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Koch K, Wuyts K, Denys S, Samson R. The influence of plant species, leaf morphology, height and season on PM capture efficiency in living wall systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167808. [PMID: 37838055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) is already known to be a suitable way to enhance air quality in urban environments. Living wall systems (LWS) can be implemented in locations where other forms of GI, such as trees or hedges, are not suitable. However, much debate remains about the variables that influence their particulate matter (PM) accumulation efficiency. This study attempts to clarify which plant species are relatively the most efficient in capturing PM and which traits are decisive when it comes to the implementation of a LWS. We investigated 11 plant species commonly used on living walls, located close to train tracks and roads. PM accumulation on leaves was quantified by magnetic analysis (Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (SIRM)). Several leaf morphological variables that could potentially influence PM capture were assessed, as well as the Wall Leaf Area Index. A wide range in SIRM values (2.74-417 μA) was found between all species. Differences in SIRM could be attributed to one of the morphological parameters, namely SLA (specific leaf area). This suggest that by just assessing SLA, one can estimate the PM capture efficiency of a plant species, which is extremely interesting for urban greeners. Regarding temporal variation, some species accumulated PM over the growing season, while others actually decreased in PM levels. This decrease can be attributed to rapid leaf expansion and variations in meteorology. Correct assessment of leaf age is important here; we suggest individual labeling of leaves for further studies. Highest SIRM values were found close to ground level. This suggests that, when traffic is the main pollution source, it is most effective when LWS are applied at ground level. We conclude that LWS can act as local sinks for PM, provided that species are selected correctly and systems are applied according to the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Koch
- Research group ENdEMIC, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Research group ENdEMIC, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Denys
- Research group DuEL, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Research group ENdEMIC, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, 171 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Sheikh HA, Maher BA, Woods AW, Tung PY, Harrison RJ. Efficacy of green infrastructure in reducing exposure to local, traffic-related sources of airborne particulate matter (PM). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166598. [PMID: 37634712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
One aim of roadside green infrastructure (GI) is to mitigate exposure to local, traffic-generated pollutants. Here, we determine the efficacy of roadside GI in improving local air quality through the deposition and/or dispersion of airborne particulate matter (PM). PM was collected on both pumped air filters and on the leaves of a recently installed 'tredge' (trees managed as a head-high hedge) at an open road environment next to a primary school in Manchester, U.K. The magnetic properties of PM deposited on leaves and filters (size fractions PM10 and PM2.5) were deduced from hysteresis loops, first-order reversal curves (FORCs), and low-temperature remanence measurements. These were complemented with electron microscopy to identify changes in magnetic PM concentration downwind of the tredge/GI. We show that the tredge is permeable to airflow using a simple CO2 tracer experiment; hence, it allows interception and subsequent deposition of PM on its leaves. Magnetic loadings per m3 of air from filters (PM10 saturation magnetisation, Ms, at 5 K) were reduced by 40 % behind the tredge and a further 63 % in the playground; a total reduction of 78 % compared to roadside air. For the PM2.5 fraction, the reduction in magnetic loading behind the tredge was remarkable (82 %), reflecting efficient diffusional capture of sub-5 nm Fe-oxide particles by the tredge. Some direct mixing of roadside and playground air occurs at the back of the playground, caused by air flow over, and/or through gaps in, the slowly-permeable tredge. The magnetic loading on tredge leaves increased over successive days, capturing ~23 % of local, traffic-derived PM10. Using a heuristic two-dimensional turbulent mixing model, we assess the limited dispersion of PM < 22.5 μm induced by eddies in the tredge wake. This study demonstrates that PM deposition on leaves reduces exposure significantly in this school playground setting; hence, providing a cost-effective mitigation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Sheikh
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, CB2 3EQ, UK.
| | - B A Maher
- Center for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, University of Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - A W Woods
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - P Y Tung
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, CB2 3EQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - R J Harrison
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, CB2 3EQ, UK
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3
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Milićević T, Relić D, Urošević MA, Castanheiro A, Roganović J, Samson R, Popović A. Non-destructive techniques for the determination of magnetic particle and element contents in grapevine leaves and soil as an eco-sustainable tool for environmental pollution assessment in the agricultural areas. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:858. [PMID: 37335393 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of magnetic particulate matter (PM) on the leaf surface (an indicator of current pollution) and topsoil (an indicator of magnetic PMs which have geogenic natural signal or historical pollution origin) was assessed in agricultural areas (conventional and organic vineyards). The main aim of this study was to explore whether magnetic parameters such as saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) can be a proxy for magnetic particulate matter (PM) pollution and associated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural areas. Besides, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XRF) was investigated as a screening method for total PTE content in soil and leaf samples. Both magnetic parameters (SIRM and χ) pinpoint soil pollution, while SIRM was more suitable for evaluating magnetic PM accumulated on leaves. The values of both magnetic parameters were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated within the same type of sample (soil-soil or leaf-leaf), but not between different matrixes (soil-leaf). Differences between magnetic particles' grain sizes among vegetation seasons in vineyards were obtained by observing the SIRM/χ ratio. WD-XRF was revealed to be an appropriate screening method for soil and leaf total element contents in agricultural ambient. For a more precise application of WD-XRF leaf measurements, specific calibration using a similar matrix to plant material is required. In parallel, measurements of SIRM, χ, and element content (by WD-XRF) can be recommended as user-friendly, fast, and eco-sustainable techniques for determining magnetic PM and PTE pollution hotspots in agricultural ambient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Milićević
