1
|
Wan X, Lu X, Zhu L, Feng J. Relative prevalence of top-down versus bottom-up control in planktonic ecosystem under eutrophication and climate change: A comparative study of typical bay and estuary. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121487. [PMID: 38518414 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Eutrophication and climate change may affect the top-down versus bottom-up controls in aquatic ecosystems. However, the relative prevalence of the two controls in planktonic ecosystems along the eutrophication and climate gradients has rarely been addressed. Here, using the field surveys of 17 years in a typical bay and estuary, we test two opposite patterns of trophic control dominance and their response to regional temporal eutrophication and climate fluctuations. It was found that trophic control of planktonic ecosystems fluctuated between the dominance of top-down and bottom-up controls on time scales in both the bay and estuary studied. The relative prevalence of these two controls in both ecosystems was significantly driven directly by regional dissolved inorganic nitrogen but, for the estuary, also by the nonlinear effects of regional sea surface temperature. In terms of indirect pathways, community relationships (synchrony and grazing pressure) in the bay are driven by both regional dissolved inorganic nitrogen - soluble reactive phosphorus ratio and sea surface temperature, but this drive did not continue to be transmitted to the trophic control. Conversely, trophic control in estuary was directly related to grazing pressure and indirectly related to synchrony. These findings support the view that eutrophication and climate drive the relative prevalence of top-down versus bottom-up controls at ecosystem and temporal scales in planktonic ecosystems, which has important implications for predicting the potential impacts of anthropogenic and environmental perturbations on the structure and function of marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Wan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xueqiang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Gao J, Zhao R, Wang J, Hao L, Wang M. Forb stability, dwarf shrub stability and species asynchrony regulate ecosystem stability along an experimental precipitation gradient in a semi-arid desert grassland. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:378-389. [PMID: 38442014 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Precipitation pattern changes may affect plant biodiversity, which could impact ecosystem stability. However, the effects of changes in precipitation regime on ecosystem stability and their potential mechanisms are still unclear. We conducted a 3-year field manipulation experiment with five precipitation treatments (-40%, -20%, 0% (CK), +20% and +40% of ambient growing season precipitation) in a semi-arid desert grassland to examine the effects of precipitation alterations on functional group stability, species asynchrony, and diversity, and the underlying mchanisms of ecosystem stability using structural equation modelling. Alterations in precipitation had different effects on community biomass and functional group biomass. Moreover, ecosystem stability was mainly driven by forb stability (path coefficient = 0.79). Changes in precipitation had significant effects on soil dissolved inorganic N (P < 0.01) further affecting ecosystem stability through species asynchrony (path coefficient = 0.25). Dwarf shrubs had a stabilizing effect on ecosystem stability (path coefficient = 0.32), mainly via deep roots. Ecosystem stability tended to be lower in the -40% (4.72) and +40% (2.74) precipitation treatments. The common reduction in species asynchrony and stability of forb and dwarf shrub functional groups resulted in lower ecosystem stability under the -40% treatment. The lower stability under the +40% treatment might be ascribed to unimproved dwarf shrub stability. Higher dwarf shrub and forb stability contributed to higher ecosystem stability under normal precipitation changes (±20% treatments) and CK. Species diversity was not a crucial driver of ecosystem stability. Our results indicate that precipitation alteration can regulate ecosystem stability via functional group stability (e.g. forb stability, dwarf shrub stability) and species asynchrony in a semiarid desert grassland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - J Gao
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - R Zhao
- College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - J Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - L Hao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - M Wang
- College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mekhrovar O, Li YM, Abdullo M, Sino Y, Fan L. Nutrient addition alters plant community productivity but not the species diversity of a mountain meadow in Tajikistan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1235388. [PMID: 38288411 PMCID: PMC10822985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1235388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Tajikistan is a typical mountainous country covered by different mountain grasslands that are important pasture resources. Recently, grassland degradation has become widespread due to climate change and human activities and fertilization has been used to improve grassland production. However, fertilizer inputs can substantially alter species diversity, but it is uncl\ear how productivity and species diversity respond to