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Tanveer R, Neale PA, Melvin SD, Leusch FDL. Application of in vitro bioassays to monitor pharmaceuticals in water: A synthesis of chronological analysis, mode of action, and practical insights. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142255. [PMID: 38729441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater have emerged as a significant concern for the aquatic environment. The use of in vitro bioassays represents a sustainable and cost-effective approach for assessing the potential toxicological risks of these biologically active compounds in wastewater and aligns with ethical considerations in research. It facilitates high-throughput analysis, captures mixture effects, integrates impacts of both known and unknown chemicals, and reduces reliance on animal testing. The core aim of the current review was to explore the practical application of in vitro bioassays in evaluating the environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. This comprehensive review strives to achieve several key objectives. First, it provides a summary categorisation of pharmaceuticals based on their mode of action, providing a structured framework for understanding their ecological significance. Second, a chronological analysis of pharmaceutical research aims to document their prevalence and trends over time, shedding light on evolving environmental challenges. Third, the review critically analyses existing bioassay applications in wastewater, while also examining bioassay coverage of representative compounds within major pharmaceutical classes. Finally, it explores the potential for developing innovative bioassays tailored for water quality monitoring of pharmaceuticals, paving the way for more robust environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Overall, adopting effect-based methods for pharmaceutical monitoring in water holds significant promise. It encompasses a broad spectrum of biological impacts, promotes standardized protocols, and supports a bioassay test battery approach indicative of different endpoints, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameesha Tanveer
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
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Almeida-Ferreira C, Marto CM, Carmo C, Almeida-Ferreira J, Frutuoso C, Carvalho MJ, Botelho MF, Laranjo M. Efficacy of Cold Atmospheric Plasma vs. Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3254. [PMID: 38542225 PMCID: PMC10970295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a growing disease, with a high worldwide incidence and mortality rate among women. Among the various types, the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenge. Considering the recent advances in cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) cancer research, our goal was to evaluate efficacy data from studies based on chemotherapy and CAP in TNBC cell lines and animal models. A search of the literature was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. Of the 10,999 studies, there were fifty-four in vitro studies, three in vivo studies, and two in vitro and in vivo studies included. MDA-MB-231 cells were the most used. MTT, MTS, SRB, annexin-V/propidium iodide, trypan blue, and clonogenic assay were performed to assess efficacy in vitro, increasing the reliability and comprehensiveness of the data. There was found to be a decrease in cell proliferation after both chemotherapy and CAP; however, different protocol settings, including an extensive range of drug doses and CAP exposure times, were reported. For both therapies, a considerable reduction in tumor volume was observed in vivo compared with that of the untreated group. The treatment of TNBC cell lines with CAP proved successful, with apoptosis emerging as the predominant type of cellular death. This systematic review presents a comprehensive overview of the treatment landscape in chemotherapy and CAP regarding their efficacy in TNBC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Almeida-Ferreira
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Miguel Marto
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chrislaura Carmo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center (CQC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Frutuoso
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Gynecology Service, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra Health Local Unit, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Carvalho
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Gynecology Service, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra Health Local Unit, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Universitary Clinic of Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.A.-F.); (C.M.M.); (C.C.); (C.F.); (M.J.C.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
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Hyder A, Memon SS, Buledi JA, Memon S, Memon ZUA, Rajpar DB, Sirajuddin. A highly selective sensor based on p-tetranitrocalix[4]arene-capped copper nanoparticles for colorimetric and bare-eye detection of cyclophosphamide. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:1981-1992. [PMID: 37642921 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, one of the outstanding facile and simple protocols is proposed for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using NaBH4 as a reducing agent and p-tetranitrocalix[4]arene (p-TNC4) as a capping agent. According to our knowledge, no such technique is available in the literature for colorimetric detection of cyclophosphamide (CPA) using CuNPs at the trace level. The well-organized synthesis was confirmed via advanced spectroscopic techniques. The crystallite size, shape, phase purity, and morphological characteristics were determined via XRD, AFM, FT-IR, and UV-visible spectroscopy. At the optimal conditions for CPA detection, the sensor reveals an excellent sensitivity, selectivity, as well as stability with LOD and LOQ 20 nM and 60 nM, respectively. However, the proposed sensor showed excellent potential and selectivity for the sensing of colorimetric detection of CPA that can be effectively applied to real blood serum samples. The proposed approach is better suited as compared to reported protocols in terms of handling, simplicity, economic, energy consumption, reproducibility, and excellent performance in a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hyder
