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Jorat ME, Kraavi KE, Manning DAC. Removal of atmospheric CO 2 by engineered soils in infrastructure projects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115016. [PMID: 35460984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of crushed basic igneous rock and crushed concrete for enhanced rock weathering and to facilitate pedogenic carbonate precipitation provides a promising method of carbon sequestration. However, many of the controls on precipitation and subsequent effects on soil properties remain poorly understood. In this study, engineered soil plots, with different ratios of concrete or dolerite combined with sand, have been used to investigate relationships between sequestered inorganic carbon and geotechnical properties, over a two-year period. Cone penetration tests with porewater pressure measurements (CPTu) were conducted to determine changes in tip resistance and pore pressure. C and O isotope analysis was carried out to confirm the pedogenic origin of carbonate minerals. TIC analysis shows greater precipitation of pedogenic carbonate in plots containing concrete than those with dolerite, with the highest sequestration values of plots containing each material being equivalent to 33.7 t C ha-1 yr-1 and 17.5 t C ha-1 yr-1, respectively, calculated from extrapolation of results derived from the TIC analysis. TIC content showed reduction or remained unchanged for the top 0.1 m of soil; at a depth of 0.2 m however, for dolerite plots, a pattern of seasonal accumulation and loss of TIC emerged. CPTu tip resistance measurements showed that the presence of carbonates had no observable effect on penetration resistance, and in the case of porewater pressure measurements, carbonate precipitation does not change the permeability of the substrate, and so does not affect drainage. The results of this study indicate that both the addition of dolerite and concrete serve to enhance CO2 removal in soils, that soil temperature appears to be a control on TIC precipitation, and that mineral carbonation in constructed soils does not lead to reduced drainage or an increased risk of flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ehsan Jorat
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, United Kingdom; School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl E Kraavi
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - David A C Manning
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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2
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Khudhur FWK, MacDonald JM, Macente A, Daly L. The utilization of alkaline wastes in passive carbon capture and sequestration: Promises, challenges and environmental aspects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153553. [PMID: 35104509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline wastes have been the focus of many studies as they act as CO2 sinks and have the potential to offset emissions from mining and steelmaking industries. Passive carbonation of alkaline wastes mimics natural silicate weathering and provides a promising alternative pathway for CO2 capture and storage as carbonates, requiring marginal human intervention when compared to ex-situ carbonation. This review summarizes the extant research that has investigated the passive carbonation of alkaline wastes, namely ironmaking and steelmaking slag, mine tailings and demolition wastes, over the past two decades. Here we report different factors that affect passive carbonation to address challenges that this process faces and to identify possible solutions. We identify avenues for future research such as investigating how passive carbonation affects the surrounding environment through interaction with the biosphere and the hydrosphere. Future research should also consider economic analyses to provide investors with an in-depth understanding of passive carbonation techniques. Based on the reviewed materials, we conclude that passive carbonation can be an important contributor to climate change mitigation strategies, and its potential can be intensified by applying simple waste management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal W K Khudhur
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - John M MacDonald
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alice Macente
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Luke Daly
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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3
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Chan KMA, Satterfield T. The maturation of ecosystem services: Social and policy research expands, but whither biophysically informed valuation? PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Tiwari SK, Giri BS, Thivaharan V, Srivastava AK, Kumar S, Singh RP, Kumar R, Singh RS. Sequestration of simulated carbon dioxide (CO 2) using churning cementations waste and fly-ash in a thermo-stable batch reactor (TSBR). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27470-27479. [PMID: 31900774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degrees of mineral carbonation in (a) construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and (b) a mixture of cement and fly ash were studied through a dynamic experimental method to determine the variation in the rate and extent of CO2 sequestration achievable under simulated outdoor conditions. A number of experiments were performed in a self-designed rotating batch reactor by churning the two samples together with CO2, which was passed through the mixtures by using water vapor as the medium of transfer. At an injection flow rate of 1 L/min for CO2, the theoretical extent of carbonation was observed to be 39.1% for the mixture of cement and fly ash and 25% for C&DW. It was further observed that upon increasing the CO2 flow rate to 10 L/min, the carbonation in the mixture of cement and fly ash increased by 37.2% after 15 h of rotation at 60 rounds per hour (rph) for a temperature of 40 °C. Weighing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were performed for the samples before and after the batch reaction to study the quantitative, qualitative and morphological aspects of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniv Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
- Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284001, India
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576 104, Manipal, India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | | | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ram Sharan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Jorat ME, Goddard MA, Manning P, Lau HK, Ngeow S, Sohi SP, Manning DAC. Passive CO 2 removal in urban soils: Evidence from brownfield sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135573. [PMID: 31771848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Management of urban brownfield land can contribute to significant removal of atmospheric CO2 through the development of soil carbonate minerals. However, the potential magnitude and stability of this carbon sink is poorly quantified as previous studies address a limited range of conditions and short durations. Furthermore, the suitability of carbonate-sequestering soils for construction has not been investigated. To address these issues we measured total inorganic carbon, permeability and ground strength in the top 20 cm of soil at 20 brownfield sites in northern England, between 2015 and 2017. Across all sites accumulation occurred at a rate of 1-16 t C ha-1 yr-1, as calcite (CaCO3), corresponding to removal of approximately 4-59 t CO2 ha-1 yr-1, with the highest rate in the first 15 years after demolition. C and O stable isotope analysis of calcite confirms the atmospheric origin of the measured inorganic carbon. Statistical modelling found that pH and the content of fine materials (combined silt and clay content) were the best predictors of the total inorganic carbon content of the samples. Measurement of permeability shows that sites with carbonated soils possess a similar risk of run-off or flooding to sandy soils. Soil strength, measured as in-situ bearing capacity, increased with carbonation. These results demonstrate that the management of urban brownfield land to retain fine material derived from concrete crushing on site following demolition will promote calcite precipitation in soils, and so offers an additional CO2 removal mechanism, with no detrimental effect on drainage and possible improvements in strength. Given the large area of brownfield land that is available for development, the contribution of this process to CO2 removal by urban soils needs to be recognised in CO2 mitigation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ehsan Jorat
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, United Kingdom; School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark A Goddard
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hiu Kwan Lau
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Ngeow
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Saran P Sohi
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A C Manning
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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Process Optimization of Potassium Release from K–Feldspar by Combining Calcination and Hydrothermal Method. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Snow MS, Ward J, Olson J, Bucher B, Delmore J, Adamic M, Watrous M, Snyder D. Carbon-14 content in surface soils near atmospheric and below ground nuclear detonations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 208-209:106007. [PMID: 31325734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global and regional releases of 14C have resulted from nuclear weapons testing activities; assessment of the chemical behavior and mechanisms of environmental transport and deposition of this radionuclide can assist remediation strategy development efforts and provide insights into global carbon cycling processes. This work reports a systematic evaluation of 14C in surface soils taken from the Nevada National Security Site. Surface soil samples are derived from above- and underground test locations, with underground test sites representing a range from near complete containment to uncontrolled radioactive releases. Only one surface soil taken from a underground test location (i.e. the Baneberry shot) shows elevated 14C concentrations (319 ± 9 pMC) in addition to elevated concentrations of 137Cs, 60Co and 152Eu above regional backgrounds. Surface soils from above-ground test locations show extremely high 14C content (~1000 to 10,000 pMC); elevated concentrations of 152Eu and 60Co for these soils are also observed, with 137Cs at or below background levels. Taken together, these data suggest that 14C in surface soils from above-ground tests is primarily derived from in-situ neutron activation of the native soil material, whereas 14C in surface soils from underground tests may be from either recondensed particulate material or soil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S Snow
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA.