nutrient enrichment in the mountain meadows of Tajikistan. Methods Therefore, a 5-year (2018-2022) continuous in-situ mineral fertilizer experiment was conducted to examine the effects of three nitrogen (N) levels (0, 30, and 90 kg N ha-1 year-1), two phosphorus (P) levels (0 and 30 kg P ha-1 year-1), and their combinations on above-ground biomass (AGB) and species diversity in a mountain meadow grassland in Ziddi, Varzob region, Tajikistan. Five species diversity metrics-Margalef's species richness (Dma), the Shannon-Wiener index (H), the Simpson index (C), Pielou's equitability index (Epi), and the Evar Species Evenness index (Evar)-were used to measure species diversity. Results and discussions The results indicated that the addition of different N and P amounts and their various combinations considerably increased both total and dominant species AGB, with the highest increase occurring in the N90P30 (90 kg N ha-1 year-1 combined with 30 kg P ha-1 year-1) treatment in 2022; during the experiment, the importance value of Prangos pabularia (dominant species) first decreased and then increased, but its dominant status did not change or fluctuate among the years. Furthermore, N, P, and their different combinations had no significant effect on species diversity (Dma, H, C, Epi, and Evar). All the species diversity indexes fluctuated among years, but there was no interaction with mineral fertilizer addition. Total AGB had a negative relationship with species diversity and low concentration N fertilizer addition (N30; P30) strengthened this negative trend. However, this trend decreased under the high N fertilizer condition (N90P30). Overall, nutrient addition to the natural mountain grassland of the Varzob region improved AGB, which meant that there was more forage for local animals. Mineral fertilizers had no significant effect on species diversity, but may enhance P. pabularia dominance in the future, which will help maintain the stability of the plant community and improve the quality of the forage because P. pabularia is an excellent and important winter fodder. Our study suggests that scientific nutrient management could effectively promote grassland production, conserve plant variety, and regenerate degraded grassland, which will counteract the desertification process in northwest Tajikistan mountain meadows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okhonniyozov Mekhrovar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Madaminov Abdullo
- Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Yusupov Sino
- Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Lianlian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song Z, Hautier Y, Wang C. Grassland stability decreases with increasing number of global change factors: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165651. [PMID: 37474043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Experiments manipulating a single global change factor (GCF) have provided increasing evidence that global environmental changes, such as eutrophication, precipitation change, and warming, generally affect the temporal stability of grassland productivity. Whether the combined impact of global changes on grassland stability increases as the number of global changes increases remains unknown. Using a meta-analysis of 673 observations from 143 sites worldwide, including 7 different GCFs, we examined the responses of grassland temporal stability of productivity to increasing numbers of GCFs. We quantified the links between community stability, biotic factors (i.e., species richness, species stability, and species asynchrony), and abiotic factors (i.e., aridity index, experimental duration, and experimental intensity). Although inconsistent responses of community stability were found with different GCF types and combinations, when integrating existing GCFs studies and ignoring the identity of GCFs, we found a general decrease in community stability as the number of GCFs increases, but the main drivers of community stability varied with the numbers of GCFs. Specifically, one GCF mainly reduced species stability through species richness and thus weakened community stability. Two GCFs weakened community stability via independently weakening species stability and species asynchrony. Three GCFs reduce community stability mainly via independently weakening species asynchrony. Moreover, for single factor, the impact of GCFs on community stability was weaker under dryer conditions, but stronger when two or three factors were manipulated. In addition, the negative effect of GCFs on community stability was weaker with increasing experimental duration. Our study reveals that reduced community stability with increasing numbers of GCFs is caused by a shift from reduced species stability to reduced species asynchrony, suggesting that persistent global changes will destabilize grassland productivity by reducing asynchronous dynamics among species in response to natural environmental fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Song