- Environmental Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dubravka Relić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Environmental Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jovana Roganović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Kardel F, Karbalaei Hassan S, Rashid H, Dehbandi R, Hopke PK, Abbasi S. Environmental magnetic signatures in mangrove ecosystems in northern Persian Gulf: Implication for pollution assessment in marine environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160083. [PMID: 36356772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic properties of root, bark, and leaf of mangrove (Avicenna marina) and sediment were determined for pollution assessment at three locations in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. The study revealed that the sources of the particles deposited on leaf surfaces can be discriminated via saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) values and heavy metal. However, different factors including wind direction, size of the magnetic particles and crown density, play a role using SIRM for biomonitoring of atmospheric particulate matter. For leaves, the significant correlations between SIRM and leaf elemental contents indicated that the deposited particles on their surface mainly have geogenic sources. The magnetic analyses revealed that leaves are more suitable than bark for monitoring atmospheric pollution using mangrove trees due to the effect of different factors including dense crown of trees, washing of tree trunk by sea waves, and elements translocation from roots and sediments. Instead, the positive and significant correlation between the SIRM values for sediments and mangrove roots, and no or negative correlation between sediments and roots with barks and leaves indicates that the magnetic properties of the sediments and mangrove roots are suitable indicators of pollution in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kardel
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P.O. Box: 416, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Shadi Karbalaei Hassan
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P.O. Box: 416, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Rashid
- Geological Survey of Iran, Azadi Square, Meraj Avenue, 13185-1494 Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Centre for Environmental Studies and Emerging Pollutants (ZISTANO), Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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5
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Chen D, Yin S, Zhang X, Lyu J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Yan J. A high-resolution study of PM 2.5 accumulation inside leaves in leaf stomata compared with non-stomatal areas using three-dimensional X-ray microscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158543. [PMID: 36067857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves retain atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their surfaces, helping PM removal and risk reduction of respiratory tract infection. Several processes (deposition, resuspension, rainfall removal) can influence the PM accumulation on leaves and different leaf microstructures (e.g., trichomes, epicuticular waxes) can also be involved in retaining PM. However, the accumulation and distribution of PM on leaves, particularly at the stomata, are unclear, and the lack of characterization methods limits our understanding of this process. Thus, in this study, we aimed to explore the pathway through which PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) enters plant leaves, and the penetration depth of PM2.5 along the entry route. Here, an indoor experiment using diamond powder as a tracer to simulate PM2.5 deposition on leaves was carried out. Then, the treated and non-treated leaves were scanned by using three-dimensional (3D) X-ray microscopy. Next, the grayscale value of the scanned images was used to compare PM2.5 accumulation in stomatal and non-stomatal areas of the treated and non-treated leaves, respectively. Finally, a total PM2.5 volume from the abaxial epidermis was calculated. The results showed that, first, a large amount of PM2.5 accumulates within leaf stomata, whereas PM2.5 does not accumulate at non-stomatal areas. Then, the penetration depth of PM2.5 in stomata of most tree species was 5-14 μm from the abaxial epidermis. For the first time, 3D X-ray microscope scanning was used to confirm that a pathway by which PM2.5 enters the leaves is through the stomata, which is fundamental for further research on how PM2.5 translocates and interacts with tissues and cells in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xuyi Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junyao Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Winkler A, Contardo T, Lapenta V, Sgamellotti A, Loppi S. Assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter on cultural heritage by magnetic biomonitoring at Villa Farnesina in Rome, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153729. [PMID: 35143797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biomonitoring methodologies were applied at Villa Farnesina, Rome, a masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, with loggias frescoed by renowned artists such as Raffaello Sanzio. Plant leaves were sampled in September and December 2020 and lichen transplants were exposed from October 2020 to early January 2021 at increasing distances from the main trafficked road, Lungotevere Farnesina, introducing an outdoor vs. indoor mixed sampling design aimed at assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter (PM) on the Villa Loggias. The magnetic properties of leaves and lichens - inferred from magnetic susceptibility values, hysteresis loops and first order reversal curves - showed that the bioaccumulation of magnetite-like particles, associated with trace metals such as Cu, Ba and Sb, decreased exponentially with the distance from the road, and was mainly linked to metallic emission from vehicle brake abrasion. For the frescoed Halls, ca. 30 m from the road, the exposure to traffic-related emissions was very limited or negligible. Tree and shrub leaves of the Lungotevere and of the Villa's Gardens intercepted much traffic-derived PM, thus being able to protect the indoor cultural heritage and providing an essential conservation service. It is concluded that the joint use of magnetic and chemical analyses can profitably be used for evaluating the impact of particulate pollution on cultural heritage within complex metropolitan contexts as a preventive conservation measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Winkler
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Tania Contardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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7
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Magnetism and Grain-Size Distribution of Particles Deposited on the Surface of Urban Trees in Lanzhou City, Northwestern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211964. [PMID: 34831718 PMCID: PMC8622433 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the variation in the particulate matter (PM) content, Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (SIRM), and particle grain-size distribution at a high spatial resolution are helpful in evaluating the important role of urban forests in PM removal. In this study, the trees located in dense urban forests (T0) retained more PM than trees located in open spaces (T1–T4); the SIRM and PM weight of T0 were 1.54–2.53 and 1.04–1.47 times more than those of T1–T4, respectively. In addition, the SIRM and PM weight decreased with increasing distance to the road, suggesting that distance from pollution sources plays a key role in reducing the air concentration of PM. The different grain-size components were determined from frequency curve plots using a laser particle-size analyzer. A unimodal spectrum with a major peak of approximately 20 μm and a minor peak between 0.1 and 1 μm was observed, indicating that a large proportion of fine air PM was retained by the needles of the study trees. Additionally, more <2.5 μm size fraction particles were observed at the sampling site near the traffic source but, compared to a tree in a row of trees, the percentage of the >10 μm size fraction for the tree in the dense urban forest was higher, indicating that the particles deposited on the needle surface originating from traffic sources were finer than those from natural atmospheric dust. The exploration of the variation in the PM weight, SIRM, and grain size of the particles deposited on the needle surface facilitates monitoring the removal of PM by urban forests under different environmental conditions (e.g., in closed dense urban forests and in open roadside spaces), different distances to roads, and different sampling heights above the ground.