| | - Jessica Ward
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - John Olson
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - Brian Bucher
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - James Delmore
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - Mary Adamic
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - Matthew Watrous
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
| | - Darin Snyder
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415-2805, USA
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Lord R, Sakrabani R. Ten-year legacy of organic carbon in non-agricultural (brownfield) soils restored using green waste compost exceeds 4 per mille per annum: Benefits and trade-offs of a circular economy approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1057-1068. [PMID: 31412504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) was re-analysed 10 years after application of source-segregated green waste compost at a 1 ha previously-developed UK site to compare with the increases suggested by the 4 per mille initiative proposed at COP21 in Paris. Compost prepared to PAS100 standard had been incorporated once at rates of 250, 500 and 750 t·ha-1 in 2007 in clay subsoil prior to planting of perennial energy crops. Our results show statistically significant differential increases in SOC, total nutrients N and P, or contaminants Zn, Pb, Cu, As and B, remain from the compost application after a decade. For the 500 or 750 t·ha-1 compost rates the SOC increments in the upper 10-15 cm were 0.85% or 1.6% over the 4.9% developed from a baseline of 1.8% in control areas by a decade of natural regeneration. Calculation of the elemental loadings from the compost analyses compared to the present-day levels suggests SOC declines after application at an average annual rate approaching 10%, compared to 5% for the nutrients or contaminants, roughly equivalent to half-lives of 5 or 10 years respectively. The study demonstrates the long-term soil organic matter (SOM) additions, fertility benefits and technical feasibility of a one-off, high-rate application of waste-derived compost to improve urban soils, compared to the potential trade-off of adding to PTE loadings. This longevity of SOC addition, previously unrecognised in brownfield soils, may be inferred for other areas where further cultivation is precluded, as is typical after landscape restoration or under perennial energy crops for the production of biomass. This unprecedented result has wider implications for marginal land use for bioenergy and the opportunities therein for SOC management using anthropogenic organic wastes to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lord
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruben Sakrabani
- School of Water, Energy & Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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9
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Pires JCM. Negative emissions technologies: A complementary solution for climate change mitigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:502-514. [PMID: 30965264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main greenhouse gas (GHG) and its atmospheric concentration is currently 50% higher than pre-industrial levels. The continuous GHGs emissions may lead to severe and irreversible consequences in the climate system. The reduction of GHG emissions may be not enough to mitigate climate change. Consequently, besides carbon capture from large emission sources, atmospheric CO2 capture may be also required. To meet the target defined for climate change mitigation, the removal of 10 Gt·yr-1 of CO2 globally by mid-century and 20 Gt·yr-1 of CO2 globally by the end of century. The technologies applied with this aim are known as negative emission technologies (NETs), as they lead to achieve a negative balance of carbon in atmosphere. This paper aims to present the recent research works regarding NETs, focusing the research findings achieved by academic groups and projects. Besides several advantages, NETs present high operational cost and its scale-up should be tested to know the real effect on climate change mitigation. With current knowledge, no single process should be seen as a solution. Research efforts should be performed to evaluate and reduce NETs costs and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C M Pires
- LEPABE - Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Abstract
7 billion tonnes of alkaline materials are produced globally each year as a product or by-product of industrial activity. The aqueous dissolution of these materials creates high pH solutions that dissolves CO2 to store carbon in the form of solid carbonate minerals or dissolved bicarbonate ions. Here we show that these materials have a carbon dioxide storage potential of 2.9–8.5 billion tonnes per year by 2100, and may contribute a substantial proportion of the negative emissions required to limit global temperature change to <2 °C. The potential of biomass energy carbon capture and storage is unclear. Here the authors estimated the negative emissions potential from highly alkaline materials, by-products and wastes and showed that these materials have a CO2 storage potential of 2.5–7.5 billion tonnes per year by 2100.