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Urat Desert-grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang Z, Yu H, Li C, Wang B, Jiao F, Huang J. Long-term phosphorus addition alters plant community composition but not ecosystem stability of a nitrogen-enriched desert steppe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163033. [PMID: 36966843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Under ongoing global change, whether grassland ecosystems can maintain their functions and services depends largely on their stability. However, how ecosystem stability responds to increasing phosphorus (P) inputs under nitrogen (N) loading remains unclear. We conducted a 7-year field experiment to examine the influence of elevated P inputs (ranging from 0 to 16 g P m-2 yr-1) on the temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) under N addition of 5 g N·m-2·yr-1 in a desert steppe. We found that under N loading, P addition altered plant community composition but did not significantly affect ecosystem stability. Specifically, with the increase in the P addition rate, declines in the relative ANPP of legume could be compensated for by an increase in the relative ANPP of grass and forb species, yet community ANPP and diversity remained unchanged. Notably, the stability and asynchrony of dominant species tended to decrease with increasing P addition, and a significant decrease in legume stability was observed at high P rates (>8 g P m-2 yr-1). Moreover, P addition indirectly affected ecosystem stability by multiple pathways (e.g., species diversity, species asynchrony, dominant species asynchrony, and dominant species stability), as revealed by structural equation modeling results. Our results suggest that multiple mechanisms work concurrently in stabilizing the ecosystem stability of desert steppes and that increasing P inputs may not alter desert steppe ecosystem stability under future N-enriched scenarios. Our results will help improve the accuracy of vegetation dynamics assessments in arid ecosystems under future global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Fang
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in northwestern China, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in northwestern China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- School of Geography and Planning, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chunhuan Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Juying Huang
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in northwestern China, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in northwestern China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang W, Yang J, Fan Y, Guo Q, Jiang N, Babalola OO, Han X, Zhang X. The two sides of resistance-resilience relationship in both aboveground and belowground communities in the Eurasian steppe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37129435 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing nitrogen (N) deposition has led to profound changes in aboveground and belowground ecosystems. However, the stability of plant and soil microbial community toward N addition in terms of resistance and resilience is less understood. We established a long-running field trial (2008-2018) in a series of N applications in combination with a mowing and fencing (unmown) treatment in a semiarid steppe. We assessed the resistance via ongoing N treatment of one subplot and the resilience via discontinuing N treatment in another to promote natural recovery since 2014. Plant resistance was negatively correlated with N application rate, while microbial resistance was independent of N rate. Mowing significantly reduced plant resistance and resilience, reduced soil microbial resistance but improved its resilience. Generally, plants are more resilient but less resistant to N than soil microbes. The two sides of resistance-resilience relationship were revealed: trade-offs exist between resistance and resilience for both plants and microbes at the community level; and trade-offs between resistance and resilience cannot be scaled down to species/group level. This study provided an important theoretical basis for the recovery and conservation of semiarid steppe and new insight into resistance-resilience relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Quankuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Nana Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Zhou J, Lai S, Jian C, Chen Y, Luo Y, Xu B. Species differences in stoichiometric homeostasis affect grassland community stability under N and P addition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61913-61926. [PMID: 36933129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Unbalanced N and P input has substantially altered the relative importance of N and P limitation in grassland ecosystems, which resulted in profound impacts on species nutrient cycling, community structure, and ecosystem stability. However, the underlying species-specific nutrient use strategy and stoichiometric homeostasis in driving community structure and stability changes remain unclear. A split-plot N and P addition experiment (main-plot: 0, 25, 50, and 100 kgN hm-2 a-1; subplot: 0, 20, 40, and 80 kgP2O5 hm-2 a-1) was conducted during 2017-2019 in two typical grasslands (perennial grass and perennial forb) communities in the Loess Plateau. The stoichiometric homeostasis of 10 main component species, species dominance, stability changes, and their contribution to community stability were investigated. Perennial legume and perennial clonal species tend to perform higher stoichiometric homeostasis than non-clonal and annual forb. Large shifts in species with high homeostasis vs. low homeostasis caused by N and P addition showed consistently profound impacts on community homeostasis and stability in both communities. In both two communities, species dominance performed significantly positive relationships with homeostasis under no