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Zhang Y, Zhao T, Sun X, Bai Y, Shu Z, Fu W, Lu Z, Wang X. Ozone pollution aggravated by mountain-valley breeze over the western Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:142445. [PMID: 38797212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of thermally driven mountain-valley breezes (MVB) on the atmospheric environment remains poorly understood, especially in ozone (O3)-polluted regions with complex underlying topography. To address this knowledge gap, we focused on the western Sichuan Basin (SCB), situated immediately east of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is considered susceptible to MVB coupled with severe O3 pollution in southwest China. We revealed the MVB driving diurnal O3 variations and meteorological mechanisms using surface observations and ERA5 reanalysis data. Local MVB days accounted for up to 47% of cases in the summers of 2015 to 2022. Driven by the MVB, the near-surface O3 concentrations increased by 8.8%, with 12.7% and 50.0% deterioration in the O3 light and moderate exceedance rates, respectively, on the western SCB edge. The daytime upslope valley breeze with 20% higher wind speed drove the westward transport of rich O3 and precursors from the upwind-polluted inner SCB towards its western edge, and the O3 photochemical production, followed by intensifying solar radiation and air temperature, gave rise to 14.8% of surface O3 concentrations over the western SCB edge. The nighttime downward mountain breeze with a 20% increase in wind speed could transport the rich O3 in the mountainous area to the basin edge, causing O3 levels to increase by 2.8%. In summary, we quantitatively assessed the impacts of MVB on changes in O3 concentrations and air quality along with its meteorological mechanisms, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of meteorological drivers in the atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yongqing Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Heavy Rain Monitoring and Warning Research, Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zhuozhi Shu
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weikang Fu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Liang D, Niu Z, Wang G, Feng X, Lyu M, Pang X, Li M, Gu H. Measurement of the vertical distributions of atmospheric pollutants using an uncrewed aerial vehicle platform in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 38742391 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Vertical observations of atmospheric pollutants play crucial roles in a comprehensive understanding of the distribution characteristics and transport of atmospheric pollutants. A hexacopter uncrewed aerial vehicle equipped with miniature monitors was employed to measure the vertical distribution of atmospheric pollutants within a height of 1000 m at a rural site in Xi'an, China, in 2021. The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) showed generally decreasing trends with increasing height. The ozone (O3) concentration showed a general increasing trend with height followed by a gradual decreasing trend. Vertical decrements of PM2.5 and CO from 0 to 1000 m were significantly (p < 0.05) lower on observation days during summer (14.0 ± 8.1 μg m-3 and 8.7 ± 6.6 ppb, respectively), compared with those in winter (78.3 ± 14.1 μg m-3 and 34.8 ± 17.3 ppb, respectively). The horizontal transport of PM and CO mostly occurred in the morning and at night during winter observations at an altitude of 400-500 m. During the winter haze, the PM and CO profile concentrations below 500 m increased substantially with the decrease in the height of the thermal inversion layer. Vertical O3 transportation was observed in the afternoon and evening during summer, and a ∼37.7% (11.6 ppb) increase in ground-level O3 was observed in relation to vertical transport from the upper atmosphere. The results provide insights into the vertical distribution and transport of atmospheric pollutants in rural areas near cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liang
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change, Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengni Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- Environment School, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huachun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
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Liu M, Wang X, Wang Y. Interactions between aerosols and surface ozone in arid and semi-arid regions of China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:390. [PMID: 38517576 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols affect surface ozone concentrations by influencing radiation, but the mechanism and dominant factors are unclear. Therefore, this paper analyses the changes in aerosol-radiative-surface ozone in China's arid and semi-arid regions with the help of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model. The results suggest that Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and coarse Particulate Matter (PM10) have the same trend, with high values in spring and winter and low values in summer and autumn. Surface ozone is high in spring and summer and low in autumn and winter. Surface ozone is higher in spring and summer and lower in autumn and winter. In winter, mainly secondary pollutants are dominated by high pollution levels. In the rest of the seasons, a mixture of dust, motor vehicle exhaust, and soot is dominated by low pollution levels. Surface ozone is positively correlated with fine particles and negatively correlated with coarse particles. Temperature is positively correlated with surface ozone in all seasons and negatively correlated with PM10 in summer, autumn, and winter. Precipitation negatively correlates with PM10 each season and surface ozone in winter and spring. Analysis of surface ozone and PM10 sources in the more polluted city of Hohhot based on the back-line trajectory model showed that airflow trajectories mainly transported surface ozone and PM10 pollution from northwestern Inner Mongolia and western Mongolia. During dusty solid weather, the decrease in radiation reaching the Earth's surface and the cooling effect of aerosols lead to lower temperatures, which slows down the rate of chemical reactions of precursors of surface ozone, resulting in lower ozone concentrations at the surface. This study can provide a theoretical reference for aerosol and surface ozone control in arid and semi-arid areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Shen L, Diao Y, Zhao T, Gu X, Shi SS. Meteorological influence on persistent O 3 pollution events in Wuxi in the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170484. [PMID: 38296078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The number of O3 pollution days indicates an overall increasing trend over 2014-2021 in Wuxi in the Yangtze River Delta, with the pollution concentrations of MDA8-O3 between 186 and 200 μg·m-3. Specifically, a total of 62 POPEs (persistent O3 pollution events), defined as episodes with 3 or more continuous O3 pollution days, were observed for the 8 years. Using a multi-linear regression model, we find that the meteorology can explain approximately 56.5 % of the O3 variations for the 8 years in Wuxi, with temperature being the most crucial meteorological factor, followed by relative humidity (RH) and wind speeds. High temperature, low RH, low wind speeds and downward airflows significantly correlate with POPE-O3 changes. Three types of synoptic circulations are further identified during the POPEs from 2014 to 2021 by the T-mode (T-PCA) classification method. The primary circulation patterns governing the interannual changes of POPEs are characterized by the largest positive anomalies of temperature and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height; moreover, a distinct vertical mixing process is observed with uplifting airflows in the convective PBL during the afternoon and sinking airflows in the stable PBL at night, which is incredibly conducive to the downward transport of O3 after its upward delivery during daytime and substantially contributes to midnight O3 at the surface. The other two circulation types are associated with uniform descending flows in the PBL; as a result, surface O3 accumulates only near the ground and decreases significantly at night due to the titration effect. This study systematically highlights the influence of critical meteorological factors regulated by different synoptic circulations on the POPE in Wuxi, which provides a scientific basis for pollution control and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shen
- School of Atmosphere and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China.
| | - Yiwei Diao
- School of Atmosphere and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuesong Gu
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Shuang Shuang Shi
- School of Atmosphere and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China
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Xu T, Nie W, Xu Z, Yan C, Liu Y, Zha Q, Wang R, Li Y, Wang L, Ge D, Chen L, Qi X, Chi X, Ding A. Investigation on the budget of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the Yangtze River Delta: Unravelling local photochemistry and regional impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170373. [PMID: 38286297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a significant indicator of atmospheric photochemical pollution, which can influence the regional distribution of ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (OH) through long-range transport. However, investigations of PAN incorporating comprehensive measurement and explicit modeling analysis are limited, hindering complete understandings of its temporal behavior, sources, and impacts on photochemistry. Here we conducted a 1-year continuous observation of PAN and relative atmospheric species in Nanjing located in Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The annual mean concentration of PAN was 0.62 ± 0.49 ppbv and showed a bimodal monthly variation, peaking in April-June and November-January, respectively. This pattern is different from the typical pattern of photochemistry, suggesting important contributions of other non-photochemical processes. We further analyzed the PAN budget using an observation-based model, by which, PAN from local photochemical production and regional source could be decoupled. Our results revealed that local photochemical production of PAN is the sole contributor to PAN in summer, whereas about half of the total PAN concentration is attributed to regional source in winter. Although the formation of PAN can suppress the atmospheric oxidation capacity by consuming the peroxyacetyl radical and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), our analyses suggested this effect is minor at our station (-3.2 ± 1.1 % in summer and - 7.2 ± 2.8 % in winter for O3 formation). However, it has the potential to enhance O3 and OH formation by 14.16 % and 5.93 %, if transported to cleaner environments with air pollutants halved. Overall, our study highlights the importance of both local photochemistry and regional process in PAN budget and provides a useful evaluation on the impact of PAN on atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China.