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8
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Pace R, Guidolotti G, Baldacchini C, Pallozzi E, Grote R, Nowak DJ, Calfapietra C. Comparing i-Tree Eco Estimates of Particulate Matter Deposition with Leaf and Canopy Measurements in an Urban Mediterranean Holm Oak Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6613-6622. [PMID: 33908766 PMCID: PMC9282645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Trees and urban forests remove particulate matter (PM) from the air through the deposition of particles on the leaf surface, thus helping to improve air quality and reduce respiratory problems in urban areas. Leaf deposited PM, in turn, is either resuspended back into the atmosphere, washed off during rain events or transported to the ground with litterfall. The net amount of PM removed depends on crown and leaf characteristics, air pollution concentration, and weather conditions, such as wind speed and precipitation. Many existing deposition models, such as i-Tree Eco, calculate PM2.5 removal using a uniform deposition velocity function and resuspension rate for all tree species, which vary based on leaf area and wind speed. However, model results are seldom validated with experimental data. In this study, we compared i-Tree Eco calculations of PM2.5 deposition with fluxes determined by eddy covariance assessments (canopy scale) and particulate matter accumulated on leaves derived from measurements of vacuum/filtration technique as well as scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (leaf scale). These investigations were carried out at the Capodimonte Royal Forest in Naples. Modeled and measured fluxes showed good overall agreement, demonstrating that net deposition mostly happened in the first part of the day when atmospheric PM concentration is higher, followed by high resuspension rates in the second part of the day, corresponding with increased wind speeds. The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters showed that a better representation of PM deposition fluxes could be achieved with adjusted deposition velocities. It is also likely that the standard assumption of a complete removal of particulate matter, after precipitation events that exceed the water storage capacity of the canopy (Ps), should be reconsidered to better account for specific leaf traits. These results represent the first validation of i-Tree Eco PM removal with experimental data and are a starting point for improving the model parametrization and the estimate of particulate matter removed by urban trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Pace
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
| | - Chiara Baldacchini
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
- Biophysics
and Nanoscience Centre, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences
(DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo (RM), 00015, Italy
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research
(IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - David J. Nowak
- USDA
Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
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9
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Corada K, Woodward H, Alaraj H, Collins CM, de Nazelle A. A systematic review of the leaf traits considered to contribute to removal of airborne particulate matter pollution in urban areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116104. [PMID: 33339707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Global urban planning has promoted green infrastructure (GI) such as street trees, shrubs or other greenspace in order to mitigate air pollution. Although considerable attention has been paid to understanding particulate matter (PM) deposition on GI, there has been little focus on identifying which leaf traits might maximise airborne PM removal. This paper examines existing literature to synthesize the state of knowledge on leaf traits most relevant to PM removal. We systematically reviewed measurement studies that evaluated particulate matter accumulated on leaves on street trees, shrubs green roofs, and green walls, for a variety of leaf traits. Our final selection included 62 papers, most from field studies and a handful from wind tunnel studies. The following were variously promoted as useful traits: coniferous needle leaves; small, rough and textured broadleaves; lanceolate and ovate shapes; waxy coatings, and high-density trichomes. Consideration of these leaf traits, many of which are also associated with drought tolerance, may help to maximise PM capture. Although effective leaf traits were identified, there is no strong or consistent evidence to identify which is the most influential leaf trait in capturing PM. The diversity in sampling methods, wide comparison groups and lack of background PM concentration measures in many studies limited our ability to synthesize results. We found that several ancillary factors contribute to variations in the accumulation of PM on leaves, thus cannot recommend that selection of urban planting species be based primarily on leaf traits. Further research into the vegetation structural features and standardization of the method to measure PM on leaves is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Corada
- Imperial College London, Centre for Environmental Policy, UK.