N and P addition. P alone or combined with 25 kgN hm-2 a-1 addition strengthened species dominance-homeostasis relationship and increased community homeostasis due to increased perennial legumes. Under 50 and 100 kgN hm-2 a-1 combined with P addition, species dominance-homeostasis relationships were weakened, and community homeostasis decreased significantly in both communities, which was due to that increased annual and non-clonal forb suppressed perennial legume and clonal species. Our results demonstrated that trait-based classifications of species-level homeostasis offer a reliable tool in predicting species performance and community stability under N and P addition, and conserving species with high homeostasis is important to enhance semiarid grassland ecosystem function stability on the Loess Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaibin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming On the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Rd. 26#, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li D, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Shi Z. Shrub encroachment alters plant trait response to nitrogen addition in a semi-arid grassland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1103371. [PMID: 37008490 PMCID: PMC10064521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Encroachment of shrubs over large regions of arid and semi-arid grassland can affect grassland traits and growth under a background of increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the effects of N input rates on species traits and the growth of shrubs on grasslands remain unclear. We examined the effects of six different N addition rates on the traits of Leymus chinensis in an Inner Mongolia grassland encroached by the leguminous shrub, Caragana microphylla. We randomly selected 20 healthy L. chinensis tillers within shrubs and 20 tillers between shrubs in each plot, measuring the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf N concentration per unit mass (LNCmass), and aboveground biomass. Our results showed that N addition significantly enhanced the LNCmass of L. chinensis. The aboveground biomass, heights, LNCmass, leaf area, and leaf number of plants within the shrubs were higher than those between shrubs. For L. chinensis growing between shrubs, the LNCmass and leaf area increased with N addition rates, leaf number and plant height had binomial linear relationships to N addition rates. However, the number of leaves, leaf areas and heights of plants within shrubs did not vary under various N addition rates. Structural Equation Modelling revealed N addition had an indirect effect on the leaf dry mass through the accumulation of LNCmass. These results indicate that the response of dominant species to N addition could be regulated by shrub encroachment and provide new insights into management of shrub encroached grassland in the context of N deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Institute of Desertification Study, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yanshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Science and Technology Innovation Center, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Desertification Study, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Desertification Study, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Shi
- Institute of Desertification Study, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He S, Xiong K, Song S, Chi Y, Fang J, He C. Research Progress of Grassland Ecosystem Structure and Stability and Inspiration for Improving Its Service Capacity in the Karst Desertification Control. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 36840118 PMCID: PMC9959505 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure and stability of grassland ecosystems have a significant impact on biodiversity, material cycling and productivity for ecosystem services. However, the issue of the structure and stability of grassland ecosystems has not been systematically reviewed. Based on the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, we used the systematic-review method and screened 133 papers to describe and analyze the frontiers of research into the structure and stability of grassland ecosystems. The research results showed that: (1) The number of articles about the structure and stability of grassland ecosystems is gradually increasing, and the research themes are becoming increasingly diverse. (2) There is a high degree of consistency between the study area and the spatial distribution of grassland. (3) Based on the changes in ecosystem patterns and their interrelationships with ecosystem processes, we reviewed the research progress and landmark results on the structure, stability, structure-stability relationship and their influencing factors of grassland ecosystems; among them, the study of structure is the main research focus (51.12%), followed by the study of the influencing factors of structure and stability (37.57%). (4) Key scientific questions on structural optimization, stability enhancement and harmonizing the relationship between structure and stability are explored. (5) Based on the background of karst desertification control (KDC) and its geographical characteristics, three insights are proposed to optimize the spatial allocation, enhance the stability of grassland for rocky desertification control and coordinate the regulation mechanism of grassland structure and stability. This study provided some references for grassland managers and relevant policy makers to optimize the structure and enhance the stability of grassland ecosystems. It also provided important insights to enhance the service capacity of grassland ecosystems in KDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu He