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
| | - Safia Sanam Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmed Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Shahabuddin Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Zafar-Ul-Abdin Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Dhani Bux Rajpar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Sirajuddin
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Science, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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Gomes G, Argolo ADS, Felix LDC, Bila DM. Interferences in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay for evaluation of estrogenicity in environmental samples, chemical mixtures, and individual substances. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105551. [PMID: 36603778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) has a specific mechanism of action that allows for the analysis of estrogenic EDC at low concentrations, and it has been broadly used to estimate the estrogenic potential of environmental samples. However, the experimental parameters of this assay still demand an investigation, such as cell density, incubation time, wavelength on the experimental outcome, cytotoxicity, and estrogenic activity adsorbed on suspended solids. We studied these interferences and applied the assay to single substances, mixtures, and environmental matrices from different sources. The increase in cell density amplifies the assay sensitivity only to a limited extent, while the reduction in incubation time decreased assay sensitivity - although it was not significant for surface water, no differences were observed between estradiol-equivalents derived of 48 h and 72 h measurements. The particulate phase was of utmost importance for the total estrogenic activity of the landfill leachate and surface water. Surface waters, landfill leachates and sediments also showed antiestrogenic activity and the integration of both estrogenic and antiestrogenic endpoints provided deeper insights into the potential risk associated with EDC. This study elucidated experimental interferences that may arise during the implementation and use of this assay, bringing more understanding to experimental parameters during the application of the assay for estrogenicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Allan Dos Santos Argolo
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louise da Cruz Felix
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Elersek T, Novak M, Mlinar M, Virant I, Bahor N, Leben K, Žegura B, Filipič M. Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects and Modulation of Gene Expression Induced by T Kinase Inhibitors in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryos. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010004. [PMID: 35051046 PMCID: PMC8781212 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are designed for targeted cancer therapy. The consumption of these drugs during the last 20 years has been constantly rising. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity test, we assessed the toxicity of six TKIs: imatinib mesylate, erlotinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, sorafenib and regorafenib. Imatinib mesylate and dasatinib induced lethal effects, while regorafenib, sorfenib and dasatinib caused a significant increase of sub-lethal effects, predominantly oedema, no blood circulation and formation of blood aggregates. The analyses of the changes in the expression of selected genes associated with the hormone system after the exposure to imatinib mesylate, dasatinib and regorafenib demonstrated that all three tested TKIs deregulated the expression of oestrogen receptor esr1, cytochrome P450 aromatase (cypa19b) and hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (hsd3b), regorafenib, and also thyroglobulin (tg). The expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response (gadd45 and mcm6) and apoptosis (bcl2) was deregulated only by exposure to regorafenib. The data indicate that common mechanisms, namely antiangiogenic activity and interference with steroidogenesis are involved in the TKI induced sub-lethal effects and potential hormone disrupting activity, respectively. The residues of TKIs may represent an environmental hazard; therefore, further ecotoxicological studies focusing also on the effects of their mixtures are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Elersek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Mateja Mlinar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Igor Virant
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nika Bahor
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karin Leben
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
- Correspondence:
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Nassour C, Nabhani-Gebara S, Barton SJ, Barker J. Aquatic ecotoxicology of anticancer drugs: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149598. [PMID: 34426323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs in the aquatic environment have drawn a lot of attention in the last decade. Since wastewater treatment plants are inefficient at fully eliminating trace concentrations of anticancer drugs, these compounds are continuously discharged into the aquatic environment. Subsequently, non-target organisms such as the aquatic biota are directly exposed to a variety of anticancer drugs. To understand the potential impact on the aquatic organisms, a systematic review was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The results acquired from the 152 included studies were analysed and sorted into four categories: the impact of each included anticancer drug, the effect of metabolites, the effect of a mixture of drugs, and risk assessment. Findings showed that risk to the aquatic biota was unlikely to occur as the concentrations needed to induce effects were much higher than those detected in the environment. However, these data were based on acute toxicity and included only basic toxicity endpoints. The concentrations that produced significant effects were much lower when tested in the long-term or in multi-generational studies. Heterogeneity in results was also observed; this depended on the organism tested, the assessment adopted, and the endpoints selected. In this systematic review, an overall view of the research studies was generated by which all the variability factors to be considered were reported and recommendations to guide future studies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nassour