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruoxian Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dafeng Ge
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liangduo Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zheng Y, Jiang F, Feng S, Shen Y, Liu H, Guo H, Lyu X, Jia M, Lou C. Large-scale land-sea interactions extend ozone pollution duration in coastal cities along northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 18:100322. [PMID: 37860828 PMCID: PMC10582397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Land-sea atmosphere interaction (LSAI) is one of the important processes affecting ozone (O3) pollution in coastal areas. The effects of small-scale LSAIs like sea-land breezes have been widely studied. However, it is not fully clear how and to what extent the large-scale LSAIs affect O3 pollution. Here we explored an O3 episode to illuminate the role of large-scale LSAIs in O3 pollution over the Bohai-Yellow Seas and adjacent areas through observations and model simulations. The results show that the northern Bohai Sea's coastal region, influenced by the Mongolian High, initially experienced a typical unimodal diurnal O3 variation for three days, when O3 precursors from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, and Northeast China were transported to the Bohai-Yellow Seas. Photochemical reactions generated O3 within marine air masses, causing higher O3 levels over the seas than coastal regions. As the Mongolian High shifted eastward and expanded, southerly winds on its western edge transported O3-rich marine air masses toward the coast, prolonging pollution for an additional three days and weakening diurnal variations. Subsequently, emissions from the Korean Peninsula and marine shipping significantly affected O3 levels in the northern Bohai Sea (10.7% and 13.7%, respectively). Notably, Shandong's emissions played a substantial role in both phases (27.5% and 26.1%, respectively). These findings underscore the substantial impact of large-scale LSAIs driven by the Mongolian High on O3 formation and pollution duration in coastal cities. This insight helps understand and manage O3 pollution in northern Bohai Sea cities and broadly applies to temperate coastal cities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuzhuang Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengwei Jia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenxi Lou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Zhang L, Wang L, Liu B, Tang G, Liu B, Li X, Sun Y, Li M, Chen X, Wang Y, Hu B. Contrasting effects of clean air actions on surface ozone concentrations in different regions over Beijing from May to September 2013-2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166182. [PMID: 37562614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the nonlinear impacts of meteorology and precursors, the response of ozone (O3) trends to emission changes is very complex over different regions in megacity Beijing. Based on long-term in-situ observations at 35 air quality sites (four categories, i.e., urban, traffic, northern suburban and southern suburban sites) and satellite data, spatiotemporal variability of O3, gaseous precursors, and O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity were explored through multiple metrics during the warm season from 2013 to 2020. Additionally, the contribution of meteorology and emissions to O3 was separated by a machine-learning-based de-weathered method. The annual averaged MDA8 O3 and O3 increased by 3.7 and 2.9 μg/m3/yr, respectively, with the highest at traffic sites and the lowest in northern suburb, and the rate of Ox (O3 + NO2) was 0.2 μg/m3/yr with the highest in southern suburb, although NO2 declined strongly and HCHO decreased slightly. However, the increment of O3 and Ox in the daytime exhibited decreasing trends to some extent. Additionally, NOx abatements weakened O3 loss through less NO titration, which drove narrowing differences in urban-suburban O3 and Ox. Due to larger decrease of NO2 in urban region and HCHO in northern suburb, the extent of VOCs-limited regime fluctuated over Beijing and northern suburb gradually shifted to transition or NOx-limited regime. Compared with the directly observed trends, the increasing rate of de-weathered O3 was lower, which was attributed to favorable meteorological conditions for O3 generation after 2017, especially in June (the most polluted month); whereas the de-weathered Ox declined except in southern suburb. Overall, clean air actions were effective in reducing the atmospheric oxidation capacity in urban and northern suburban regions, weakening local photochemical production over Beijing and suppressing O3 deterioration in northern suburb. Strengthening VOCs control and keeping NOx abatement, especially in June, will be vital to reverse O3 increase trend in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Big Data (2022P10005), Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Boya Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xue Li
- Beijing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianyan Chen
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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Jiang Z, Gao Y, Cao H, Diao W, Yao X, Yuan C, Fan Y, Chen Y. Characteristics of ambient air quality and its air quality index (AQI) model in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165284. [PMID: 37406688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term observations indicate that, the ambient air quality in Shanghai continues to improve, however the synergistic effects between the air pollutants PM2.5, O3 and NO2 are also increasing. The concentration of chemical components included in PM2.5 is higher in moderately polluted air containing multiple pollutants. This suggests that air pollution metrics based on multi-pollutant synergy are more descriptive of ambient air quality than single-pollutant air quality index (AQI) models that may ignore the effect of synergy between pollutants on ambient air quality forecasts. Therefore, this study proposes a new multi-pollutant air quality index model (NMAQI) based on four air pollutants (PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and O3) that emphasizes the relationship between PM2.5, NO2 and O3 in ambient air. The model successfully categorized observational data into classes of good, moderate, and polluted air quality ratings. Verification of the NMAQI model using the PM2.5 chemical composition spectrum shows that the NMAQI model can more accurately classify samples with high concentrations of chemical components (often misclassified by AQI) into high pollution levels. The model has an improved capacity to assess the degree of pollution in urban ambient air and to reduce the risk of public exposure to highly polluted atmospheric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Jiang
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yunchuan Gao
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huaxing Cao
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixia Diao
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yao
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Cancan Yuan
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueying Fan
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ya Chen
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
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9
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Shen Y, Jiang F, Feng S, Xia Z, Zheng Y, Lyu X, Zhang L, Lou C. Increased diurnal difference of NO 2 concentrations and its impact on recent ozone pollution in eastern China in summer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159767. [PMID: 36341852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a key tropospheric O3 precursor. Since 2013, efforts to decrease air pollution in China have driven substantial declines in annual NO2 concentrations, whereas ozone (O3) concentrations have increased. Based on nationwide NO2 observations and a regional air quality model (WRF-CMAQ), we analyzed trends in the diurnal difference (DD, the difference between nighttime and daytime concentrations) of NO2 concentrations across eastern China and in five national urban agglomerations (UAs) from 2014 to 2021, and explored the factors underlying such changes and the potential impacts on O3 pollution. We found that the observed DD of NO2 has increased in most cities and UAs, and that this trend can be primarily attributed to changes in anthropogenic emissions, based on comparison with DDs simulated with fixed anthropogenic emissions, which generally showed much weaker trends and little interannual variation. A sensitivity analysis using the WRF-CMAQ model was conducted to investigate the impact of a modified diurnal cycle of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions on O3 concentrations. The result revealed that enhancing the DD of NO2 would increase O3 concentrations in the morning and the daily maximum 8-h O3 concentrations in the cities with high NOx concentrations, as well as downwind areas of cities, indicating that greater DDs in NO2 is one of the reasons that have led to the enhanced China's O3 pollution in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuzhuang Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yanhua Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - LingYu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenxi Lou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Shao M, Xu X, Lu Y, Dai Q. Spatio-temporally differentiated impacts of temperature inversion on surface PM 2.5 in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158785. [PMID: 36116664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature inversion (TI) is one of the meteorological conditions that significantly affect regional air quality. Knowledge gap regarding the impacts of TI on surface PM2.5 in different topographies still existed. In the present study, the occurrence frequency, temperature lapse rate (TLR), depth, and the diurnal variations of TI, surface-based TI (SBTI), elevated TI (ElTI), and multiple layers of TIs (MultiTI) and their impacts on near-surface PM2.5 concentrations over eastern China that covers a range of topographies and climates, are systematically investigated based on global reanalysis ERA5 and the nationwide monitoring PM2.5 dataset from 2014 to 2020. TIs occurred mostly in the early morning. Different types of TIs present distinctive seasonal and spatial patterns. The majority of SBTIs and ElTIs occurred during nighttime in northern China and daytime in southern China, respectively, as the result of their formation mechanisms. SBTIs usually had larger TLR while ElTIs had deeper depth. SBTIs showed strong enhancement effects on PM2.5 concentration over the study domain while ElTIs showed more obvious impacts on northern nocturnal PM2.5. The peak time of PM2.5 was found around 18:00-22:00 LST, and TLR and depth of TIs are thought to be more relevant to PM2.5 peak concentration due to their coincident peak times. The strength of TIs is therefore more crucial in regulating PM2.5 than its occurrence frequency. Based on statistical analysis, our study provided a large picture of the generic spatiotemporal patterns of TIs and illustrated the impacts of different TIs on surface PM2.5 pollution on a diurnal basis. For a deeper understanding of the formation of PM2.5 pollution, more attention needs to be paid to the nocturnal PM2.5 not only at surface level but also at higher levels in the presence of TIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Yutong Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University (CMA-NKU) Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