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McCutcheon J, Power IM, Shuster J, Harrison AL, Dipple GM, Southam G. Carbon Sequestration in Biogenic Magnesite and Other Magnesium Carbonate Minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3225-3237. [PMID: 30786208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The stability and longevity of carbonate minerals make them an ideal sink for surplus atmospheric carbon dioxide. Biogenic magnesium carbonate mineral precipitation from the magnesium-rich tailings generated by many mining operations could offset net mining greenhouse gas emissions, while simultaneously giving value to mine waste products. In this investigation, cyanobacteria in a wetland bioreactor enabled the precipitation of magnesite (MgCO3), hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O], and dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O] from a synthetic wastewater comparable in chemistry to what is produced by acid leaching of ultramafic mine tailings. These precipitates occurred as micrometer-scale mineral grains and microcrystalline carbonate coatings that entombed filamentous cyanobacteria. This provides the first laboratory demonstration of low temperature, biogenic magnesite precipitation for carbon sequestration purposes. These findings demonstrate the importance of extracellular polymeric substances in microbially enabled carbonate mineral nucleation. Fluid composition was monitored to determine carbon sequestration rates. The results demonstrate that up to 238 t of CO2 could be stored per hectare of wetland/year if this method of carbon dioxide sequestration was implemented at an ultramafic mine tailing storage facility. The abundance of tailings available for carbonation and the anticipated global implementation of carbon pricing make this method of mineral carbonation worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenine McCutcheon
- Department of Earth Sciences , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Power
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
- School of the Environment , Trent University , Peterborough , Ontario K9L 0G2 , Canada
| | - Jeremiah Shuster
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water , Glen Osmond , South Australia 5064 , Australia
| | - Anna L Harrison
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
- School of Environmental Studies , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Gregory M Dipple
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Gordon Southam
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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Sequestering Atmospheric CO2 Inorganically: A Solution for Malaysia’s CO2 Emission. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8120483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaysia is anticipating an increase of 68.86% in CO2 emission in 2020, compared with the 2000 baseline, reaching 285.73 million tonnes. A major contributor to Malaysia’s CO2 emissions is coal-fired electricity power plants, responsible for 43.4% of the overall emissions. Malaysia’s forest soil offers organic sequestration of 15 tonnes of CO2 ha−1·year−1. Unlike organic CO2 sequestration in soil, inorganic sequestration of CO2 through mineral carbonation, once formed, is considered as a permanent sink. Inorganic CO2 sequestration in Malaysia has not been extensively studied, and the country’s potential for using the technique for atmospheric CO2 removal is undefined. In addition, Malaysia produces a significant amount of solid waste annually and, of that, demolition concrete waste, basalt quarry fine, and fly and bottom ashes are calcium-rich materials suitable for inorganic CO2 sequestration. This project introduces a potential solution for sequestering atmospheric CO2 inorganically for Malaysia. If lands associated to future developments in Malaysia are designed for inorganic CO2 sequestration using demolition concrete waste, basalt quarry fine, and fly and bottom ashes, 597,465 tonnes of CO2 can be captured annually adding a potential annual economic benefit of €4,700,000.
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Pedogenic Carbonates and Radiocarbon Isotopes of Organic Carbon at Depth in the Russian Chernozem. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8120458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of native grasslands to agricultural sites has resulted in remarkable changes in soil carbon at depth, but its impact on soil diagnostic horizons is unknown. This study was conducted to radiocarbon date the soil organic carbon (SOC) and quantify pedogenic carbonates in the Russian Chernozem at depth at three sites: a native grassland field (not cultivated for at least 300 years), an adjacent 50-year continuous fallow field in the V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem Biosphere State Reserve in the Kursk region of Russia (UNESCO—MAB Biosphere Reserve), and a cropland in the Experimental Station of the Kursk Institute of Agronomy and Soil Erosion Control. All sampled soils were classified as Fine-silty, mixed, frigid Pachic Hapludolls (Haplic Chernozem). The radiocarbon age (14C date, y BP) of SOC was highly variable: in the native grassland field, it varied from post-bomb (A-horizon) to 8011 ± 54 y BP (C-horizon); in the continuous fallow, it varied from 1569 ± 41 y BP (Ap-horizon) to 11,380 ± 180 y BP (C1-horizon); and in the cropland, it varied from 1055 ± 38 y BP (Ap-horizon) to 11,805 ± 68 y BP (Ck-horizon). Cultivation resulted in morphological/diagnostic changes in the soil profile (conversion of A to Ap; conversion of Bw to Bk horizon) over a 50-year period. These changes are supported by radiocarbon dating of SOC and pedogenic carbonate distribution within the soil profile. The proportion of pedogenic carbonates was highly variable: in the native grassland, it was 27% (C-horizon); in the continuous fallow, it varied from 53% (Bk1-horizon) to 72% (C2-horizon); and in the cropland, it varied from 85% (A-horizon) to 10% (Ck-horizon). The radiocarbon age differences with depth among the soils reflect changes in the soil carbon dynamics resulting from cultivation.