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Shereen Nabhani-Gebara
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Stephen J Barton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
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Tkalec Ž, Negreira N, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Kosjek T. A novel workflow utilizing open-source software tools in the environmental fate studies: The example of imatinib biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149063. [PMID: 34311367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to utilize novel and powerful workflows with publicly available tools to efficiently process data and facilitate rapid acquisition of knowledge on environmental fate studies. Taking imatinib (IMA) as an example, we developed an efficient workflow to describe IMA biodegradation with activated sludge (AS) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). IMA is a cytostatic pharmaceutical; a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Its reported ecotoxic, endocrine and genotoxic effects imply high risk for aquatic wildlife and human health, however its fate in the environment is not yet well known. The study was conducted in a batch biotransformation setup, at two AS concentration levels and in presence and absence of carbon source. Degradation profiles and formation of IMA transformation products (TPs) were investigated using UHPLC-QqOrbitrap-MS/MS which showed that IMA is readily biodegradable. TPs were determined using multivariate statistical analysis. Eight TPs were determined and tentatively identified, six of them for first time. Hydrolysis of amide bond, oxidation, demethylation, deamination, acetylation and succinylation are proposed as major biodegradation pathways. TP235, the product of amide bond hydrolysis, was detected and quantified in actual wastewaters, at levels around 1 ng/L. This calls for more studies on the environmental fate of IMA in order to properly asses the environmental risk and hazard associated to IMA and its TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Comparative assessment of antimicrobial, antiradical and cytotoxic activities of cannabidiol and its propyl analogue cannabidivarin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22494. [PMID: 34795379 PMCID: PMC8602723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol and cannabidivarin are phytocannabinoids produced by Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. Cannabidiol has been studied more extensively than its propyl analogue cannabidivarin. Therefore, we performed a battery of in vitro biological assays to compare the cytotoxic, antiradical and antibacterial activities of both cannabinoids. Potential mitochondrial metabolism alterations, DNA synthesis inhibition, and plasma membrane damage were studied by MTT assay, BrdU-ELISA and LDH assay of cancer and normal human cells exposed to cannabinoids. ABTS and DPPH assays were performed to observe the effects of the cannabinoids on free radicals. Microbial susceptibility tests were performed to study the activity of the cannabinoids in two bacterial species implicated in human infections, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the cannabinoids induced medium levels of cytotoxicity in cancer and normal cells at concentrations ranging from 15.80 to 48.63 and from 31.89 to 151.70 µM, respectively, after 72 h of exposure. Cannabinoids did not exhibit a strong antioxidant capacity in scavenging ABTS or DPPH radicals. No evident differences were observed between the two cannabinoids in antimicrobial activity, except with respect to S. aureus, which showed greater susceptibility to cannabidiol than to cannabidivarin after 72 h of exposure.
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Lee S, Kim GJ, Kwon H, Nam JW, Baek JY, Shim SH, Choi H, Kang KS. Estrogenic Effects of Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Belowground and Aerial Parts of Spartina anglica. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:210. [PMID: 33920324 PMCID: PMC8069246 DOI: 10.3390/md19040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause, caused by decreases in estrogen production, results in symptoms such as facial flushing, vaginal atrophy, and osteoporosis. Although hormone replacement therapy is utilized to treat menopausal symptoms, it is associated with a risk of breast cancer development. We aimed to evaluate the estrogenic activities of Spartina anglica (SA) and its compounds and identify potential candidates for the treatment of estrogen reduction without the risk of breast cancer. We evaluated the estrogenic and anti-proliferative effects of extracts of SA and its compounds in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We performed an uterotrophic assay using an immature female rat model. Among extracts of SA, belowground part (SA-bg-E50) had potent estrogenic activity. In the immature female rat model, the administration of SA-bg-E50 increased uterine weight compared with that in the normal group. Among the compounds isolated from SA, 1,3-di-O-trans-feruloyl-(-)-quinic acid (1) had significant estrogenic activity and induced phosphorylation at serine residues of estrogen receptor (ER)α. All extracts and compounds from SA did not increase MCF-7 cell proliferation. Compound 1 is expected to act as an ERα ligand and have estrogenic effects, without side effects, such as breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Geum Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Hyukbean Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Ji Yun Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (G.J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