| | - Huw Woodward
- Imperial College London, Centre for Environmental Policy, UK
| | - Hiba Alaraj
- Imperial College London, Centre for Environmental Policy, UK
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10
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Witters K, Plusquin M, Slenders E, Aslam I, Ameloot M, Roeffaers MBJ, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS, Bové H. Monitoring indoor exposure to combustion-derived particles using plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115261. [PMID: 32745902 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Indoor plants can be used to monitor atmospheric particulates. Here, we report the label-free detection of combustion-derived particles (CDPs) on plants as a monitoring tool for indoor pollution. First, we measured the indoor CDP deposition on Atlantic ivy leaves (Hedera hibernica) using two-photon femtosecond microscopy. Subsequently, to prove its effectiveness for using it as a monitoring tool, ivy plants were placed near five different indoor sources. CDP particle area and number were used as output metrics. CDP values ranged between a median particle area of 0.45 × 102 to 1.35 × 104 μm2, and a median particle number of 0.10 × 102 to 1.42 × 10³ particles for the indoor sources: control (greenhouse) < milling machine < indoor smokers < wood stove < gas stove < laser printer. Our findings demonstrate that Atlantic ivy, combined with label-free detection, can be effectively used in indoor atmospheric monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Witters
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eli Slenders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Imran Aslam
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Leuven University, Celestijnenlaan 200f-box 2461, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Leuven University, Celestijnenlaan 200f-box 2461, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven University, Herestraat 49 box 706, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Bové
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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11
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Dai Q, Zhou M, Li H, Qian X, Yang M, Li F. Biomagnetic monitoring combined with support vector machine: a new opportunity for predicting particle-bound-heavy metals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8605. [PMID: 32451422 PMCID: PMC7248096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomagnetic monitoring includes fast and simple methods to estimate airborne heavy metals. Leaves of Osmanthus fragrans Lour and Ligustrum lucidum Ait were collected simultaneously with PM10 from a mega-city of China during one year. Magnetic properties of leaves and metal concentrations in PM10 were analyzed. Metal concentrations were estimated using leaf magnetic properties and meteorological factors as input variables in support vector machine (SVM) models. The mean concentrations of many metals were highest in winter and lowest in summer. Hazard index for potentially toxic metals was 5.77, a level considered unsafe. The combined carcinogenic risk was higher than precautionary value (10-4). Ferrimagnetic minerals were dominant magnetic minerals in leaves. Principal component analysis indicated iron & steel industry and soil dust were the common sources for many metals and magnetic minerals on leaves. However, the poor simulation results obtained with multiple linear regression confirmed strong nonlinear relationships between metal concentrations and leaf magnetic properties. SVM models including leaf magnetic variables as inputs yielded better simulation results for all elements. Simulations were promising for Ti, Cd and Zn, whereas relatively poor for Ni. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of prediction of airborne heavy metals based on biomagnetic monitoring of tree leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian'ying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengfan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Meng Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Fengying Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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12
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Exposure to Indoor Ferromagnetic Particulate Matter Monitored by Strawberry Plants and the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Events in Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234823. [PMID: 31801242 PMCID: PMC6926724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure assessment of air pollution in epidemiologic research remains a challenge. Previous studies showed that magnetic monitoring of strawberry leaves, based on Saturation Isothermal Remnant Magnetization (SIRM), is a valid tool for estimating the concentration of ambient particulate matter (PM). This study uses this assessment method for the first time in epidemiologic research to quantify indoor exposure to PM. In a nested case control study, we evaluated the association between ‘waking up by cough’ and indoor air pollution measured by SIRM of dust deposition on leaves of strawberry plants located in the bedroom in the general adult population. A multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between ‘waking up by cough’ and exposure to ferromagnetic particles of PM controlling for age, gender and smoking status. A cut-off of 10 µA was decided to define exposure status (high versus low). Using logistic regression, a crude odds ratio (OR) of 1.80 (95% CI: 0.90–3.60) for ‘waking up by cough’ was found. This association remained approximately the same after controlling for age, gender and smoking status (adjusted OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 0.60–5.30). We found an association between exposure to ferromagnetic particles and ‘waking up by cough’ in adults; however, it was not statistically significant. This environmental exposure assessment method could be a valuable alternative for expensive personal exposure measurement devices.
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13
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Gillooly SE, Michanowicz DR, Jackson M, Cambal LK, Shmool JLC, Tunno BJ, Tripathy S, Bain DJ, Clougherty JE. Evaluating deciduous tree leaves as biomonitors for ambient particulate matter pollution in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:711. [PMID: 31676989 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution varies spatially and temporally in concentration and composition and has been shown to cause or exacerbate adverse effects on human and ecological health. Biomonitoring using airborne tree leaf deposition as a proxy for particulate matter (PM) pollution has been explored using a variety of study designs, tree species, sampling strategies, and analytical methods. In the USA, relatively few have applied these methods using co-located fine particulate measurements for comparison and relying on one tree species with extensive spatial coverage, to capture spatial variation in ambient air pollution across an urban area. Here, we evaluate the utility of this approach, using a spatial saturation design and pairing tree leaf samples with filter-based PM2.5 across Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with the goal of distinguishing mobile and stationary sources using PM2.5 composition. Co-located filter and leaf-based measurements revealed some significant associations with traffic and roadway proximity indicators. We compared filter and leaf samples with differing protection from the elements (e.g., meteorology) and PM collection time, which may account for some variance in PM source and/or particle size capture between samples. To our knowledge, this study is among the first to use deciduous tree leaves from a single tree species as biomonitors for urban PM2.5 pollution in the northeastern USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gillooly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Room 429-A, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mike Jackson