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Mayes WM, Riley AL, Gomes HI, Brabham P, Hamlyn J, Pullin H, Renforth P. Atmospheric CO 2 Sequestration in Iron and Steel Slag: Consett, County Durham, United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7892-7900. [PMID: 29894185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonate formation in waste from the steel industry could constitute a nontrivial proportion of the global requirements for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a potentially low cost. To utilize this potential, we examined atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration in a >20 million ton legacy slag deposit in northern England, United Kingdom. Carbonates formed from the drainage water of the heap had stable carbon and oxygen isotope values between -12 and -25 ‰ and -5 and -18 ‰ for δ13C and δ18O, respectively, suggesting atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration in high-pH solutions. From the analyses of solution saturation states, we estimate that between 280 and 2900 tons of CO2 have precipitated from the drainage waters. However, by combining a 37 year long data set of the drainage water chemistry with geospatial analysis, we estimate that <1% of the maximum carbon-capture potential of the deposit may have been realized. This implies that uncontrolled deposition of slag is insufficient to maximize carbon sequestration, and there may be considerable quantities of unreacted legacy deposits available for atmospheric carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Matthew Mayes
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
| | - Alex L Riley
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
- Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , United Kingdom
| | - Helena I Gomes
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX , United Kingdom
- Food, Water, Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham , University Park, , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Brabham
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AT , United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hamlyn
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AT , United Kingdom
- TerraDat UK Limited , Penarth Road , Llandough, Cardiff CF11 8TQ , United Kingdom
| | - Huw Pullin
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AT , United Kingdom
| | - Phil Renforth
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AT , United Kingdom
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15
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Potential of Soil, Sludge and Sediment for Mineral Carbonation Process in Selinsing Gold Mine, Malaysia. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8060257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhagat C, Dudhagara P, Tank S. Trends, application and future prospectives of microbial carbonic anhydrase mediated carbonation process for CCUS. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:316-335. [PMID: 28921830 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing industrialization and the desire for a better economy in countries has accelerated the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), by more than the buffering capacity of the earth's atmosphere. Among the various GHGs, carbon dioxide occupies the first position in the anthroposphere and has detrimental effects on the ecosystem. For decarbonization, several non-biological methods of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) have been in use for the past few decades, but they are suffering from narrow applicability. Recently, CO2 emission and its disposal related problems have encouraged the implementation of bioprocessing to achieve a zero waste economy for a sustainable environment. Microbial carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyses reversible CO2 hydration and forms metal carbonates that mimic the natural phenomenon of weathering/carbonation and is gaining merit for CCUS. Thus, the diversity and specificity of CAs from different micro-organisms could be explored for CCUS. In the literature, more than 50 different microbial CAs have been explored for mineral carbonation. Further, microbial CAs can be engineered for the mineral carbonation process to develop new technology. CA driven carbonation is encouraging due to its large storage capacity and favourable chemistry, allowing site-specific sequestration and reusable product formation for other industries. Moreover, carbonation based CCUS holds five-fold more sequestration capacity over the next 100 years. Thus, it is an eco-friendly, feasible, viable option and believed to be the impending technology for CCUS. Here, we attempt to examine the distribution of various types of microbial CAs with their potential applications and future direction for carbon capture. Although there are few key challenges in bio-based technology, they need to be addressed in order to commercialize the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bhagat
- Department of Biosciences (UGC-SAP-DRS-II), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - P Dudhagara
- Department of Biosciences (UGC-SAP-DRS-II), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - S Tank
- Department of Biosciences (UGC-SAP-DRS-II), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
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Han YS, Ji S, Lee PK, Oh C. Bauxite residue neutralization with simultaneous mineral carbonation using atmospheric CO 2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 326:87-93. [PMID: 27988404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous carbon mineralization during neutralization of bauxite residue, a caustic alkaline by-product of alumina refining, was tested using laboratory batch and a field pilot study in contact with atmospheric CO2. Since CO2 sequestration is limited by the Ca concentration in the bauxite residue, extra Ca sources were added in a semi-soluble mineral and salt form (flue gas desulfurization gypsum or CaCl2) to verify whether this Ca addition accelerated and enlarged the CO2 sequestration obtained as a consequence of neutralization. The results of 55 days of batch and longer-term field tests were in good agreement, and the neutralization rate was accelerated through the addition of both Ca sources. Without the addition of the extra Ca source, atmospheric CO2 contributed to neutralization of pore water alkalinity alone, while Ca addition induced further neutralization through mineral carbonation of atmospheric CO2 to CaCO3. This simple addition of environmentally benign Ca to bauxite residue may provide a feasible bauxite residue management practice that is cost-effective and easy to apply in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soo Han