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Novak M, Baebler Š, Žegura B, Rotter A, Gajski G, Gerić M, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Bakos K, Csenki Z, Kovács R, Horváth Á, Gazsi G, Filipič M. Deregulation of whole-transcriptome gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after chronic exposure to low doses of imatinib mesylate in a complete life cycle study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128097. [PMID: 33297093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (IM) is an anticancer drug that belongs to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We report the results of the first investigation of the chronic exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to IM. The exposure to IM (0.01, 1 and 100 μg/L) was initiated in adult fish and continued through hatching and the offspring generation for seven months. In addition to standard toxicological endpoints, induction of genotoxic effects and whole-genome transcriptome of liver samples of offspring generation of zebrafish were analysed. Exposure to IM did not affect the survival and growth of zebrafish, did not cause any histopathological changes, but it induced a marginal increase in the chromosomal damage in blood cells. The whole-genome transcriptome analyses demonstrated dose-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed genes with a significantly higher number of deregulated genes in female fish compared to male. Differentially expressed genes included genes involved in response to DNA damage, cell cycle control and regulation of circadian rhythm. Based on the low genotoxic activity and the pattern of the changes in DNA damage responsive genes we consider that at current environmental exposure levels, IM represents low risk for genotoxic effects in aquatic organisms. Exposure to IM also induced deregulation of the expression of genes associated with steroidogenesis and hormone metabolism and function, which indicates hormone-disrupting activity of IM that has not been studied so far. The study provide new information on the potential consequences of chronic exposure to the residues of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which remain to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Novak
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katalin Bakos
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Róbert Kovács
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Ákos Horváth
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Gazsi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Metka Filipič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Huo Z, Wang S, Shao H, Wang H, Xu G. Radiolytic degradation of anticancer drug capecitabine in aqueous solution: kinetics, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:20807-20816. [PMID: 32248418 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of anticancer drugs in the environment has attracted wide attention due to its potential environmental risks. The aim of this study was to investigate degradation characteristics and mechanism of anticancer drug capecitabine (CPC) by electron beam (EB) irradiation. The results showed that EB was an efficient water treatment process for CPC. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with dose constants ranged from 1.27 to 3.94 kGy-1. Removal efficiencies in natural water filtered or unfiltered were lower than pure water due to the effect of water matrix components. The degradation was restrained by the presence of NO2-, NO3- and CO32-, and fulvic acid due to competition of reactive radical •OH. It demonstrated that oxidizing radical played important role in irradiation process. The appropriate addition of H2O2 and K2S2O8 providing with oxidizing agents •OH and •SO4- was favorable to improve degradation efficiency of CPC. The possible transformation pathways of CPC including cleavage of the ribofuranose sugar and defluorination were proposed based on intermediate products and were consistent with the theoretical calculation of charge and electron density distribution. Toxicity of CPC and intermediate products were estimated by ECOSAR program. It was found that CPC was transformed to low toxicity products with EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Huo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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12
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Sivodia C, Sinha A. Assessment of graphite electrode on the removal of anticancer drug cytarabine via indirect electrochemical oxidation process: Kinetics & pathway study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125456. [PMID: 31995895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper degradation of cytarabine drug has been studied through electrochemical oxidation process by using graphite electrode. The performance of graphite electrode on the degradation of cytarabine was evaluated by investigating the effects of key parameters: pH (3-9), current density (5-20 mA cm-2) and initial pollutant concentration (5-50 mg L-1) with 0.05 M NaCl as supporting electrolyte. Highest removal efficiency (98%) for 20 mg L-1 of initial cytarabine solution was attained within 60 min electrolysis at 10 mA cm-2. The increase in degradation rate of cytarabine was possibly because of the active chlorine species originated at anode during the electrolysis. Further, efficiency of the graphite electrodes was compared with a metal electrode (copper) and results showed that the cytarabine degradation was facilitated by the in-situ generated OH radicals. However, only 82% of cytarabine was removed after 60 min of reaction time at 15 mA cm-2. The scum of Cu2+ ions deposited on the anode surface inhibit the mass transfer among the cytarabine molecules and generated hydroxyl radicals. The kinetic study also suggests faster reaction rate at graphite (0.12 min-1) than copper (0.05 min-1) electrode. The increase in electrolyte concentration enhanced the degradation rate and decreased the energy consumption from 3.66 to 0.66 kWh m-3. Cytosine was identified as the major transformation product from the UV-Vis spectral analysis and LC-MS analysis. Further, total organic carbon analysis depicts that only 60% of the parent molecule was mineralized. Hence, graphite was found to be an efficient anode material as compared to copper for cytarabine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charulata Sivodia
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India.