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11
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Lu H, Xie M, Liu B, Liu X, Feng J, Yang F, Zhao X, You T, Wu Z, Gao Y. Impact of atmospheric thermodynamic structures and aerosol radiation feedback on winter regional persistent heavy particulate pollution in the Sichuan-Chongqing region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156575. [PMID: 35688231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potential relationships among heavy air pollution, weather conditions, and meteorological effects are unclear and require further investigation, especially for areas with complex terrains, such as the Sichuan Basin (SCB), one of the most polluted regions in China. In this study, air pollution in the SCB was examined and 18 regional persistent heavy pollution events (RPHEs) were identified for the winters of 2014-2018. The average persistent period of the RPHEs was 8.89 days, and the number of affected cities was 17. Based on ground-based observations, CALIPSO satellite data, reanalysis data, and backward trajectory calculations, the synergistic effects of the thermodynamic structures, synoptic circulations and the radiative feedback of aerosols on the formation of RPHEs were revealed. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) An abnormal warming center, attributing to the warm southerly advection in the upper layer and the cold air dammed by the topography near the surface, always presented around 800-700 hPa to form a deep stable layer. (2) The diurnal variations in vertical motions triggered by the thermodynamic structures could regulate the pollution episodes. During the daytime, pollutants accumulated rapidly and thoroughly mixed under the control of sinking airflow from 800 hPa layer to the ground. At night, pollutants sometimes slowly diffused when weak ascending airflow appeared. (3) Forced by the stable layer and topography of the Tibetan Plateau, the local circulation was confined within SCB, resulting in the intensive mixing of local emissions and transport pollutants from other regions. This situation could be maintained for a long time with stable synoptic circulation in winter, leading to the formation of RPHEs. (4) The pollution episodes were featured with multi-layer pollutants above SCB according to the CALIPSO observations, including the local anthropogenic aerosols near the surface, dust aerosols originating from the Taklamakan Desert, and biomass burning aerosols from Southeast Asia. Solar absorption aerosols, including black carbon and dust above the region, could cause meteorological feedback, making the vertical layer more stable and enhancing the persistence and intensity of the pollution episodes. This study highlights the appreciable effects of synoptic circulations on the vertical thermodynamic structures of the atmosphere and air quality, and raises the understanding of the environmental and climate impacts of RPHEs in complex terrains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Bojun Liu
- Chongqing Meteorological Observatory, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Xiaoran Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jieling Feng
- Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Fuyan Yang
- Institute of Mountainous Environment and Climate of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Sichuan Meteorological Disasters Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ting You
- Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yanghua Gao
- Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
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12
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Hu J, Zhao T, Liu J, Cao L, Wang C, Li Y, Shi C, Tan C, Sun X, Shu Z, Li J. Exploring the ozone pollution over the western Sichuan Basin, Southwest China: The impact of diurnal change in mountain-plains solenoid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156264. [PMID: 35644388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Sichuan Basin (SCB), to the east of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), experiences severe ozone (O3) pollution. Unfavorable atmospheric diffusion conditions are considered the main causes of heavy air pollution over the basin. However, the meteorological impact of thermally driven mountain-plains solenoid (MPS) between the TP and SCB on O3 pollution has not been reported. Here we show the MPS driving the diurnal O3 changes in the atmospheric boundary layer over the SCB based on surface and high-resolution vertical observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, and the WRF-Chem model. The MPS shifts between upslope and easterly flows along the eastern slope of the TP and SCB during the day and downslope westerly flows to the western SCB at night. The daytime MPS flows drive the westward transport of O3-rich air mass in the atmospheric boundary layer from the polluted SCB and accumulate high O3 levels from the western edge of the SCB to the eastern slope of TP, subsequently aggravating O3 pollution in this region. After sunset, the MPS drainage flows carry air containing elevated O3 eastward downslope along the eastern slope of the TP into the nocturnal residual layer, enhancing the O3 concentrations aloft over the western SCB. The high-level O3 in the residual layer is transported downstream by nocturnal prevailing winds and contributes significantly to the next-day surface O3 buildup in the downwind region through daytime vertical mixing (~30 μg m-3 h-1). The present study reveals a transport mechanism driven by the MPS with coupling diurnal changes in the atmospheric boundary layer, which redistributes O3 over the basin and exacerbates O3 pollution along the western edge of the basin. This study has important implications for understanding meteorological drivers on atmospheric environment underlying the complex terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China; Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jane Liu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, College of Geographic Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G3, Canada
| | - Le Cao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chengchun Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Chenghao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuozhi Shu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Luo Y, Zhao T, Yang Y, Zong L, Kumar KR, Wang H, Meng K, Zhang L, Lu S, Xin Y. Seasonal changes in the recent decline of combined high PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution and associated chemical and meteorological drivers in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156312. [PMID: 35636546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China suffers from combined air pollution (CAP) comprising dual high O3 and PM2.5, particularly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, which is an urban agglomeration in the North China Plain. To characterize the seasonal changes in regional CAP, 82 CAP days were identified during the study period from 2015 to 2019 with the co-occurring pollution of O3 and PM2.5 in the BTH. It is found that CAP seasonality has undergone distinct changes with a declining trend in the interannual variations in CAP over recent years. It is also revealed that the monthly CAP peaks have recently shifted from summer to early spring (March and April), indicating seasonal changes in CAP in the BTH. Furthermore, the of chemical and meteorological roles in CAP changes was investigated using environmental and meteorological observation data. The recent reduction in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations had enhanced O3 production and atmospheric oxidizability, thereby causing increments in secondary PM2.5 proportion. The interaction between O3 and PM2.5 was responsible for changing the CAP of dual high O3 and PM2.5 to the transition/spring season in the context of mitigation of air pollutant emissions. Furthermore, principal component analysis in the T-mode (T-PCA) was applied to identify four synoptic circulation patterns that regulate CAP occurrence. The results show that the CAP occurrence was regulated by the dominant patterns of synoptic circulation in the BTH. Warm temperature and strong downward ultraviolet radiation anomalies were observed in the BTH, indicating the importance of meteorological drivers in O3 photochemical production on the CAP. The frequency of key synoptic circulation patterns during the spring season increased annually, thereby inducing seasonal changes in the atmospheric environment with CAP in the BTH in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanjian Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Zong
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Kanike Raghavendra Kumar
- Department of Engineering Physics, College of Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Hebei Provincial Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuo Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Xin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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14