- University of Minnesota Institute for Rock Magnetism, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Leah K Cambal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessie L C Shmool
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brett J Tunno
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheila Tripathy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Bain
- Department of Geology and Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Mariën B, Mariën J, Nguyen XH, Nguyen TC, Nguyen VS, Samson R. Particulate matter accumulation capacity of plants in Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:1079-1088. [PMID: 31434185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, urbanization, environmental conditions and rapid development have caused particulate matter (PM) levels to rise above all national and international health standards during the last two decades in many South-East Asian countries. These PM levels needs to be reduced urgently as they increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory health problems for millions of people. Plants have shown to efficiently reduce PM in the air by accumulation on their leaves. In order to investigate which plant species accumulate most PM, we screened 49 common plant species for their PM accumulation capacity in one of the tropical cities with the highest PM concentrations of the world, Hanoi (Vietnam). Using this subset of plants, we tested if certain leaf characteristics (leaf hydrophilicity, stomatal densities and the specific leaf area) can predict the PM accumulation efficiency of plant species. Our results show that the PM accumulation capacity varies substantially among species and that Muntingia calabura accumulated most PM in our subset of plants. We observed that plants with hydrophilic leaves, a low specific leaf area and a high abaxial stomatal density accumulated significantly more PM. Plants with these characteristics should be preferred by urban architects to reduce PM levels in tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertold Mariën
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium; ENdEMIC (Environmental Ecology and Microbiology), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xuan Hoa Nguyen
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - The Cuong Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Sinh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Roeland Samson
- ENdEMIC (Environmental Ecology and Microbiology), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Chen H, Wang B, Xia DS, Fan YJ, Liu H, Tang ZR, Ma S. The influence of roadside trees on the diffusion of road traffic pollutants and their magnetic characteristics in a typical semi-arid urban area of Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1170-1179. [PMID: 31252115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf samples of Juniperus formosana were collected from an open road environment, in order to establish how particulate matter (PM) generated by vehicles was dispersed in both horizontal and vertical directions. Sampling was conducted at sites with trees of varying height and configuration adjacent to a major road in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, Northwest China. The concentration of remanence-bearing ferrimagnets in the leaf samples was estimated from measurements of Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (SIRM), while the weight of particles deposited on the leaves and their elemental composition were determined at different heights and in different directions relative to the road. The PM on the surface of needles was predominantly influenced by traffic emissions and by dust resuspension. Rows of roadside trees, as opposed to solitary trees, were more effective at intercepting PM and thus in filtering road traffic pollution. The results indicate that Juniperus formosana needles may be an effective bio-sensor for monitoring variations in the spatial diffusion of road pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Dun-Sheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi-Jiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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16
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Chen H, Wang B, Xia DS, Fan YJ, Liu H, Tang ZR, Ma S. Magnetic characteristics of Juniperus formosana needles along an urban street in Lanzhou, Northwest China: the variation of different season and orientation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21964-21971. [PMID: 31144176 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic properties of particulate matter (PM) deposited on the needles of Juniperus formosana along an urban street in Lanzhou city were measured to evaluate the variations of PM concentration in different seasons by varying distance from the road. The magnetism of PM deposited in this context was significantly higher in winter than in summer, which may reflect changes of atmospheric particle concentrations. Needle samples which were collected from the road-facing side exhibiting significantly stronger magnetism compared with those which were collected from the opposite side of the road, indicating the distance from pollution source to the needles as a factor controls the amount of PM. The results of this study show that the needles of Juniperus formosana are effective traps for PM and can therefore be used to monitor pollution fluxes in different seasons in an important urban context in NW China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Dun-Sheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yi-Jiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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17
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Castanheiro A, Joos P, Wuyts K, De Wael K, Samson R. Leaf-deposited semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): An exploratory study using GCxGC-TOFMS on leaf washing solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:103-110. [PMID: 30261416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) includes semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which can be deposited on vegetation matrices such as plant leaves. In alternative to air-point measurements or artificial passive substrates, leaf monitoring offers a cost-effective, time-integrating means of assessing local air quality. In this study, leaf washing solutions from ivy (Hedera hibernica) leaves exposed during one-month at different land use classes were explored via comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). The composition of leaf-deposited SVOCs, corrected for those of unexposed leaves, was compared against routinely monitored pollutants concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2) measured at co-located air monitoring stations. The first study on leaf-deposited SVOCs retrieved from washing solutions, herein reported, delivered a total of 911 detected compounds. While no significant land use (rural, urban, industrial, traffic, mixed) effects were observed, increasing exposure time (from one to 28 days) resulted in a higher number and diversity of SVOCs, suggesting cumulative time-integration to be more relevant than local source variations between sites. After one day, leaf-deposited SVOCs were mainly due to alcohols, N-containing compounds, carboxylic acids, esters and lactones, while ketones, diketones and hydrocarbons compounds gained relevance after one week, and phenol compounds after one month. As leaf-deposited SVOCs became overall more oxidized throughout exposure time, SVOCs transformation or degradation at the leaf surface is suggested to be an important phenomenon. This study confirmed the applicability of GCxGC-TOFMS to analyze SVOCs from leaf washing solutions, further research should include validation of the methodology and comparison with atmospheric organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Joos