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13
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Viega BL, Rocha AM, Düsman E. Cosmetics with hormonal composition for bioindicators Artemia salina L. and Allium cepa L. toxic potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6659-6666. [PMID: 31873903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emerging pollutants cover a wide range of synthetic chemicals that are indispensable to modern society but with little known effects for aquatic animals and for people who consume polluted waters with these products. Gels manipulated with hormones are widely used for hormone replacement, muscle growth, among other purposes. However, only a small part of these hormones are absorbed into the skin, and so these can be transferred to the domestic sewage during the washing of exposed body regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity levels for the bioindicator Artemia salina L., and cytotoxicity and mutagenicity for the bioindicator Allium cepa L. of gels handled with 1% testosterone and 0.1% estradiol. Data from immobile/dead A. salina numbers after 24 h of exposure showed that the highest concentrations of testosterone (10 and 25 μg/mL) and the highest concentration of estradiol (15 μg/mL) were toxic to this bioindicator. For the bioindicator A. cepa, mitotic indices and chromosomal aberrations did not indicate statistical differences between the groups treated with the testosterone gels (1, 10, 50 μg/mL) and estradiol (0.03, 0.30, 1.5 μg/mL) and the control group. However, all concentrations of the testosterone-containing gel decreased the percentage of cell division in relation to the time 0 h of each treatment and to the time 24 h of the negative control. Therefore, it is concluded that rivers or aquatic environments can be polluted if wastewater with the toxic concentrations found of these hormonal gels is discarded without previous treatment, compromising the life of organisms that live there. And, it encourages the development of techniques for treating sewage and water to reduce/eliminate the hormones present in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Luiza Viega
- Academic of Chemical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Francisco Beltrão, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda Michells Rocha
- Academic of Chemical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Francisco Beltrão, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Düsman
- Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Linha Santa Bárbara s/n, Caixa Postal 165, Francisco Beltrão, PR, CEP 85601-970, Brazil.
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14
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Analytical Detection of Pesticides, Pollutants, and Pharmaceutical Waste in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38101-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Secrétan PH, Karoui M, Sadou Yayé H, Levi Y, Tortolano L, Solgadi A, Yagoubi N, Do B. Imatinib: Major photocatalytic degradation pathways in aqueous media and the relative toxicity of its transformation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:547-556. [PMID: 30476834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib (IMA) is a highly potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor used as first-line anti-cancer drug in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Due to its universal mechanism of action, IMA also has endocrine and mutagenic disrupting effects in vivo and in vitro, which raises the question of its environmental impact. However, to date, very little information is available on its environmental fate and the potential role of its transformation products (TPs) on aquatic organisms. Given the IMA resistance to hydrolysis and direct photolysis according to the literature, we sought to generate TPs through oxidative and radical conditions using the AOPs pathway. Thus, the reactivity of the cytotoxic drug IMA in water in the presence of OH and h+ was investigated for the first time in the present work. In this regard, a non-targeted screening approach was applied in order to reveal its potential TPs. The tentative structural elucidation of the detected TPs was performed by LC-HRMSn. The proposed approach allowed detecting a total of twelve TPs, among which eleven are being described for the first time in this work. Although the structures of these TPs could not be positively confirmed due to lack of standards, their chemical formulas and product ions can be added to databases, which will allow their screening in future monitoring studies. Using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach and rule-based software, we have shown that the detected TPs possess, like their parent molecule, comparable acute toxicity as well as mutagenic and estrogenic potential. In addition to the in silico studies, we also found that the samples obtained at different exposure times to oxidative conditions, including those where IMA is no longer detected, retained toxicity in vitro. Such results suggest further studies are needed to increase our knowledge of the impact of imatinib on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Secrétan
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Department of Pharmacy, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - M Karoui
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - H Sadou Yayé
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpétrière, Department of Pharmacy, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris
| | - Y Levi
- University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - L Tortolano
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - A Solgadi
- University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Service d'Analyse des Médicaments et Métabolites, Institut d'Innovation Thérapeutique, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - N Yagoubi
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - B Do
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
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16
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Sabir S, Akhtar MF, Saleem A. Endocrine disruption as an adverse effect of non-endocrine targeting pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1277-1286. [PMID: 30467752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors have gained widespread attention owing to their severe adverse health impacts. These produce enormous burden of disease and are associated with high economic cost especially in developed countries. Environmental pollutants causing endocrine disruption include pesticides, industrial wastes, packaging materials, food constituents, plastics, and cosmetic products. Likewise, pharmaceutical drugs have the endocrine disrupting potential through a wide array of mechanisms. Antipsychotic, antiepileptic, antihypertensive, antiviral, antidiabetic, and anticancer drugs are among the foremost non-hormonal endocrine disruptors. Several drugs affect thyroid hormone synthesis via interaction with iodine uptake to the release of T3 and T4 by thyrocytes. Prolonged use of some drugs increase susceptibility to diabetes mellitus either by direct destruction of β cells or enhanced insulin resistance. Other drugs may cause serious developmental defects in male or female reproductive system. Appropriate understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption associated with non-hormonal drugs will guide future drug development and help us prevent and cure endocrine-related toxicity of pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this review focuses on endocrine disruption by pharmaceutical drugs as their side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Sabir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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17