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, 116 Baoshan North Road, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, 116 Baoshan North Road, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Shuzhen Song
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, 116 Baoshan North Road, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Yongkuan Chi
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, 116 Baoshan North Road, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Jinzhong Fang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, 116 Baoshan North Road, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Chen He
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control of China, 116 Baoshan North Road, Guiyang 550001, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gong J, Zhang Z, Wang B, Shi J, Zhang W, Dong Q, Song L, Li Y, Liu Y. N addition rebalances the carbon and nitrogen metabolisms of Leymus chinensis through leaf N investment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:221-232. [PMID: 35714430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intensifying nitrogen (N) deposition disturbs the growth of grassland plants due to an imbalance between their carbon (C) and N metabolism. However, it's unclear how plant physiological strategies restore balance. We investigated the effects of multiple N addition levels (0-25 g N m-2 yr-1) on the coordination of C and N metabolism in a dominant grass (Leymus chinensis) in a semiarid grassland in northern China. To do so, we evaluated photosynthetic parameters, leaf N allocation, C- and N-based metabolites, and metabolic enzymes. We found that a moderate N level (10 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted carboxylation and electron transport by allocating more N to the photosynthetic apparatus and increasing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity. The highest N level (25 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted N investment in nonphotosynthetic pathways and increased the free amino acids in the leaves. N addition stimulated the accumulation of C and N compounds across organs by activating sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase. This enhancement triggered a transformation of primary metabolites (nonstructural carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids) to secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids) for temporary storage or as defense compounds. Citric acid, as the C skeleton for enhanced N metabolism, decreased significantly, and malic acid increased by catalysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Our findings show the adaptability of L. chinensis to different N-addition levels by adjusting its allocations of C and N metabolic compounds and confirm the roles of C and N coordination by grassland plants in these adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Liangyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Assessing the roles of nitrogen, biomass, and niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss in grassland communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112010119. [PMID: 35235460 PMCID: PMC8915794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment of natural ecosystems is a primary characteristic of the Anthropocene and a known cause of biodiversity loss, particularly in grasslands. In a global meta-analysis of 630 resource addition experiments, we conduct a simultaneous test of the three most prominent explanations of this phenomenon. Our results conclusively indicate that nitrogen is the leading cause of species loss. This result is important because of the increase in nitrogen deposition and the frequent use of nitrogen-based fertilizers worldwide. Our findings provide global-scale, experimental evidence that minimizing nitrogen inputs to ecological systems may help to conserve the diversity of grassland ecosystems. Eutrophication is a major driver of species loss in plant communities worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are controversial. Previous studies have raised three main explanations: 1) High levels of soil resources increase standing biomass, thereby intensifying competitive interactions (the “biomass-driven competition hypothesis”). 2) High levels of soil resources reduce the potential for resource-based niche partitioning (the “niche dimension hypothesis”). 3) Increasing soil nitrogen causes stress by changing the abiotic or biotic conditions (the “nitrogen detriment hypothesis”). Despite several syntheses of resource addition experiments, so far, no study has tested all of the hypotheses together. This is a major shortcoming, since the mechanisms underlying the three hypotheses are not independent. Here, we conduct a simultaneous test of the three hypotheses by integrating data from 630 resource addition experiments located in 99 sites worldwide. Our results provide strong support for the nitrogen detriment hypothesis, weaker support for the biomass-driven competition hypothesis, and negligible support for the niche dimension hypothesis. The results further show that the indirect effect of nitrogen through its effect on biomass is minor compared to its direct effect and is much larger than that of all other resources (phosphorus, potassium, and water). Thus, we conclude that nitrogen-specific mechanisms are more important than biomass or niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss under high levels of soil resources. This conclusion is highly relevant for future attempts to reduce biodiversity loss caused by global eutrophication.