- Laboratory Water-Link, Mechelsesteenweg 111, 2840, Rumst, Belgium; Department of Bioengineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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Milićević T, Relić D, Urošević MA, Vuković G, Škrivanj S, Samson R, Popović A. Integrated approach to environmental pollution investigation - Spatial and temporal patterns of potentially toxic elements and magnetic particles in vineyard through the entire grapevine season. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:245-254. [PMID: 30056338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach to the investigation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was applied to the soil and grapevine leaf samples collected from vineyard environment through the grapevine season. To investigate mobile and bioavailable concentrations of PTEs, six single extraction procedures and pseudo-total digestion were applied to the samples. The element concentrations in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To assess atmospheric particle deposition, saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation (SIRM) was applied to the leaf samples. The obtained PTE concentrations in samples were used for calculating various ecological implications in the vineyard environment. The notable environmental pollution implications were estimated for As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Sr. The environmental risk (RI) of the elements soluble under low-acid conditions influenced soil bioavailability risk. The most bioavailable elements from soil to leaves were Mn, Ni and Sr, followed by Cr and Cu. Cadmium and Co were strongly-bonded in the soil and were not bioavailable. The most suitable extractants for assessing bioavailability in the soil-leaf system were chelating agent Na2EDTA, and weak salt solutions CaCl2 and NH4NO3. The biological accumulation concentrations (BACs) of B, Ba, Cd, Co, Ni and Zn were decreasing in the leaves through the grapevine growing phases, that is contributed to the decreasing agrochemical application through the season. The BACs of Co, Cr, Sb and Pb, in July (veraison), were higher than in other phases, which indicate anthropogenic activities. According to correlations between biogeochemical index (BGI) and BAC, Cu and Na were mostly bioaccumulated from soil to leaves due to agrochemical applications, while bioaccumulation of B, Cd, Sb and Sr could be influenced by the other anthropogenic sources. Significant correlations between PTE concentrations and SIRM imply that leaves indicate Co, Cr and Ni air pollution in the vineyard environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Milićević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dubravka Relić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Vuković
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Škrivanj
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roeland Samson
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Leng X, Qian X, Yang M, Wang C, Li H, Wang J. Leaf magnetic properties as a method for predicting heavy metal concentrations in PM 2.5 using support vector machine: A case study in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:922-930. [PMID: 30373037 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a method for predicting heavy metal concentrations in PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm) using support vector machine (SVM) models combined with magnetic properties of leaves. In this study, PM2.5 samples and the leaves of three common evergreen tree species were collected simultaneously during four different seasons in Nanjing, China. A SVM algorithm was used to establish models for the prediction of airborne heavy metal concentrations based on leaf magnetic properties, with or without meteorological factors and pollutant concentrations as input variables. Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentration was 58.47 μg/m3. PM2.5 concentrations, leaf magnetic properties, and nearly all airborne heavy metals had higher concentrations in winter than in spring, summer, or fall. Ferrimagnetic minerals preponderant in dust-loaded leaves were sampled from the three tree species. Models using magnetic properties of leaves from Ligustrum lucidum Ait and Osmanthus fragrans Lour yielded better prediction effects than those based on the leaves of Cedar deodara G. Don, showing relatively higher correlation coefficient (R) values and lower errors in both training and test stages. Fe and Pb concentrations were well-simulated by the prediction models, with R values > 0.7 in both training and test stages. By contrast, the concentrations of V, Co, Sb, Tl, and Zn were relatively poor-simulated, with most R values < 0.7 in both training and test stages. Predictions for the main urban areas of Nanjing showed that the highest heavy metal concentrations occurred near industrial and traffic pollution sources. Our results provide a cost-effective approach for the prediction of airborne heavy metal concentrations based on the biomagnetic monitoring of tree leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang'zi Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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20
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Mantovani L, Tribaudino M, Solzi M, Barraco V, De Munari E, Pironi C. Magnetic and SEM-EDS analyses of Tilia cordata leaves and PM10 filters as a complementary source of information on polluted air: Results from the city of Parma (Northern Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:777-787. [PMID: 29729619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, both PM10 filters and leaves have been collected, on a daily basis, over a period of five months and compared systematically. Filters were taken from an air-quality monitoring station and leaves from two Tilia cordata trees, both located near the railway station of Parma. SEM-EDS analysis on the surface and across the leaves shows that magnetic particles are almost entirely made of magnetite, and that they are found invariably on the leaves surface. The saturation isothermal magnetic remanence (SIRM) shows that for both filters and leaves the magnetic fraction mainly consists of a low coercivity, magnetite-like phase. The magnetic signals of filter and leaves and atmospheric PM concentrations are compared. The correlation is better for filters, mostly with parameters related to vehicular pollution, and improved for both filters and leaves once data were averaged on a 10 days basis. Filters and leaves equally show an increase in magnetic signal during the fall-winter period together with PM10 content. The comparison between leaves and filters shows that: 1) leaves give a qualitative picture, and in our case they could be used as environmental proxies after averaging the results over multiple days; 2) the correlation with PM10 is weaker, indicating that there is a PM10 contribution from non-magnetic particles, like calcite and clay minerals, pollen and spores; 3) multidomain particles contribution from filters indicates a strong relation with vehicular polluters, suggesting the important role of larger particles; 4) magnetization from leaves and filters are weakly related, due to the different sampling lapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mantovani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/a, Parma, Italy.