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Lin C, Ma Y, Liu R, Shao Y, Ma Z, Zhou L, Jing Y, Bell ML, Chen K. Associations between short-term ambient ozone exposure and cause-specific mortality in rural and urban areas of Jiangsu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113098. [PMID: 35288156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most previous studies on the acute health effects of ozone are limited to urban areas, largely due to the paucity of air pollutant measurements in rural areas. We here estimated the county-specific daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentration in Jiangsu Province, China during 2015-2018, using a recently developed spatiotemporal machine learning model at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° (∼11 × 11 km). Counties were equally divided into urban and rural groups based on the median of the percentage of urban residents across Jiangsu counties obtained from the National Population Census in 2010. We first conducted time-series analyses to estimate the county-specific effect of ozone using generalized linear models, then pooled the effect estimates by random-effects modeling. A 10 μg/m3 increase in the 4-day moving average (lag 0-3) of ambient ozone exposure was associated with increases of 0.66% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36%-0.95%) in daily nonaccidental mortality in rural areas and 0.42% in urban areas (95% CI, 0.27%-0.56%). Short-term ambient ozone exposure was associated with an increased risk of mortality caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. Our finding suggests that both urban and rural residents suffer adverse health effects from short-term ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiqun Ma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Riyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lian Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China; College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanshu Jing
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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15
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Cao J, Qiu X, Liu Y, Yan X, Gao J, Peng L. Identifying the dominant driver of elevated surface ozone concentration in North China plain during summertime 2012-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118912. [PMID: 35092729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasingly serious surface ozone (O3) pollution in North China Plain (NCP) has received wide attention. However, the contribution of the changes for each emission source to the elevated O3 concentration, as well as the direct and indirect effect of meteorological condition variation on increased O3 level have not been comprehensively analyzed. This study applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with the integrated source apportionment method (ISAM) to quantify changes in daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentration (MDA8 O3) under different air pollutants emissions and meteorological conditions during summertime 2012-2017. The results showed that incoordinate NOx/VOC emission control sustainably increased MDA8 O3 by 2.2-36.2 μg/m3 in the NCP, of which emission changes from industrial and transportation sectors were the predominant contributors (-0.6-19.5 μg/m3 for industrial sector and 1.2-18.1 μg/m3 for transportation, respectively). In contrast, MDA8 O3 decreased by 2.5-9.2 μg/m3 for the power plants. The effect of changes in meteorological condition on MDA8 O3 exhibited significantly spatial and temporal variation and unfavorable meteorological fields were shown in 2014, 2016, and 2017, which enhanced MDA8 O3 by -2.5-23.1, -5.3-20.7, and -7.2-25.8 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, the changed meteorological factors indirectly affected the biogenic emission thus prompting the increases of MDA8 O3 by -3.9-4.9 μg/m3 in the NCP during 2012-2017. The sensitive simulations suggested that more aggressive control measures about VOC reduction in industrial and transportation sectors should be implemented to further mitigate the O3 pollution under unfavorable meteorological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lin Peng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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16
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Zohdirad H, Montazeri Namin M, Ashrafi K, Aksoyoglu S, Prévôt ASH. Temporal variations, regional contribution, and cluster analyses of ozone and NO x in a middle eastern megacity during summertime over 2017-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16233-16249. [PMID: 34642887 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter is usually regarded as the dominant pollutant in Tehran megacity in Iran. However, the number of ozone exceedance days significantly increased in recent years. This study analyzes simultaneous measurements of O3 and NOx (NO+NO2) concentrations to improve our understanding of ozone evolution during the summers of 2017 to 2019. The k-means clustering technique was used to select five representative air quality monitoring sites in Tehran to capture O3 and NOx concentrations' variability. The findings show that all of the investigated sites failed to meet the ozone non-attainment criterion. The ozone weekend effect is seen in the study of weekday/weekend differences in 2017 and 2018, but not in 2019, which can be due to the shift in the ozone production regime. The summer mean variation analysis can also be used to deduce this regime change. In 2017, the O3 and NO2 summer mean variations suggest a holdback in the NO2 upward trend and a reversal in the O3 downward trend that had been in place since 2012. Air mass back trajectory clustering reveals that east and north-east air mass clusters have the most significant impact on Tehran's O3 pollution and the highest regional contribution to OX. The study of OX against NOx shows that the regional contribution to OX increased from 2017 to 2018 and then decreased in 2019; however, the local contribution is the opposite. The diurnal analysis of the regional and local contributions to OX indicated that OX in Tehran might be primarily affected by pollutants from a short distance. The findings reveal critical changes in the behavior of O3 in recent years, indicating that decision-makers in Tehran should reconsider air pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Zohdirad
- School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Montazeri Namin
- School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosro Ashrafi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sebnem Aksoyoglu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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17
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Xiao Y, Liu S, Zhang M, Tong F, Xu Z, Ford R, Zhang T, Shi X, Wu Z, Luo T. Plant Functional Groups Dominate Responses of Plant Adaptive Strategies to Urbanization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:773676. [PMID: 34917107 PMCID: PMC8669269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization causes alteration in atmospheric, soil, and hydrological factors and substantially affects a range of morphological and physiological plant traits. Correspondingly, plants might adopt different strategies to adapt to urbanization promotion or pressure. Understanding of plant traits responding to urbanization will reveal the capacity of plant adaptation and optimize the choice of plant species in urbanization green. In this study, four different functional groups (herbs, shrubs, subcanopies, and canopies, eight plant species totally) located in urban, suburban, and rural areas were selected and eight replicated plants were selected for each species at each site. Their physiological and photosynthetic properties and heavy metal concentrations were quantified to reveal plant adaptive strategies to urbanization. The herb and shrub species had significantly higher starch and soluble sugar contents in urban than in suburban areas. Urbanization decreased the maximum photosynthetic rates and total chlorophyll contents of the canopies (Engelhardtia roxburghiana and Schima superba). The herbs (Lophatherum gracile and Alpinia chinensis) and shrubs (Ardisia quinquegona and Psychotria rubra) species in urban areas had significantly lower nitrogen (N) allocated in the cell wall and leaf δ15N values but higher heavy metal concentrations than those in suburban areas. The canopy and subcanopy (Diospyros morrisiana and Cratoxylum cochinchinense) species adapt to the urbanization via reducing resource acquisition but improving defense capacity, while the herb and shrub species improve resource acquisition to adapt to the urbanization. Our current studies indicated that functional groups affected the responses of plant adaptive strategies to the urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Xiao
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Manyun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fuchun Tong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tianlin Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongmin Wu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tushou Luo
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Xing L, Lin T, Xue X, Liu J, Lin M, Zhao Y. Urban Metabolism of Food-Sourced Nitrogen among Different Income Households: A Case Study Based on Large Sample Survey in Xiamen City, China. Foods 2021; 10:2842. [PMID: 34829123 PMCID: PMC8619484 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food consumption is fundamental for urban households if they are to sustain production and daily life. Nitrogen resulting from food consumption has significantly contributed to pollutant emissions in urban ecosystems. Taking Xiamen city, a rapid urbanizing area of southeast China as a case study, we evaluated the food-sourced nitrogen consumption of households based on a large simple onsite questionnaire survey, as well as differences between households in the consumption of plant-based and animal-based foods. A material flow analysis (MFA) was conducted to simulate the urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen and environmental emissions among different income groups. The impacts of household attributes, plant-based food consumption, and animal-based food consumption on environmental nitrogen emissions were examined with a structural equation model (SEM). Our results show that the surveyed households' diets were more plant-based and less animal-based. Aquatic products and livestock were the source of 43.7% of food-sourced nitrogen, and 84.5% of the food-sourced nitrogen was discharge into the environment through direct discharge and waste treatment. Soil, water, and air emissions accounted for 62.8%, 30.1%, and 7.1% of the food-sourced nitrogen, respectively. Household income, household size, and household area are all associated with accelerating increases of nitrogen emissions released into the environment, though middle-income group households have the highest food-sourced environmental nitrogen emissions. On this basis, we discuss how to better manage the urban metabolism of food-sourced nitrogen, so as to improve urban household consumption, lower nitrogen emissions, and improve food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xing
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (L.X.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Tao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Xiongzhi Xue
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (L.X.); (X.X.)