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Feldman NB, Gromovykh TI, Sedyakina NE, Krasnyuk II, Lutsenko SV. Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activity of Liposomal Silibinin. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Russo C, Kundi M, Lavorgna M, Parrella A, Isidori M. Benzalkonium Chloride and Anticancer Drugs in Binary Mixtures: Reproductive Toxicity and Genotoxicity in the Freshwater Crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:546-556. [PMID: 29119204 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a cationic surfactant commonly used as a disinfectant. Its ubiquitous nature is the result of high usage and frequent discharge into the environment and evidence of interaction with numerous contaminants, such as pharmaceutical active compound residues. Anticancer drugs, among these compounds, are able to exert eco-genotoxic effects at sub ng-µg/L. The purpose of this study was to assess the reproductive toxicity and the genotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide (ET), and imatinib mesylate (IM)-binary mixtures combined with BAC in Ceriodaphnia dubia. The effects of the mixtures were assessed under the assumption of independent action in experiments that applied two effect levels. The type of interaction was not the same over the range of effect sizes. The combined action experiment on reproduction showed an antagonistic effect at higher effect levels for all binary combinations, except for BAC/IM, whereas independent action was observed in all mixtures at a low effect level. The results of binary combinations on genotoxicity showed antagonistic effects for BAC + ET and BAC + CDDP, whereas independence was expressed in BAC + IM and BAC + 5-FU. The antagonistic interactions still led to higher effects than those observed after single exposures at the same doses in most cases. The effects of mixtures of drugs should be taken into account for environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margherita Lavorgna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alfredo Parrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina Isidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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19
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Olalla A, Negreira N, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. A case study to identify priority cytostatic contaminants in hospital effluents. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:417-430. [PMID: 29024886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the presence of 17 cytostatic agents from seven different groups, based on their different mechanisms of action, in the effluent from a medium-sized hospital located in eastern Spain. Analysis of the compounds found in the effluents studied involved solidphase extraction (SPE) coupled on-line to a high performance liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The environmental risk of the compounds studied was then assessed by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ), combining the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) with dose-response data based on the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). In addition, the environmental hazard associated was evaluated in accordance with their intrinsic characteristics by calculating the PBT (Persistence Bioaccumulation Toxicity) index. The results of this study showed the presence of seven of the 17 compounds analysed in a range of between 25 and 4761 ng/L. The highest concentrations corresponded to ifosfamide (58-4761 ng/L), methotrexate (394-4756 ng/L) and cyclophosphamide (46-3000 ng/L). Assessment of the environmental hazard showed that the three hormonal agents (tamoxifen and its metabolites endoxifen and hydroxytamoxifen) exhibited a maximum PBT value of 9 due to their inherent harm to the environment resulting from their characteristics of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. A combined evaluation of the risk and environmental hazard showed that three of the 17 compounds studied, namely, ifosfamide, imatinib and irinotecan, all of which exhibited HQ values higher than 10 and PBT indices of 6, indicative of a particularly high potential to harm the environment, deserve special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olalla
- Research Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Tulipán. s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - N Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda, Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715 Braga, Portugal
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Research Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Tulipán. s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Białk-Bielińska A, Mulkiewicz E, Stokowski M, Stolte S, Stepnowski P. Acute aquatic toxicity assessment of six anti-cancer drugs and one metabolite using biotest battery - Biological effects and stability under test conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:689-698. [PMID: 28968575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Available ecotoxicological data for anti-cancer drugs and their metabolites are incomplete, and only some studies have been accompanied by chemical analysis. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the six most commonly used cytostatics, namely cyclophosphamide (CF), ifosfamide (IF), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), imatinib (IMT), tamoxifen (TAM) and methotrexate (MET) and its metabolite - 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MET), towards selected aquatic organisms, namely bacteria Vibrio fischeri, algae Raphidocelis subcapitata, crustaceans Daphnia magna and duckweed Lemna minor. All ecotoxicological tests were accompanied by chemical analysis to determine the differences between nominal and actual concentrations of investigated compounds and their stability under test conditions. For unstable compounds, tests were performed in static and semi-static conditions. It was observed that L. minor was the most sensitive organism. The compounds that were most toxic to aquatic organisms were 5-FU (highly toxic to algae, EC50 = 0.075 mg L-1), MET and TAM (very toxic to highly toxic to duckweed depending on the test conditions; EC50MET 0.08-0.16 mg L-1, EC50TAM 0.18-0.23 mg L-1). It is suspected that MET and 5-FU mainly affected algae and plants most probably because the exposure time was long enough for them to cause a specific effect (they inhibit DNA replication and act predominantly on actively dividing cells). Furthermore, the obtained results also suggest that the toxicity of the metabolites/potentially produced degradation products of MET towards duckweed is lower than that of the parent form, whereas the toxicity of TAM degradation products is in the same range as that of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mulkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Stokowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; UFT - Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Faculty 4, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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21