| | - Mario Tribaudino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Solzi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Vera Barraco
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/a, Parma, Italy
| | - Eriberto De Munari
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale dell'Emilia Romagna (ARPAE), Viale Bottego 9, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Pironi
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale dell'Emilia Romagna (ARPAE), Viale Bottego 9, Parma, Italy
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Brignole D, Drava G, Minganti V, Giordani P, Samson R, Vieira J, Pinho P, Branquinho C. Chemical and magnetic analyses on tree bark as an effective tool for biomonitoring: A case study in Lisbon (Portugal). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:508-514. [PMID: 29277030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tree bark has proven to be a reliable tool for biomonitoring deposition of metals from the atmosphere. The aim of the present study was to test if bark magnetic properties can be used as a proxy of the overall metal loads of a tree bark, meaning that this approach can be used to discriminate different effects of pollution on different types of urban site. In this study, the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, V and Zn were measured by ICP-OES in bark samples of Jacaranda mimosifolia, collected along roads and in urban green spaces in the city of Lisbon (Portugal). Magnetic analyses were also performed on the same bark samples, measuring Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM), Saturation Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (SIRM) and Magnetic Susceptibility (χ). The results confirmed that magnetic analyses can be used as a proxy of the overall load of trace elements in tree bark, and could be used to distinguish different types of urban sites regarding atmospheric pollution. Together with trace element analyses, magnetic analyses could thus be used as a tool to provide high-resolution data on urban air quality and to follow up the success of mitigation actions aiming at decreasing the pollutant load in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Brignole
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Drava
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genova, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Minganti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genova, Italy
| | - Roeland Samson
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Joana Vieira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Modeling Ecosystem Services for Park Trees: Sensitivity of i-Tree Eco Simulations to Light Exposure and Tree Species Classification. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Leng X, Wang C, Li H, Qian X, Wang J, Sun Y. Response of magnetic properties to metal deposition on urban green in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25315-25328. [PMID: 28932943 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental magnetism is a simple and fast method that can be used to assess heavy metal pollution in urban areas from the relationships between magnetic properties and heavy metal concentrations. Leaves of Osmanthus fragrans, one of the most widely distributed evergreen trees in Nanjing, China, were collected from four different district types, i.e., residential, educational, traffic, and industrial. The magnetic properties and heavy metal concentrations were measured both for unwashed (dust-loaded) and washed leaves. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that unwashed leaves accumulated much dust due to atmospheric deposition. The value of magnetic properties and heavy metal concentrations in unwashed leaves was significantly higher than those of washed leaves, indicating that these characteristics were mainly derived from atmospheric particulate matter. Saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) values obtained from unwashed and washed leaves ranged from 209.14 × 10-6 to 877.85 × 10-6 Am2 kg-1 and from 69.50 × 10-6 to 501.28 × 10-6 Am2 kg-1, respectively. High concentrations of heavy metals, such as Pb and Fe, the Tomlinson pollution load index, and the SIRM of unwashed leaves occurred in the traffic and industrial districts. A preliminary principal component analysis identified the source categories and suggested that industrial activities may be more related to the release of particulate matter rich in Fe. The heavy metal concentrations and pollution load index showed significant positive correlations with the low-frequency magnetic susceptibility and SIRM of unwashed leaves, indicating that these properties can be used to semi-quantify atmospheric heavy metal pollution. Our study suggests that it is possible to employ magnetic measurements as a useful tool for the monitoring and assessment of atmospheric heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang'zi Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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24
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Brackx M, Verhelst J, Scheunders P, Samson R. On the use of dorsiventral reflectance asymmetry of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) leaves in air pollution estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:472. [PMID: 28842836 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the role of dorsiventral leaf measurements in reflectance-based air quality estimation. The dorsiventral asymmetry is used to describe the difference between the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) leaf side. Spectral characteristics of dorsiventral asymmetry and both adaxial and abaxial leaf reflectance are investigated for a typical dicotyledonous species Carpinus betulus used in an urban environment. The link with traffic-related air pollution is established and the potential for monitoring of air quality is evaluated. We conclude that dorsiventral reflectance asymmetry is a factor that should not be ignored in canopy measurements and modeling. On the other hand, the benefits of dorsiventral asymmetry indices as a tool for reflectance-based air quality seem limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanka Brackx
- Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Verhelst
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Scheunders
- Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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25
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Hofman J, Maher BA, Muxworthy AR, Wuyts K, Castanheiro A, Samson R. Biomagnetic Monitoring of Atmospheric Pollution: A Review of Magnetic Signatures from Biological Sensors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6648-6664. [PMID: 28541679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomagnetic monitoring of atmospheric pollution is a growing application in the field of environmental magnetism. Particulate matter (PM) in atmospheric pollution contains readily measurable concentrations of magnetic minerals. Biological surfaces, exposed to atmospheric pollution, accumulate magnetic particles over time, providing a record of location-specific, time-integrated air quality information. This review summarizes current knowledge of biological material ("sensors") used for biomagnetic monitoring purposes. Our work addresses the following: the range of magnetic properties reported for lichens, mosses, leaves, bark, trunk wood, insects, crustaceans, mammal and human tissues; their associations with atmospheric pollutant species (PM, NOx, trace elements, PAHs); the pros and cons of biomagnetic monitoring of atmospheric pollution; current challenges for large-scale implementation of biomagnetic monitoring; and future perspectives. A summary table is presented, with the aim of aiding researchers and policy makers in selecting the most suitable biological sensor for their intended biomagnetic monitoring purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Hofman
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster , Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian R Muxworthy