| | - Jiakun Liu
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Meixia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
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19
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Hu J, Zhao T, Liu J, Cao L, Xia J, Wang C, Zhao X, Gao Z, Shu Z, Li Y. Nocturnal surface radiation cooling modulated by cloud cover change reinforces PM 2.5 accumulation: Observational study of heavy air pollution in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148624. [PMID: 34218151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface radiation is crucial to atmospheric boundary layer development and air pollution formation. Several studies have revealed that surface radiation plays a vital role in developing the daytime convective boundary layer that controls the explosive growth of PM2.5 concentration; however, less attention has been paid to the effects of changing nighttime surface radiation on the near-surface temperature inversion layer and PM2.5 accumulation. In this study, we used long-term observations of meteorological and environmental data and atmospheric boundary layer measurements during a severe PM2.5 pollution event to investigate the effect of changes in nocturnal surface radiation on the increase in PM2.5 concentrations. The results showed that surface radiation cooling was enhanced (weakened) by decreased (increased) cloud cover fraction by changing longwave radiation at night; this strengthened (weakened) near-surface temperature inversion intensity and promoted (prevented) the accumulated increase in PM2.5. This observational study using 5-year data further confirmed the cloud radiative effect on the nighttime accumulation of PM2.5 with a significant negative correlation between nighttime averages of surface PM2.5 concentrations and cloud cover fractions. This reveals an important mechanism for the impact of surface radiation cooling modulated by cloud cover change on the nighttime accumulated increase in PM2.5. This finding extends our understanding of air pollutant accumulation at night with potential implications for atmospheric environment change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jane Liu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Ministry of Education, College of Geographic Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G3, Canada
| | - Le Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junrong Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xingbing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Zhiqiu Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072, China
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20
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Panda S, Mallik C, Nath J, Das T, Ramasamy B. A study on variation of atmospheric pollutants over Bhubaneswar during imposition of nationwide lockdown in India for the COVID-19 pandemic. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:97-108. [PMID: 32863984 PMCID: PMC7444864 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The nationwide lockdown in India to flatten the pandemic COVID-19 curve has resulted in the reduction of anthropogenic emission sources to a great extent. This study reports change in air quality and its impact on the environment during the unique lockdown scenario at Bhubaneswar, a coastal smart city in east India. The urban air shows a remarkable reduction in the mean pollutant levels influenced by traffic emission viz. NOx (~ 67 %) and BC (~ 47 %) during lockdown over the pre-lockdown. Comparatively, a lower reduction of CO (~ 14 %) is attributed to the dominance of natural atmospheric chemical regulation and biogenic sources in addition to anthropogenic contributions. In addition to the lockdown, frequent rain events due to depression in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) also had a significant role in the reduction of the primary pollutants over the study site. An enhancement of secondary pollutant viz. O3 (~ 3%) with a distinct diurnal pattern was observed during the first phase of lockdown over the pre-lockdown period. An anti-correlation between O3 and NOx during pre-lockdown points to a higher O3 production potential with decreasing NOx. While a reduction in the titration of O3 due to suppression of fresh NO emissions led to accumulation of O3 in the first phase of lockdown, inhibited photochemistry due to cloudy skies as well as reduction in precursors led to lower O3 values during the later phases of lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasmita Panda
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chinmay Mallik
- School of Earth Sciences, Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jyotishree Nath
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
| | - Trupti Das
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Boopathy Ramasamy
- Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013 India
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21
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Mostafa MK, Gamal G, Wafiq A. The impact of COVID 19 on air pollution levels and other environmental indicators - A case study of Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021. [PMID: 33069147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) not only affected health and economics, but also its effect extended to include other aspects, such as the environment. Using Egypt as a case study, this paper presents the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution levels by studying nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter represented in absorbing aerosol index (AAI), carbon monoxide (CO), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The paper also highlights the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on other environmental indicators including environmental noise, medical and municipal solid wastes. The paper presents the Egyptian COVID-19 story from its different angles including the development of confirmed COVID-19 cases, containment measures from the government, the impact on the country's economy and the national energy consumption so as to effectively evaluate the effect on both the air pollution levels and the other studied environmental indicators. For the other environmental indicators, a strong link was observed between COVID-19 lockdown and the reduction in environmental noise, beaches, surface and groundwater pollution. For environmental noise, this has been confirmed by officially governmental announcements which reported that the level of environmental noise in Egypt was reduced by about 75% during the lockdown period. On the other hand, there are some negative effects, including an increase in medical solid waste (from 70 to 300 ton/day), municipal solid waste, as well as a less efficient solid waste recycling process. For air pollution levels, the data were obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency satellite data sets. The data for the lockdown period in 2020 have been extracted and compared to the corresponding months in the selected baseline period (2015-2019) to identify the effect that the lockdown period had on the air pollution levels in Egypt with focus on Cairo and Alexandria governorates. It was found that the AAI decreased by about 30%, the NO2 decreased by 15 and 33% over Cairo and Alexandria governorates, respectively, and that the CO decreased by about 5% over both governorates. In addition, the GHG emissions in Egypt were reduced by at least 4% during the pandemic. In contrast, ozone levels increased by about 2% over Cairo and Alexandria governorates. It can be concluded that the implemented containment measures during COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in both positive and negative environmental impacts. The positive environmental impacts are not sustainable and deterioration on them is expected to occur after the lockdown as it was before the pandemic. Therefore, stricter laws must be enacted to protect the environment in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K Mostafa
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gamil Gamal
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - A Wafiq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
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22
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Mostafa MK, Gamal G, Wafiq A. The impact of COVID 19 on air pollution levels and other environmental indicators - A case study of Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111496. [PMID: 33069147 PMCID: PMC7547608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) not only affected health and economics, but also its effect extended to include other aspects, such as the environment. Using Egypt as a case study, this paper presents the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution levels by studying nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter represented in absorbing aerosol index (AAI), carbon monoxide (CO), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The paper also highlights the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on other environmental indicators including environmental noise, medical and municipal solid wastes. The paper presents the Egyptian COVID-19 story from its different angles including the development of confirmed COVID-19 cases, containment measures from the government, the impact on the country's economy and the national energy consumption so as to effectively evaluate the effect on both the air pollution levels and the other studied environmental indicators. For the other environmental indicators, a strong link was observed between COVID-19 lockdown and the reduction in environmental noise, beaches, surface and groundwater pollution. For environmental noise, this has been confirmed by officially governmental announcements which reported that the level of environmental noise in Egypt was reduced by about 75% during the lockdown period. On the other hand, there are some negative effects, including an increase in medical solid waste (from 70 to 300 ton/day), municipal solid waste, as well as a less efficient solid waste recycling process. For air pollution levels, the data were obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European Space Agency satellite data sets. The data for the lockdown period in 2020 have been extracted and compared to the corresponding months in the selected baseline period (2015-2019) to identify the effect that the lockdown period had on the air pollution levels in Egypt with focus on Cairo and Alexandria governorates. It was found that the AAI decreased by about 30%, the NO2 decreased by 15 and 33% over Cairo and Alexandria governorates, respectively, and that the CO decreased by about 5% over both governorates. In addition, the GHG emissions in Egypt were reduced by at least 4% during the pandemic. In contrast, ozone levels increased by about 2% over Cairo and Alexandria governorates. It can be concluded that the implemented containment measures during COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in both positive and negative environmental impacts. The positive environmental impacts are not sustainable and deterioration on them is expected to occur after the lockdown as it was before the pandemic. Therefore, stricter laws must be enacted to protect the environment in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K Mostafa
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gamil Gamal
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - A Wafiq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
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23
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Brimblecombe P, Lai Y. Diurnal and weekly patterns of primary pollutants in Beijing under COVID-19 restrictions. Faraday Discuss 2020; 226:138-148. [PMID: 33241802 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Restrictions on movement in Beijing to limit the COVID-19 epidemic tended to reduce the emissions of primary pollutants. However, changes in pollutant concentrations are also affected by chemical transformation and meteorology. Decreases in concentrations were also not as obvious in Beijing when compared with Hubei Province, where lockdown was especially strict. Declines in concentrations between 2019 and 2020 are evident for both NO2 (37.0 to 26.2 μg m-3) and SO2 (5.86 to 4.15 μg m-3), but there was little evidence of change for PM2.5 (50.0 to 53.8 μg m-3) and CO (0.71 to 0.74 mg m-3). Despite this, Fourier analysis revealed that the weekly cycle of PM2.5 evident in 2019 was not apparent in 2020. In 2019, CO showed both diurnal and weekly signals, but these were absent under the restrictions of 2020. This suggests that while concentrations may remain relatively constant, the temporal distribution of pollutants can show subtle changes under restrictions imposed in attempts to limit the spread of the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brimblecombe
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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24