- Korea Institutes of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangwoo Ji
- Korea Institutes of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pyeong-Koo Lee
- Korea Institutes of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chamteut Oh
- Korea Institutes of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Surface Soil Carbon Storage in Urban Green Spaces in Three Major South Korean Cities. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7060115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Power IM, Harrison AL, Dipple GM. Accelerating Mineral Carbonation Using Carbonic Anhydrase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2610-2618. [PMID: 26829491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes have gained considerable attention for their potential use in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies because they are able to catalyze rapidly the interconversion of aqueous CO2 and bicarbonate. However, there are challenges for widespread implementation including the need to develop mineralization process routes for permanent carbon storage. Mineral carbonation of highly reactive feedstocks may be limited by the supply rate of CO2. This rate limitation can be directly addressed by incorporating enzyme-catalyzed CO2 hydration. This study examined the effects of bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and CO2-rich gas streams on the carbonation rate of brucite [Mg(OH)2], a highly reactive mineral. Alkaline brucite slurries were amended with BCA and supplied with 10% CO2 gas while aqueous chemistry and solids were monitored throughout the experiments (hours to days). In comparison to controls, brucite carbonation using BCA was accelerated by up to 240%. Nesquehonite [MgCO3·3H2O] precipitation limited the accumulation of hydrated CO2 species, apparently preventing BCA from catalyzing the dehydration reaction. Geochemical models reproduce observed reaction progress in all experiments, revealing a linear correlation between CO2 uptake and carbonation rate. Data demonstrates that carbonation in BCA-amended reactors remained limited by CO2 supply, implying further acceleration is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Power
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia , 2020-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna L Harrison
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia , 2020-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gregory M Dipple
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia , 2020-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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20
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McCutcheon J, Wilson S, Southam G. Microbially Accelerated Carbonate Mineral Precipitation as a Strategy for in Situ Carbon Sequestration and Rehabilitation of Asbestos Mine Sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1419-1427. [PMID: 26720600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A microbially accelerated process for the precipitation of carbonate minerals was implemented in a sample of serpentinite mine tailings collected from the abandoned Woodsreef Asbestos Mine in New South Wales, Australia as a strategy to sequester atmospheric CO2 while also stabilizing the tailings. Tailings were leached using sulfuric acid in reaction columns and subsequently inoculated with an alkalinity-generating cyanobacteria-dominated microbial consortium that was enriched from pit waters at the Woodsreef Mine. Leaching conditions that dissolved 14% of the magnesium from the serpentinite tailings while maintaining circumneutral pH (1800 ppm, pH 6.3) were employed in the experiment. The mineralogy, water chemistry, and microbial colonization of the columns were characterized following the experiment. Micro-X-ray diffraction was used to identify carbonate precipitates as dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O] and hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O] with minor nesquehonite (MgCO3·3H2O). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that carbonate mineral precipitates form directly on the filamentous cyanobacteria. These findings demonstrate the ability of these organisms to generate localized supersaturating microenvironments of high concentrations of adsorbed magnesium and photosynthetically generated carbonate ions while also acting as nucleation sites for carbonate precipitation. This study is the first step toward implementing in situ carbon sequestration in serpentinite mine tailings via microbial carbonate precipitation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenine McCutcheon
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland , Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sasha Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gordon Southam
