi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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43
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Carneado S, Hernández-Nataren E, López-Sánchez J, Sahuquillo A. Migration of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate used in mineral water bottles. Food Chem 2015; 166:544-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Real M, Molina-Molina JM, Jiménez-Díaz I, Arrebola JP, Sáenz JM, Fernández MF, Olea N. Screening of hormone-like activities in bottled waters available in Southern Spain using receptor-specific bioassays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:125-35. [PMID: 25454229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bottled water consumption is a putative source of human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Research has been conducted on the presence of chemicals with estrogen-like activity in bottled waters and on their estrogenicity, but few data are available on the presence of hormonal activities associated with other nuclear receptors (NRs). The aim of this study was to determine the presence of endocrine activities dependent on the activation of human estrogen receptor alpha (hERa) and/or androgen receptor (hAR) in water in glass or plastic bottles sold to consumers in Southern Spain. Hormone-like activities were evaluated in 29 bottled waters using receptor-specific bioassays based on reporter gene expression in PALM cells [(anti-)androgenicity] and cell proliferation assessment in MCF-7 cells [(anti-)estrogenicity] after optimized solid phase extraction (SPE). All of the water samples analyzed showed hormonal activity. This was estrogenic in 79.3% and anti-estrogenic in 37.9% of samples and was androgenic in 27.5% and anti-androgenic in 41.3%, with mean concentrations per liter of 0.113pM 17β-estradiol (E2) equivalent units (E2Eq), 11.01pM anti-estrogen (ICI 182780) equivalent units (ICI 182780Eq), 0.33pM methyltrienolone (R1881) equivalent units (R1881Eq), and 0.18nM procymidone equivalent units (ProcEq). Bottled water consumption contributes to EDC exposure. Hormone-like activities observed in waters from both plastic and glass bottles suggest that plastic packaging is not the sole source of contamination and that the source of the water and bottling process may play a role, among other factors. Further research is warranted on the cumulative effects of long-term exposure to low doses of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Real
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Molina-Molina
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, E-18071, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Jiménez-Díaz
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - José-María Sáenz
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, E-18071, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, E-18012, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Granada, E-18071, Spain
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Molaee Aghaee E, Alimohammadi M, Nabizadeh R, Jahed Khaniki G, Naseri S, Mahvi AH, Yaghmaeian K, Aslani H, Nazmara S, Mahmoudi B, Ghani M. Effects of storage time and temperature on the antimony and some trace element release from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the bottled drinking water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014; 12:133. [PMID: 25431656 PMCID: PMC4245802 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Heavy metals are considered as one of the major contaminants that can enter into the bottled waters. Antimony (Sb) is a contaminant, which may leach from the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into the water. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of antimony and other trace elements in bottled waters which was kept in varied storage conditions and temperatures. Materials and methods Five time-temperature treatments were carried out on five different brands of commercially available bottled waters. Heavy metal measurement was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method. Analysis of the collected data was processed by SPSS software. Results Antimony concentration was the main concern in our study. The concentrations increased in each of the sample during storage period at all temperatures. The results for different conditions were as follow: at 40°C, in outdoor and at room temperature the Sb concentrations were below the MCLs, i e. 6 ppb. However, at 65°C and 80°C for longer storage times Sb concentration exceeded the MCLs, and variations between the samples were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Storage time and temperature effects on the content of some other trace elements such as Al, Fe were also significant (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion By increasing the duration of storage time and temperatures, antimony leaching from the PET bottles into the bottled water increased. The concentration of Al demonstrated an increase in higher temperatures and storage duration, whereas the content of Fe demonstrated no significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Molaee Aghaee
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Naseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Aslani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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46
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Bach C, Dauchy X, Severin I, Munoz JF, Etienne S, Chagnon MC. Effect of sunlight exposure on the release of intentionally and/or non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: Chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity. Food Chem 2014; 162:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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47