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Sicard P, De Marco A, Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Xu X, Paoletti E, Rodriguez JJD, Calatayud V. Amplified ozone pollution in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139542. [PMID: 32447070 PMCID: PMC7237366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lockdown due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on air pollution in four Southern European cities (Nice, Rome, Valencia and Turin) and Wuhan (China) was quantified, with a focus on ozone (O3). Compared to the same period in 2017-2019, the daily O3 mean concentrations increased at urban stations by 24% in Nice, 14% in Rome, 27% in Turin, 2.4% in Valencia and 36% in Wuhan during the lockdown in 2020. This increase in O3 concentrations is mainly explained by an unprecedented reduction in NOx emissions leading to a lower O3 titration by NO. Strong reductions in NO2 mean concentrations were observed in all European cities, ~53% at urban stations, comparable to Wuhan (57%), and ~65% at traffic stations. NO declined even further, ~63% at urban stations and ~78% at traffic stations in Europe. Reductions in PM2.5 and PM10 at urban stations were overall much smaller both in magnitude and relative change in Europe (~8%) than in Wuhan (~42%). The PM reductions due to limiting transportation and fuel combustion in institutional and commercial buildings were partly offset by increases of PM emissions from the activities at home in some of the cities. The NOx concentrations during the lockdown were on average 49% lower than those at weekends of the previous years in all cities. The lockdown effect on O3 production was ~10% higher than the weekend effect in Southern Europe and 38% higher in Wuhan, while for PM the lockdown had the same effect as weekends in Southern Europe (~6% of difference). This study highlights the challenge of reducing the formation of secondary pollutants such as O3 even with strict measures to control primary pollutant emissions. These results are relevant for designing abatement policies of urban pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, C.R. Casaccia, Italy.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, Parque Tecnológico, C/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Paterna, Spain
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25
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Zhao S, Yin D, Yu Y, Kang S, Qin D, Dong L. PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution during 2015-2019 over 367 Chinese cities: Spatiotemporal variations, meteorological and topographical impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114694. [PMID: 32402710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The strict Clean Air Action Plan has been in place by central and local government in China since 2013 to alleviate haze pollution. In response to implementation of the Plan, daytime PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) showed significant downward trends from 2015 to 2019, with the largest reduction during spring and winter in the North China Plain. Unlike PM2.5, O3 (ozone) showed a general increasing trend, reaching 29.7 μg m-3 on summer afternoons. Increased O3 and reduced PM2.5 simultaneously occurred in more than half of Chinese cities, increasing to approximately three-fourths in summer. Declining trends in both PM2.5 and O3 occurred in only a few cities, varying from 19.1% of cities in summer to 33.7% in fall. Meteorological variables helped to decrease PM2.5 and O3 in some cities and increase PM2.5 and O3 in others, which is closely related to terrain. High wind speed and 24 h changing pressure favored PM2.5 dispersion and dilution, especially in winter in southern China. However, O3 was mainly affected by 24 h maximum temperature over most cities. Soil temperature was found to be a key factor modulating air pollution. Its impact on PM2.5 concentrations depended largely on soil depth and seasons; spring and fall soil temperature at 80 cm below the surface had largely negative impacts. Compared with PM2.5, O3 was more significantly affected by soil temperature, with the largest impact at 20 cm below the surface and with less seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Daiying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Longxiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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26
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Hu B, Liu T, Hong Y, Xu L, Li M, Wu X, Wang H, Chen J, Chen J. Characteristics of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in a coastal city of southeastern China: Photochemical mechanism and pollution process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137493. [PMID: 32120104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) can effectively indicate photochemical pollution, and also plays a vital role in regional oxidant balance. One-year continuous monitoring of PAN in a coastal city of southeastern China was investigated. The mean concentration of PAN in winter (0.64 ppb) was close to that in autumn (0.73 ppb), indicating that photochemical pollution was still non-negligible in the cold season. The peak occurrence time between O3 and PAN had a delay of 1-2 h in four seasons, due to the rapid decomposition rate of PAN in midday. Emission sources of the precursors are located to the south of the monitoring site, so high concentrations of PAN and O3 are frequently observed under southerly wind conditions. The air mass with low concentration of PAN (0.22-0.34 ppb) and O3 (18.17-23.67 ppb) originated from the ocean with less anthropogenic air pollutants. Continental air mass with high PAN concentration might be related to the contribution of heterogeneous reactions of PM2.5 to the promotion of PAN formation. In the polluted case, PAN concentration was often higher than 1.0 ppb and reached the peak of 4.2 ppb, suggesting the influence of photochemical reactions and local accumulation. High concentrations of HONO and sufficient ultraviolet radiation might be the main factors for rapid photochemical production of PAN. Besides, the lifetime of PAN in winter under the condition of high PM2.5 concentration (≥35 μg·m-3) was up to 3.246 days. This study provided insights into photochemical mechanism and pollution process in a coastal city of southeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye Hu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Fujian Meteorological Science Institute, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Junhuai Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Liu T, Wang C, Wang Y, Huang L, Li J, Xie F, Zhang J, Hu J. Impacts of model resolution on predictions of air quality and associated health exposure in Nanjing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126515. [PMID: 32220684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air quality models have been used in health studies to provide spatial and temporal information of various air pollutants. Model resolution is an important factor affecting the accuracy of exposure assessment using model predictions. In this study, the WRF/CMAQ model system was applied to quantitatively estimate the impacts of the model resolution on the predictions of air quality and associated health exposure in Nanjing, China in 2016. Air quality was simulated with a grid resolution of 1, 4, 12, and 36 km respectively. Predictions with 1 or 4 km resolution are slightly better for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and its compositions and predictions with 12 km are slightly better for daily 8-h maximum ozone (O3-8 h). Model resolution does not significantly improve predictions for PM2.5 and O3-8 h in Nanjing, however, the spatial distributions of PM2.5 and O3-8 h are better captured with finer resolutions. Population weighted concentrations (PWCs) of PM2.5 with different model resolutions are similar to the average of observations, but PWCs of O3-8 h with all resolutions are obviously larger than the observations, indicating that the current sites may well represent the population exposure to PM2.5, but under-estimate the exposure to O3. Model resolution results in about 6% in the estimated premature mortality due to exposure to PM2.5 but more than 20% difference in premature mortality due to exposure to O3. Future studies are needed to evaluate the impacts of the resolution on the exposure of PM2.5 compositions in the city scale when PM2.5 composition measurements available at multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Chunlu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Fangjian Xie
- Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecology and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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28
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Yang G, Liu Y, Li X. Spatiotemporal distribution of ground-level ozone in China at a city level. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7229. [PMID: 32350319 PMCID: PMC7190652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ozone (O3) pollution in China has shown a worsening trend. Due to the vast territory of China, O3 pollution is a widespread and complex problem. It is vital to understand the current spatiotemporal distribution of O3 pollution in China. In this study, we collected hourly data on O3 concentrations in 338 cities from January 1, 2016, to February 28, 2019, to analyze O3 pollution in China from a spatiotemporal perspective. The spatial analysis showed that the O3 concentrations exceeded the limit in seven geographical regions of China to some extent, with more serious pollution in North, East, and Central China. The O3 concentrations in the eastern areas were usually higher than those in the western areas. The temporal analysis showed seasonal variations in O3 concentration, with the highest O3 concentration in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The weekend effect, which occurs in other countries (such as the USA), was found only in some cities in China. We also found that the highest O3 concentration usually occurred in the afternoon and the lowest was in the early morning. The comprehensive analysis in this paper could improve our understanding of the severity of O3 pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Yang
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xianneng Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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29
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Yu S, Yin S, Zhang R, Wang L, Su F, Zhang Y, Yang J. Spatiotemporal characterization and regional contributions of O 3 and NO 2: An investigation of two years of monitoring data in Henan, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 90:29-40. [PMID: 32081325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of ground level ozone (O3) for Henan Province, the ambient air quality monitoring data of 2015 and 2016 were analyzed. The result showed that the 8 h-max-O3 concentrations displayed a distinct seasonality, where the maximum and minimum values, averaging 140.41, 54.19 μg/m3, occurred in summer and winter, respectively. There is a significant correlation between meteorological factors and O3 concentration. The Voronoi neighborhood averaging analysis indicated that O3, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation in Henan province were decreased from northwest to southeast, while relative humidity and precipitation displayed the opposite trend. Besides meteorological factors, the chemical processes play an essential role in ozone formation. Reactions of NO, NO2 and O3 form a closed system, and the partitioning point of the OX-component (O3 + NO2) was at 40 and 80 μg/m3 for nitrogen oxide (NOX) in winter and summer, respectively, with NO2 dominating at higher NOx pollution and O3 being the major component at lower levels. The relationship between oxidant (OX = O3+NO2) and NOx concentrations were evaluated to understand the regional and local contribution of OX. It showed that high regional contribution occurred in the spring, whereas the highest local contribution lead to the summer peak of O3 observed in Zhengzhou. This present study reveals important environment impacts from the photochemical process and the meteorological conditions in the region with better understanding on the O3 characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Yu
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Henan Environment Monitoring Centre, Zhengzhou, 450004, China
| | - Fangcheng Su
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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30
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Characteristics of Surface Ozone in Five Provincial Capital Cities of China during 2014–2015. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution has become an increasing concern in China since elevated surface O3 concentrations were observed in recent years. In this study, five provincial cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi’an, and Hefei) located in different regions of China were selected to study the spatiotemporal variations and affecting factors of O3 concentrations during 2014–2015. Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou had suffered more severe O3 pollution, yet Beijing had the highest number of days that exceeded the Chinese MDA8 (maximum daily 8 h average) standard of 160 µg m−3. MDA8 O3 exhibited different seasonal patterns among the five cities. In Beijing and Xi’an, MDA8 O3 showed the highest in summer and lowest in winter. Guangzhou also had the highest O3 concentration in summer, but had similar levels in other three seasons. The O3 levels were similarly high in Shanghai during spring, summer, and autumn, while in Hefei, O3 concentration peaked in autumn. No significant difference between weekend and weekday O3 levels was observed in all the five cities. The diurnal cycle reached a maximum in the afternoon and a minimum in the early morning, which was consistent in the five cities. Correlation analyses showed that the associations between O3 and the other five criteria air pollutants, as well as meteorological parameters, were substantially different among the five cities. Air mass cluster analyses during episodic days revealed that the short-distance transport of O3 and its precursors had a greater impact for high O3 pollution in the five cities. Overall, our results demonstrate that O3 pollution exhibited great divergence among different regions and thus region-oriented control measures are suggested to reduce O3 pollution in China.