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland , Saint Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Edmondson JL, Stott I, Potter J, Lopez-Capel E, Manning DAC, Gaston KJ, Leake JR. Black Carbon Contribution to Organic Carbon Stocks in Urban Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8339-8346. [PMID: 26114917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil holds 75% of the total organic carbon (TOC) stock in terrestrial ecosystems. This comprises ecosystem-derived organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC), a recalcitrant product of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Urban topsoils are often enriched in BC from historical emissions of soot and have high TOC concentrations, but the contribution of BC to TOC throughout the urban soil profile, at a regional scale is unknown. We sampled 55 urban soil profiles across the North East of England, a region with a history of coal burning and heavy industry. Through combined elemental and thermogravimetic analyses, we found very large total soil OC stocks (31-65 kg m(-2) to 1 m), exceeding typical values reported for UK woodland soils. BC contributed 28-39% of the TOC stocks, up to 23 kg C m(-2) to 1 m, and was affected by soil texture. The proportional contribution of the BC-rich fraction to TOC increased with soil depth, and was enriched in topsoil under trees when compared to grassland. Our findings establish the importance of urban ecosystems in storing large amounts of OC in soils and that these soils also capture a large proportion of BC particulates emitted within urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Edmondson
- †Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Iain Stott
- ‡Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Jonathan Potter
- †Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Elisa Lopez-Capel
- §School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - David A C Manning
- §School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- ‡Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- †Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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Washbourne CL, Lopez-Capel E, Renforth P, Ascough PL, Manning DAC. Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5434-5440. [PMID: 25837769 DOI: 10.1021/es505476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The measured calcium carbonate content of soils to a depth of 100 mm at a large urban development site has increased over 18 months at a rate that corresponds to the sequestration of 85 t of CO2/ha (8.5 kg of CO2 m(-2)) annually. This is a consequence of rapid weathering of calcium silicate and hydroxide minerals derived from the demolition of concrete structures, which releases Ca that combines with CO2 ultimately derived from the atmosphere, precipitating as calcite. Stable isotope data confirm an atmospheric origin for carbonate carbon, and 14C dating indicates the predominance of modern carbon in the pedogenic calcite. Trial pits show that carbonation extends to depths of ≥1 m. Work at other sites shows that the occurrence of pedogenic carbonates is widespread in artificially created urban soils containing Ca and Mg silicate minerals. Appropriate management of fewer than 12000 ha of urban land to maximize calcite precipitation has the potential to remove 1 million t of CO2 from the atmosphere annually. The maximal global potential is estimated to be approximately 700-1200 Mt of CO2 per year (representing 2.0-3.7% of total emissions from fossil fuel combustion) based on current rates of production of industry-derived Ca- and Mg-bearing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Leanne Washbourne
- †School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Elisa Lopez-Capel
- †School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | | | - Philippa L Ascough
- §Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride G75 0QF, U.K
| | - David A C Manning
- †School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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Xiao L, Lian B, Hao J, Liu C, Wang S. Effect of carbonic anhydrase on silicate weathering and carbonate formation at present day CO₂ concentrations compared to primordial values. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7733. [PMID: 25583135 PMCID: PMC4291579 DOI: 10.1038/srep07733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that carbonic anhydrase (CA) participates in silicate weathering and carbonate formation. Nevertheless, it is still not known if the magnitude of the effect produced by CA on surface rock evolution changes or not. In this work, CA gene expression from Bacillus mucilaginosus and the effects of recombination protein on wollastonite dissolution and carbonate formation under different conditions are explored. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to explore the correlation between CA gene expression and sufficiency or deficiency in calcium and CO2 concentration. The results show that the expression of CA genes is negatively correlated with both CO2 concentration and ease of obtaining soluble calcium. A pure form of the protein of interest (CA) is obtained by cloning, heterologous expression, and purification. The results from tests of the recombination protein on wollastonite dissolution and carbonate formation at different levels of CO2 concentration show that the magnitudes of the effects of CA and CO2 concentration are negatively correlated. These results suggest that the effects of microbial CA in relation to silicate weathering and carbonate formation may have increased importance at the modern atmospheric CO2 concentration compared to 3 billion years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianchao Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Congqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