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Fan YY, Zheng JL, Ren JH, Luo J, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Effects of storage temperature and duration on release of antimony and bisphenol A from polyethylene terephthalate drinking water bottles of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:113-120. [PMID: 24907857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated effects of storage temperature and duration on release of antimony (Sb) and bisphenol A (BPA) from 16 brands of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking water bottles in China. After 1-week storage, Sb release increased from 1.88-8.32 ng/L at 4 °C, to 2.10-18.4 ng/L at 25 °C and to 20.3-2604 ng/L at 70 °C. The corresponding releases for BPA were less at 0.26-18.7, 0.62-22.6, and 2.89-38.9 ng/L. Both Sb and BPA release increased with storage duration up to 4-week, but their releasing rates decreased with storage time, indicating that Sb and BPA release from PET bottles may become stable under long term storage. Human health risk was evaluated based on the worst case, i.e., storage at 70 °C for 4-week. Chronic daily intake (CDI) caused by BPA release was below USEPA regulation, Sb release in one brand exceeded USEPA regulated CDI (400 ng/kg bw/d) with values of 409 and 1430 ng/kg bw/d for adult and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Lun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Hua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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48
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Sánchez-Martínez M, Pérez-Corona T, Cámara C, Madrid Y. Migration of antimony from PET containers into regulated EU food simulants. Food Chem 2013; 141:816-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Keresztes S, Tatár E, Czégény Z, Záray G, Mihucz VG. Study on the leaching of phthalates from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into mineral water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:451-458. [PMID: 23688967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonated and non-carbonated mineral water samples bottled in 0.5-L, 1.5-L and 2.0-L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers belonging to three different water brands commercialized in Hungary were studied in order to determine their phthalate content by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the six investigated phthalates, diisobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl-phthalate, benzyl-butyl phthalate and di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were determined in non-carbonated samples as follows: <3.0 ng L(-1)-0.2 μg L(-1), <6.6 ng L(-1)-0.8 μg L(-1), <6.0 ng L(-1)-0.1 μg L(-1) and <16.0 ng L(-1)-1.7 μg L(-1), respectively. Any of the above-mentioned phthalate esters could be detected in carbonated mineral water samples. DEHP was the most abundant phthalate in the investigated samples. It could be detected after 44 days of storage at 22 °C and its leaching was the most pronounced when samples were stored over 1200 days. Mineral water purchased in PET bottles of 0.5L had the highest phthalate concentrations compared to those obtained for waters of the identical brand bottled in 1.5-L or 2.0-L PET containers due to the higher surface/volume ratio. No clear trend could be established for phthalate leaching when water samples were kept at higher temperatures (max. 60 °C) showing improper storage conditions. Phthalate determination by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometric measurements in the plastic material as well as in the aqueous phase proved the importance of the quality of PET raw material used for the production of the pre-form (virgin vs. polymer containing recycled PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Keresztes
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
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50
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Greifenstein M, White DW, Stubner A, Hout J, Whelton AJ. Impact of temperature and storage duration on the chemical and odor quality of military packaged water in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:376-83. [PMID: 23624011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of temperature and storage time on military packaged water (MPW) quality was examined at four temperatures (23.0 °C to 60.0 °C) for 120 days. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were filled in California and Afghanistan with unbuffered water treated by reverse osmosis. The US military's water pH long-term potability standard was exceeded, and US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water pH and odor intensity limits were also exceeded. During a 70 day exposure period, Port Hueneme MPW total organic carbon and total trihalomethane levels increased from < 0.25mg/L to 2.0 ± 0.0mg/L and <0.05 μg/L to 51.5 ± 2.1 μg/L, respectively. PET released organic contaminants into MPW and residual disinfectant generated trihalomethane contaminants. After 14 days at 37.7 °C and 60.0 °C, Afghanistan MPW threshold odor number values were 8.0 and 8.6, respectively. Total organic carbon concentration only increased with exposure duration at 60.0 °C. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde contaminants were not detected likely due to the high method detection limits applied in this study. Phthalate contaminants detected and their maximum levels were butylbenzylphthalate (BBP) 0.43 μg/L, di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) 0.38 μg/L, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 0.6 μg/L, and diethylphthalate (DEP) 0.32 μg/L. Antimony was only detected in 60.0 °C Afghanistan MPW on Day 28 and beyond, and its maximum concentration was 3.6 ± 0.3 μg/L. No antimony was found in bottles exposed to lesser temperatures. Environmental health, PET synthesis and bottle manufacturers, and bottle users can integrate results of this work to improve health protective decisions and doctrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Greifenstein
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
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