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31
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Yin CQ, Solmon F, Deng XJ, Zou Y, Deng T, Wang N, Li F, Mai BR, Liu L. Geographical distribution of ozone seasonality over China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:625-633. [PMID: 31279208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, a nation-wide scale study of surface ozone (O3) concentrations in China was limited due to scarce observation. Thanks to the establishment of national air quality monitoring network in 2013, surface O3 data from 1402 stations during 2014-2017 were collected to investigate O3 seasonality. Our analysis reveals that the variations of monthly O3 averaged from daily mean concentration during a year show different temporal profiles depending on latitude. A unimodal structure (UMS) is generally found for latitudes over 35°N, whereas a bimodal structure (BMS) is in most of the cases identified south of 35°N. The peak of UMS is found in the period of May to July, whereas the first and second peaks of BMS are found from April to June, and from July to October, respectively. In addition, the seasonality of O3 presents a strong dependence on pseudo-equivalent potential temperature and monsoonal clouds. The onset and retreat of warm and wet air are correlated to the summer minimum in BMS cases and to the sharp decrease of UMS in July. As far as the relationships between O3 and carbon monoxide are concerned, the effects of clean maritime air masses on the summer trough of O3 are not significant for inland sites. Overall, summer monsoon bringing warm and moist air and subsequent clouds leads to the suppression of photochemical production, thereby contributing directly to the geographical distribution of O3 seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Q Yin
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China.
| | - F Solmon
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - X J Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Zou
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - N Wang
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - F Li
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - B R Mai
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Liu
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Correlations between PM2.5 and Ozone over China and Associated Underlying Reasons. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the spatial-temporal characteristics of the correlations between observed PM2.5 and O3 over China at a national-scale level, and examined the underlying reasons for the varying PM2.5–O3 correlations by using a chemical transport model. The PM2.5 concentrations were positively correlated with O3 concentrations for most regions and seasons over China, while negative correlations were mainly observed in northern China during winter. The strongest positive PM2.5–O3 correlations with correlation coefficients (r) larger than +0.7 existed in southern China during July, and the strongest negative correlations (r < −0.5) were observed in northern China during January. It was a very interesting phenomenon that the positive PM2.5–O3 correlations prevailed for high air temperature samples, while the negative correlations were generally found in cold environments. Together, the effective inhibitory effect of PM2.5 on O3 generation by reducing photolysis rates and the strong titration effect of freshly emitted NO with O3 contributed to the strongest negative PM2.5–O3 correlations in northern China during January (i.e., in cold environments). The strongest positive correlations in southern China during July (i.e., at high temperature), however, were mainly attributed to the promoting effect of high O3 concentration and active photochemical activity on secondary particle formation.
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33
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Gao D, Xie M, Chen X, Wang T, Zhan C, Ren J, Liu Q. Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on Surface Ozone during Summer in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1528. [PMID: 31052196 PMCID: PMC6539038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Future climate change can impact ozone concentrations by changing regional meteorological factors related to ozone (O3) pollution. To better understand the variations of meteorological factors and their effects on O3 formation processes under future climate conditions, we model the present and the future meteorology and air quality in summer over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region by using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry module (WRF/Chem), which is driven by the outputs of Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4). The simulations predict that solar radiation, 2-m air temperature, and wind speed increase in the daytime over most of the YRD region. Absolute humidity and precipitation increase in the north and decrease in the south, while the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) has an opposite change pattern displaying a decrease in the north and an increase in the south. The southerly wind will be strengthened in the daytime. At night, the change patterns of the meteorological factors are similar to the daytime but with small variations. Meanwhile, O3 and its precursors all increase in the north and decrease in the south. The increases of NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and CO are related with the decreases of PBLH and the input effect of stronger southerly wind, while the decreases are attributed to the output effect of the stronger southerly wind. During the daytime, the increase of surface O3 in the north is dominated by the chemical processes related with the increases of solar radiation, air temperature, and O3 precursors. The decrease of surface O3 in the south is mainly caused by the transport process changing with the strengthened southerly wind. At night, the surface O3 changing the amplitude is less than the daytime. The less O3 variations at night can be attributed to an O3 titration reaction with NO, the changes in NOx concentrations, and the increases of nocturnal PBLH. With the aid of H2O2/HNO3, O3 formation in the YRD region is found to be easily affected by NOx in the future. The findings can help to understand the changing trend of O3 in the YRD region and can propose reasonable pollution control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Gao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Min Xie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chenchao Zhan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Junyu Ren
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China.
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34
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Wang MY, Yim SHL, Wong DC, Ho KF. Source contributions of surface ozone in China using an adjoint sensitivity analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:385-392. [PMID: 30690372 PMCID: PMC6875754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has become an adverse environmental problem in China, resulting in serious public health impacts. This study advanced and applied the CMAQ adjoint model to quantitatively assess the source-receptor relationships between surface ozone (O3) changes over different receptor regions and precursor emissions across all locations in China. Five receptor regions were defined based on the administrative division, including northern China (NC), southern China (SC), Pearl River Delta region (PRD), Yangtz River Delta region (YRD), and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH). Our results identified the different influential pathways of atmospheric processes and emissions to O3 pollution. We found that the atmospheric processes such as horizontal and vertical advection could offset the O3 removal through chemical reactions in VOC-limited areas inside the receptor regions. In addition, O3 pollution can be induced by transport of O3 directly or its precursors. Our results of relative source contributions to O3 show that transboundary O3 pollution was significant in SC, NC and YRD, while the O3 pollution in PRD and BTH were more contributed by local sources. Anhui, Hubei and Jiangsu provinces were the three largest source areas of NOx and VOC emissions to O3 in SC (>52%) and YRD (>69%). NOx and VOC emissions from Tianjin and Beijing were the largest contributors to O3 in NC (>34%) and BTH (>51%). PRD was the dominant source areas of NOx (>89%) and VOC emissions (~98%) to its own regional O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Wang
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Steve H L Yim
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong; Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong; Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
| | - D C Wong
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, United States of America
| | - K F Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
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35
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Characteristics and Trends of Ambient Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites from 2011 to 2017 in Shenzhen, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10124530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) decreased under China’s air quality control policies. However, concern remains regarding the response of ozone (O3) in the metropolitan areas. The characteristics and trends of ambient O3 and NOx in Shenzhen were investigated during the 2011–2017 period. Both the human population and vegetation are exposed to higher O3 at suburban and rural sites than at the urban site. The O3 weekend effect is significant (p = 0.062) at the urban site, with O3 levels 1.19 ppb higher on Sunday than on weekdays. Solar radiation, precipitation, and relative humidity are the most relevant meteorological factors that affect O3 daily variations. Wind speed is the least relevant factor, but wind direction is related to the presence of high O3 air concentrations. Both 1-h and 8-h O3 exhibit an increase, opposite to the trend of NOx. A slight decline in O3 occurs in autumn at less urbanized sites. The increase in O3 is more prevalent and rapid in the winter at more urbanized sites. This can be due to the transport of increased O3 from northern China, as well as a lowered O3 titration effect with NOx reduction. O3 increases fastest at the urban site, with an estimated rate of 4.3% (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.96, 8.25) per year (p < 0.05) for 8-h O3 and 2.5% (95% CIs: −0.46, 6.12) per year (p > 0.1) for 1-h O3, posing greater human health risks to areas with high population density.