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Yan Z, Yan K, He X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Lopez Torres O, Guo R, Chen J. The impact assessment of anticancer drug imatinib on the feeding behavior of rotifers with an integrated perspective: Exposure, post-exposure and re-exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:423-430. [PMID: 28710991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer drugs are getting increasing attention as an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environments. In the present study, feeding behavior of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under the impact of anticancer drug imatinib was evaluated. Traditional toxicological studies usually focus on dose-effect relationship at a given exposure time, while ignore the possible impact after the exposure. Thus, how the impact varied in the post-exposure and re-exposure was also considered in the present study. The feeding depression of the rotifers was attributed to the increased concentration of imatinib. Although the filtration and ingestion rate of the rotifers recovered to a certain extent after the exposure, the significant feeding inhibition still persisted even if the exposure was ended. In the re-exposure period, the feeding behavior was less depressed than those of the exposure period, which implied that rotifers might develop a tolerance to the same toxics. The activities of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rotifers were also detected. Imatinib inhibited the activities of AchE in the exposure and re-exposure while ROS levels increased significantly in the re-exposure period. Our present study provided an integrated assessment the potential environmental risks of imatinib at a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xingliang He
- Nanjing Police Dog Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Nanjing 210012, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Oscar Lopez Torres
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
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22
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Xu Z, Liu J, Wu X, Huang B, Pan X. Nonmonotonic responses to low doses of xenoestrogens: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:199-207. [PMID: 28231547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xenoestrogens (XEs) mimic or block the synthesis, metabolism and transport of normal endogenous hormones, disturbing normal endocrine function. The available data on the nonmonotonic estrogenic effects of low doses of many XEs are reviewed, covering in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies. The observed nonmonotonic patterns of the dose-response curves are discussed, along with possible underlying mechanisms. This review is intended to provide guidance for harm predication and to suggest prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinhao Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Chang VWC, Lim TT. Direct and indirect photodegradation pathways of cytostatic drugs under UV germicidal irradiation: Process kinetics and influences of water matrix species and oxidant dosing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:481-488. [PMID: 27866763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing consumption of various cytostatic drugs (CSDs) has attracted growing public concern in recent years. The photodegradation of 8 CSDs was investigated using a low-pressure UV-254Hg lamp, resulting in fluence-based first-order kinetic rate constants in the range of (0.20-6.97)×10-4cm2mJ-1. The influence of water matrix components, including natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), bicarbonate (HCO3-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), and sulfate (SO42-), was investigated. The degradation rates of CSDs decrease in the presence of DOM due to the competition for the UV light, but increase with addition of NO3- due to an indirect production of HO. Further investigation was carried out to evaluate the viability of UV treatment performances using two real water samples, namely treated water from a water treatment plant and secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The primary photodegradation byproducts of CSDs were identified using LC/MS/MS to investigate the mechanism of direct UV photolysis and indirect NO3--induced and DOM-induced photolysis. The degradation rates of CSDs increase significantly with the addition of H2O2 or S2O82- under UV irradiation, due to the generation of non-selective HO or selective SO4-. As an electrophilic radical, SO4- mainly reacts via electron transfer and selectively attacks certain electron-donating functional groups of CSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Jiefeng Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Yongjun Xiao
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore 608576, Singapore
| | - Victor W C Chang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Teik-Thye Lim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
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24
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Koltsakidou Α, Antonopoulou M, Sykiotou M, Εvgenidou Ε, Konstantinou I, Lambropoulou DA. Photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes for the treatment of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil under simulated solar radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4791-4800. [PMID: 27981483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes were investigated for the degradation and mineralization of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). For the optimization of photo-Fenton treatment under simulated solar light (SSL) radiation, the effects of several operating parameters (i.e., 5-FU concentration, Fe3+, and oxidant concentration) on the treatment efficiency were studied. According to the results, SSL/[Fe(C2Ο4)3]3-/Η2Ο2 process was the most efficient, since faster degradation of 5-FU and higher mineralization percentages were achieved. All the applied processes followed quite similar transformation routes which include defluorination-hydroxylation as well as pyrimidine ring opening, as demonstrated by the transformation products identified by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of the treated solutions was evaluated using the Microtox assay. In general, low toxicity was recorded for the initial solution and the solution at the end of the photocatalytic treatment, while an increase in the overall toxicity was observed only at the first stages of SSL/Fe3+/Η2Ο2 and SSL/Fe3+/S2O82- processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Koltsakidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - M Sykiotou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ε Εvgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - D A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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25
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Alpha- and Beta-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with 5-Fluorouracil: Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121644. [PMID: 27916966 PMCID: PMC6273350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are natural macrocyclic oligosaccharides able to form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of guests, affecting their physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties. In order to obtain an improvement of the bioavailability and solubility of 5-fluorouracil, a pyrimidine analogue used as chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of the colon, liver, and stomac cancers, the drug was complexed with alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin. The inclusion complexes were prepared in the solid state by kneading method and characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry. In solution, the 1:1 stoichiometry for all the inclusion complexes was established by the Job plot method and the binding constants were determined at different pHs by UV-VIS titration. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of 5-fluorouracil and its complexation products were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), Hep G2 (hepatocyte carcinoma cell line), Caco-2 (colon adenocarcinoma cell line), and A-549 (alveolar basal epithelial carcinoma cell line). The results showed that both inclusion complexes increased the 5-fluorouracil capability of inhibiting cell growth. In particular, 5-fluorouracil complexed with beta-cyclodextrin had the highest cytotoxic activity on MCF-7; with alpha-cyclodextrin the highest cytotoxic activity was observed on A-549. The IC50 values were equal to 31 and 73 µM at 72 h, respectively. Our results underline the possibility of using these inclusion complexes in pharmaceutical formulations for improving 5-fluorouracil therapeutic efficacy.