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Demuzere M, Orru K, Heidrich O, Olazabal E, Geneletti D, Orru H, Bhave AG, Mittal N, Feliu E, Faehnle M. Mitigating and adapting to climate change: multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:107-115. [PMID: 25163601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop climate resilient urban areas and reduce emissions, several opportunities exist starting from conscious planning and design of green (and blue) spaces in these landscapes. Green urban infrastructure has been regarded as beneficial, e.g. by balancing water flows, providing thermal comfort. This article explores the existing evidence on the contribution of green spaces to climate change mitigation and adaptation services. We suggest a framework of ecosystem services for systematizing the evidence on the provision of bio-physical benefits (e.g. CO2 sequestration) as well as social and psychological benefits (e.g. improved health) that enable coping with (adaptation) or reducing the adverse effects (mitigation) of climate change. The multi-functional and multi-scale nature of green urban infrastructure complicates the categorization of services and benefits, since in reality the interactions between various benefits are manifold and appear on different scales. We will show the relevance of the benefits from green urban infrastructures on three spatial scales (i.e. city, neighborhood and site specific scales). We will further report on co-benefits and trade-offs between the various services indicating that a benefit could in turn be detrimental in relation to other functions. The manuscript identifies avenues for further research on the role of green urban infrastructure, in different types of cities, climates and social contexts. Our systematic understanding of the bio-physical and social processes defining various services allows targeting stressors that may hamper the provision of green urban infrastructure services in individual behavior as well as in wider planning and environmental management in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Demuzere
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Orru
- Institute for Agriculture and Environment, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; University of Tartu, Institute of Social Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - O Heidrich
- Newcastle University, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle, UK
| | - E Olazabal
- Energy and Environment Division, Tecnalia, Derio, Spain; Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Geneletti
- University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Trento, Italy
| | - H Orru
- University of Tartu, Department of Public Health, Tartu, Estonia; Umea University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A G Bhave
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - N Mittal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - E Feliu
- Energy and Environment Division, Tecnalia, Derio, Spain
| | - M Faehnle
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Han YS, Tokunaga TK. Calculating carbon mass balance from unsaturated soil columns treated with CaSO₄₋minerals: test of soil carbon sequestration. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:87-93. [PMID: 24974014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Renewed interest in managing C balance in soils is motivated by increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and consequent climate change. Here, experiments were conducted in soil columns to determine C mass balances with and without addition of CaSO4-minerals (anhydrite and gypsum), which were hypothesized to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) retention and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) precipitation as calcite under slightly alkaline conditions. Changes in C contents in three phases (gas, liquid and solid) were measured in unsaturated soil columns tested for one year and comprehensive C mass balances were determined. The tested soil columns had no C inputs, and only C utilization by microbial activity and C transformations were assumed in the C chemistry. The measurements showed that changes in C inventories occurred through two processes, SOC loss and SIC gain. However, the measured SOC losses in the treated columns were lower than their corresponding control columns, indicating that the amendments promoted SOC retention. The SOC losses resulted mostly from microbial respiration and loss of CO2 to the atmosphere rather than from chemical leaching. Microbial oxidation of SOC appears to have been suppressed by increased Ca(2+) and SO4(2)(-) from dissolution of CaSO4 minerals. For the conditions tested, SIC accumulation per m(2) soil area under CaSO4-treatment ranged from 130 to 260 g C m(-1) infiltrated water (20-120 g C m(-1) infiltrated water as net C benefit). These results demonstrate the potential for increasing C sequestration in slightly alkaline soils via CaSO4-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soo Han
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA; Korea Institutes of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tetsu K Tokunaga
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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McCutcheon J, Power IM, Harrison AL, Dipple GM, Southam G. A greenhouse-scale photosynthetic microbial bioreactor for carbon sequestration in magnesium carbonate minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9142-9151. [PMID: 25072950 DOI: 10.1021/es500344s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cyanobacteria dominated consortium collected from an alkaline wetland located near Atlin, British Columbia, Canada accelerated the precipitation of platy hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O] in a linear flow-through experimental model wetland. The concentration of magnesium decreased rapidly within 2 m of the inflow point of the 10-m-long (∼1.5 m(2)) bioreactor. The change in water chemistry was monitored over two months along the length of the channel. Carbonate mineralization was associated with extra-cellular polymeric substances in the nutrient-rich upstream portion of the bioreactor, while the lower part of the system, which lacked essential nutrients, did not exhibit any hydromagnesite precipitation. A mass balance calculation using the water chemistry data produced a carbon sequestration rate of 33.34 t of C/ha per year. Amendment of the nutrient deficiency would intuitively allow for increased carbonation activity. Optimization of this process will have application as a sustainable mining practice by mediating magnesium carbonate precipitation in ultramafic mine tailings storage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenine McCutcheon
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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