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36
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Mao M, Zhang X, Yin Y. Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutions in Three Metropolises along the Chinese Yangtze River: Situation and Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1102. [PMID: 29843447 PMCID: PMC6025567 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The situation of criteria atmospheric pollutants, including particulate matter and trace gases (SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃), over three metropolises (Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing), representing the upstream, midstream and downstream portions of the Yangtze River Basin from September 2015 to August 2016 were analyzed. The maximum annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 61.3 and 102.7 μg/m³ in Wuhan, while highest annual average gaseous pollutions occurred in Nanjing, with 49.6 and 22.9 ppb for 8 h O₃ and NO₂, respectively. Compared to a few years ago, SO₂ and CO mass concentrations have dropped to well below the qualification standards, and the O₃ and NO₂ concentrations basically meet the requirements though occasionally is still high. In contrary, about 13%, 25%, 22% for PM2.5, and 4%, 17%, 15% for PM10 exceed the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) Grade II. Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, is the most frequent major pollutant to poor air quality with 73%, 64% and 88% accounting for substandard days. Mean PM2.5 concentrations on PM2.5 episode days are 2⁻3 times greater than non-episode days. On the basis of calculation of PM2.5/PM10 and PM2.5/CO ratios, the enhanced particulate matter pollution on episode days is closely related to secondary aerosol production. Except for O₃, the remaining five pollutants exhibit analogous seasonal patterns, with the highest magnitude in winter and lowest in summer. The results of back trajectories show that air pollution displays synergistic effects on local emissions and long range transport. O₃ commonly demonstrated negative correlations with other pollutants, especially during winter, while moderate to strong positive correlation between particulate matter and NO₂, SO₂, CO were seen. Compared to pollutant substandard ratios over three megacities in eastern China (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), the situation in our studied second-tier cities are also severe. The results in this paper provide basic knowledge for pollution status of three cities along Chinese Yangtze River and are conductive to mitigating future negative air quality levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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37
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Weissert LF, Salmond JA, Miskell G, Alavi-Shoshtari M, Williams DE. Development of a microscale land use regression model for predicting NO 2 concentrations at a heavy trafficked suburban area in Auckland, NZ. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:112-119. [PMID: 29145048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land use regression (LUR) analysis has become a key method to explain air pollutant concentrations at unmeasured sites at city or country scales, but little is known about the applicability of LUR at microscales. We present a microscale LUR model developed for a heavy trafficked section of road in Auckland, New Zealand. We also test the within-city transferability of LUR models developed at different spatial scales (local scale and city scale). Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured during summer at 40 sites and a LUR model was developed based on standard criteria. The results showed that LUR models are able to capture the microscale variability with the model explaining 66% of the variability in NO2 concentrations. Predictor variables identified at this scale were street width, distance to major road, presence of awnings and number of bus stops, with the latter three also being important determinants at the local scale. This highlights the importance of street and building configurations for individual exposure at the street level. However, within-city transferability was limited with the number of bus stops being the only significant predictor variable at all spatial scales and locations tested, indicating the strong influence of diesel emissions related to bus traffic. These findings show that air quality monitoring is necessary at a high spatial density within cities in capturing small-scale variability in NO2 concentrations at the street level and assessing individual exposure to traffic related air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Weissert
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J A Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - G Miskell
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Alavi-Shoshtari
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D E Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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38
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Xu J, Huang MQ, Cai SY, Liao YM, Hu CJ, Zhao WX, Gu XJ, Zhang WJ. Chemical Composition and Reaction Mechanisms for Aged p
-Xylene Secondary Organic Aerosol in the Presence of Ammonia. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry & Environment; Minnan Normal University; Zhangzhou 363000 P. R. China
| | - Ming-Qiang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry & Environment; Minnan Normal University; Zhangzhou 363000 P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University; Tan Kah Kee College; Zhangzhou 363105 P. R. China
| | - Shun-You Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry & Environment; Minnan Normal University; Zhangzhou 363000 P. R. China
| | - Ying-Min Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University; Tan Kah Kee College; Zhangzhou 363105 P. R. China
| | - Chang-Jin Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Gu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei 230031 P. R. China
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39
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Li N, Du J, Yang J, Fan Q, Tian W. Development of a standard reference material containing 22 chlorinated hydrocarbon gases at 1 μmol/mol in nitrogen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24177-24186. [PMID: 28884438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A gas standard mixture containing 22 chlorinated hydrocarbons in high purity nitrogen was prepared using a two-step weighing method and a gasifying apparatus developed in-house. The concentration of each component was determined using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). Linear regression analysis of every component was performed using the gas standard mixture with concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μmol/mol, showing the complete gasification of volatile organic compound (VOCs) species in a selected cylinder. Repeatability was also examined to ensure the reliability of the preparation method. In addition, no significant difference was observed between domestic treated and imported treated cylinders, which were conducive to reduction of the cost of raw materials. Moreover, the results of stability testing at different pressures and long-term stability tests indicated that the gas standard at 1 μmol/mol level with relative expanded uncertainties of 5% was stable above 2 MPa for a minimum of 12 months. Finally, a quantity comparison was conducted between the gas standard and a commercial gas standard from Scott Specialty Gases (now Air Liquide America Specialty Gases). The excellent agreement of every species suggested the favorable accuracy of our gas standard. Therefore, this reference material can be applied to routine observation of VOCs and for other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian Du
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China.
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40
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Urban development in the southern Great Plains: effects of atmospheric NOx on the long-lived post oak tree (Quercus stellata). Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Latif MT, Dominick D, Ahamad F, Ahamad NS, Khan MF, Juneng L, Xiang CJ, Nadzir MSM, Robinson AD, Ismail M, Mead MI, Harris NRP. Seasonal and long term variations of surface ozone concentrations in Malaysian Borneo. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:494-504. [PMID: 27572541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaysian Borneo has a lower population density and is an area known for its lush rainforests. However, changes in pollutant profiles are expected due to increasing urbanisation and commercial-industrial activities. This study aims to determine the variation of surface O3 concentration recorded at seven selected stations in Malaysian Borneo. Hourly surface O3 data covering the period 2002 to 2013, obtained from the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE), were analysed using statistical methods. The results show that the concentrations of O3 recorded in Malaysian Borneo during the study period were below the maximum Malaysian Air Quality Standard of 100ppbv. The hourly average and maximum O3 concentrations of 31 and 92ppbv reported at Bintulu (S3) respectively were the highest among the O3 concentrations recorded at the sampling stations. Further investigation on O3 precursors show that sampling sites located near to local petrochemical industrial activities, such as Bintulu (S3) and Miri (S4), have higher NO2/NO ratios (between 3.21 and 5.67) compared to other stations. The normalised O3 values recorded at all stations were higher during the weekend compared to weekdays (unlike its precursors) which suggests the influence of O3 titration by NO during weekdays. The results also show that there are distinct seasonal variations in O3 across Borneo. High surface O3 concentrations were usually observed between August and September at all stations with the exception of station S7 on the east coast. Majority of the stations (except S1 and S6) have recorded increasing averaged maximum concentrations of surface O3 over the analysed years. Increasing trends of NO2 and decreasing trends of NO influence the yearly averaged maximum of O3 especially at S3. This study also shows that variations of meteorological factors such as wind speed and direction, humidity and temperature influence the concentration of surface O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Doreena Dominick
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Fatimah Ahamad
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Shuhada Ahamad
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liew Juneng
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chung Jing Xiang
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrew D Robinson
- Centre of Atmospheric Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Marzuki Ismail
- School of Marine Science and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Iqbal Mead
- Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R P Harris
- Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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