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Novak M, Žegura B, Baebler Š, Štern A, Rotter A, Stare K, Filipič M. Influence of selected anti-cancer drugs on the induction of DNA double-strand breaks and changes in gene expression in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14751-14761. [PMID: 26392091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In chemotherapy, various anti-cancer drugs with different mechanisms of action are used and may represent different risk of undesirable delayed side effects in treated patients as well as in occupationally exposed populations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genotoxic potential of four widely used anti-cancer drugs with different mechanisms of action: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide (ET) that cause cell death by targeting DNA function and imatinib mesylate (IM) that inhibits targeted protein kinases in cancer cells in an experimental model with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. After 24 h of exposure all four anti-cancer drugs at non-cytotoxic concentrations induced significant increase in formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), with IM being the least effective. The analysis of the changes in the expression of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (CDKN1A, GADD45A, MDM2), apoptosis (BAX, BCL2) and oncogenesis (MYC, JUN) showed that 5-FU, CDDP and ET upregulated the genes involved in DNA damage response, while the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 and oncogene MYC were downregulated. On the contrary, IM did not change the mRNA level of the studied genes, showing different mechanism of action that probably does not involve direct interaction with DNA processing. Genotoxic effects of the tested anti-cancer drugs were observed at their therapeutic concentrations that may consequently lead to increased risk for development of delayed adverse effects in patients. In addition, considering the genotoxic mechanism of action of 5-FU, CDDP and ET an increased risk can also not be excluded in occupationally exposed populations. The results also indicate that exposure to 5-FU, CDDP and ET represent a higher risk for delayed effects such as cancer, reproductive effects and heritable disease than exposure to IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ecological Engineering Institute, Maribor, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alja Štern
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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27
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Lutterbeck CA, Kern DI, Machado ÊL, Kümmerer K. Evaluation of the toxic effects of four anti-cancer drugs in plant bioassays and its potency for screening in the context of waste water reuse for irrigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:403-410. [PMID: 26002047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drugs are compounds that are of high environmental relevance because of their lack of specific mode of action. They can be extremely harmful to living organisms even at low concentrations. The present study evaluated the toxic effects of four frequently used anti-cancer drugs against plant seedlings, namely Cyclophosphamide (CP), Methotrexate (MTX), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Imatinib (IM). The phytotoxicity experiments were performed with Lactuca sativa seedlings whereas cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity investigations were performed with the well-established Allium cepa assays. MTX was the most phytotoxic compound, followed by 5-FU, CP and IM. Significant differences in the Mitotic Indexes (MI) were observed in three of the studied compounds (MTX, 5-FU and CP), indicating potential cytotoxic activity of these substances. Chromosome aberrations were registered in cells that were exposed to 5-FU, CP and IM. All the four compounds caused the formation of micronucleated cells indicating mutagenic potential. Besides, the assays performed with MTX samples presented a high number of cell apoptosis (cell death). Although it is unlikely that the pharmaceuticals concentrations measured in the environment could cause lethal effects in plants, the obtained results indicate that these compounds may affect the growth and normal development of these plants. So, both tests can constitute important tools for a fast screening of environmental contamination e.g. in the context of the reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids of agricultural purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Lutterbeck
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Deivid Ismael Kern
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ênio Leandro Machado
- Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul-UNISC, Av. Independência, 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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