- Natural Magnetism Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Baldacchini C, Castanheiro A, Maghakyan N, Sgrigna G, Verhelst J, Alonso R, Amorim JH, Bellan P, Bojović DĐ, Breuste J, Bühler O, Cântar IC, Cariñanos P, Carriero G, Churkina G, Dinca L, Esposito R, Gawroński SW, Kern M, Le Thiec D, Moretti M, Ningal T, Rantzoudi EC, Sinjur I, Stojanova B, Aničić Urošević M, Velikova V, Živojinović I, Sahakyan L, Calfapietra C, Samson R. How Does the Amount and Composition of PM Deposited on Platanus acerifolia Leaves Change Across Different Cities in Europe? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1147-1156. [PMID: 28060487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) deposited on Platanus acerifolia tree leaves has been sampled in the urban areas of 28 European cities, over 20 countries, with the aim of testing leaf deposited particles as indicator of atmospheric PM concentration and composition. Leaves have been collected close to streets characterized by heavy traffic and within urban parks. Leaf surface density, dimensions, and elemental composition of leaf deposited particles have been compared with leaf magnetic content, and discussed in connection with air quality data. The PM quantity and size were mainly dependent on the regional background concentration of particles, while the percentage of iron-based particles emerged as a clear marker of traffic-related pollution in most of the sites. This indicates that Platanus acerifolia is highly suitable to be used in atmospheric PM monitoring studies and that morphological and elemental characteristics of leaf deposited particles, joined with the leaf magnetic content, may successfully allow urban PM source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baldacchini
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Nairuhi Maghakyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia , Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Gregorio Sgrigna
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Jolien Verhelst
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Rocío Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT , Avda. Complutense 22, edif. 70, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jorge H Amorim
- CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro , Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Patrick Bellan
- Vegetation Consultant/Landscape Engineer, Båstadsgatan 6a, Malmö 21439, Sweden
| | - Danijela Đunisijević Bojović
- Department for Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade , Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jürgen Breuste
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Oliver Bühler
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Ilie C Cântar
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea″, Padurea Verde Alley 8, Timisoara 300310, & B-dul Eroilor 128, Bucharest 077190, Romania
| | - Paloma Cariñanos
- Department of Botany, University of Granada & IISTA-CEAMA, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research , Av. Mediterraneo, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Giulia Carriero
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Galina Churkina
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) , Berlinerstr 130, Potsdam 14467, Germany
| | - Lucian Dinca
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea″, Padurea Verde Alley 8, Timisoara 300310, & B-dul Eroilor 128, Bucharest 077190, Romania
| | - Raffaela Esposito
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Stanisław W Gawroński
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Ul. Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Maren Kern
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences , Länggasse 85, Zollikofen 3052, Switzerland
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- UMR EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine , Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Tine Ningal
- School of Geography, University College of Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eleni C Rantzoudi
- Department of Forestry and Management of Environment and Natural Resources, Dimocritus University of Thrace , Pantazidou 193, Orestiada 68200, Greece
| | - Iztok Sinjur
- Slovenian Forestry Institute , Večna pot 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Biljana Stojanova
- Department of Urban Greenery, Public Enterprise "Parks and Greenery", Bul. Ilindenska 104, Skopje 1000, Macedonia
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade , Pregrevica 118, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ivana Živojinović
- European Forest Institute Central-East and South-East European Regional Office (EFICEEC-EFISEE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna, Feistmantelstrasse 4, Vienna 1180, Austria
| | - Lilit Sahakyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia , Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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27
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Castanheiro A, Samson R, De Wael K. Magnetic- and particle-based techniques to investigate metal deposition on urban green. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:594-602. [PMID: 27422722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban green works as a recorder of atmospheric PM. This paper reports on the utility of combining magnetic- and particle-based techniques to investigate PM leaf deposition as a bio-indicator of metal pollution. Ivy (Hedera helix) leaves were collected from five different land use classes, i.e. forest, rural, roadside, industrial, train. Leaf magnetic measurements were done in terms of saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (leaf SIRM), while ca. 40,000 leaf-deposited particles were analyzed through SEM/EDX to estimate the elemental composition. The influence of the different land use classes was registered both magnetically and in terms of metal content. Leaf area-normalized SIRM values ranged from 19.9 to 444.0μA, in the following order forest<rural<roadside<industrial<train. Leaf SIRM showed to be significantly correlated (p<0.01) with the content in Fe, Zn, and Pb, followed by Mn and Cd (p<0.05), while no significant correlation was found with the metals Cr and Cu. Although presenting a similar metal content, roadside and train were magnetically very distinct. By exhibiting a very high content in Pb, and with an Fe content being comparable to the one observed at the forest and rural land uses, the industrial leaf-deposited particles showed to be mainly due to industrial activity. While SEM/EDX is a suitable approach for detailed particle analysis, leaf SIRM of ivy can be used as a rapid discriminatory tool for metal pollution. Their complementary use delivers further knowledge on land use classes reflecting different PM conditions and/or sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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28
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Gillooly SE, Shmool JLC, Michanowicz DR, Bain DJ, Cambal LK, Shields KN, Clougherty JE. Framework for using deciduous tree leaves as biomonitors for intraurban particulate air pollution in exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:479. [PMID: 27450373 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution, varying in concentration and composition, has been shown to cause or exacerbate adverse effects on both human and ecological health. The concept of biomonitoring using deciduous tree leaves as a proxy for intraurban PM air pollution in different areas has previously been explored using a variety of study designs (e.g., systematic coverage of an area, source-specific focus), deciduous tree species, sampling strategies (e.g., single day, multi-season), and analytical methods (e.g., chemical, magnetic) across multiple geographies and climates. Biomonitoring is a low-cost sampling method and may potentially fill an important gap in current air monitoring methods by providing low-cost, longer-term urban air pollution measures. As such, better understanding of the range of methods, and their corresponding strengths and limitations, is critical for employing the use of tree leaves as biomonitors for pollution to improve spatially resolved exposure assessments for epidemiological studies and urban planning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gillooly
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
| | - Jessie L Carr Shmool
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Daniel J Bain
- Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, 4107 O'Hara Street, 200 SRCC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Leah K Cambal
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Kyra Naumoff Shields
- Center for Energy Development and Health, Department of Engineering and Radiological Health Sciences, Powerhouse Energy Campus, Colorado State University, 430 North College Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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