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Z, Xiong P, Zhou J, Lai S, Jian C, Xu W, Xu B. Effects of plant diversity on semiarid grassland stability depends on functional group composition and dynamics under N and P addition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149482. [PMID: 34365257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous fertilization could efficiently improve grassland productivity and promote grassland restoration. Increasing fertilization may profoundly affect community stability, whereas the underlying compensatory dynamics among functional groups in regulating grassland stability remain unclear. Three different grasslands, annuals forb (AF) community, perennial grass (PG) community and perennial forb (PF) community, on semiarid Loess Plateau were selected. We designed a 3-year split-plot experiment (main-plot: 0, 25, 50, and 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1; subplot: 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1) to explore how N and P addition affects community stability and its relationship with species richness, species asynchrony and functional group stability. Temporal stability differed largely between functional groups under N and P addition, perennial forbs or grasses had higher stability than perennial legumes or annuals and biennials. Decreased stability of PG and PF communities was primarily due to reduced species asynchrony under N addition alone, while it attributed to increased dominance of perennial legumes after P addition alone. 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1 combined with P addition significantly increased dominance of annuals and biennials, but decreased stability of annuals and biennials, which caused significant declines in stability of the three communities. Significant species richness decline induced by N and P addition only occurred in AF community, which suppressed AF community stability through reducing species asynchrony. AF community stability was regulated by additively negative effect of diversity decline and decreased annuals and biennials stability. Whereas, in PG and PF communities, nutrient-induced changes of functional groups stability were the main driver of community stability rather than diversity. Our study highlights the role of functional group composition and dynamics in regulating the effects of diversity on community stability and rational N and P combined addition was essential for conserving stability of different grasslands on semiarid Loess Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifeng Xiong
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaibin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhou Xu
- College of Life Science, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sensitive Groups of Bacteria Dictate Microbial Functional Responses to Short-term Warming and N Input in a Semiarid Grassland. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Radujković D, Verbruggen E, Seabloom EW, Bahn M, Biederman LA, Borer ET, Boughton EH, Catford JA, Campioli M, Donohue I, Ebeling A, Eskelinen A, Fay PA, Hansart A, Knops JMH, MacDougall AS, Ohlert T, Olde Venterink H, Raynaud X, Risch AC, Roscher C, Schütz M, Silveira ML, Stevens CJ, Van Sundert K, Virtanen R, Wardle GM, Wragg PD, Vicca S. Soil properties as key predictors of global grassland production: Have we overlooked micronutrients? Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2713-2725. [PMID: 34617374 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fertilisation experiments have demonstrated that nutrient availability is a key determinant of biomass production and carbon sequestration in grasslands. However, the influence of nutrients in explaining spatial variation in grassland biomass production has rarely been assessed. Using a global dataset comprising 72 sites on six continents, we investigated which of 16 soil factors that shape nutrient availability associate most strongly with variation in grassland aboveground biomass. Climate and N deposition were also considered. Based on theory-driven structural equation modelling, we found that soil micronutrients (particularly Zn and Fe) were important predictors of biomass and, together with soil physicochemical properties and C:N, they explained more unique variation (32%) than climate and N deposition (24%). However, the association between micronutrients and biomass was absent in grasslands limited by NP. These results highlight soil properties as key predictors of global grassland biomass production and point to serial co-limitation by NP and micronutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Radujković
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lori A Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Boughton
- Archbold Biological Station, Buck Island Ranch Agroecology Program, Lake Placid, Florida, USA
| | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.,Ecology & Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Amandine Hansart
- Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xián Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Xavier Raynaud
- UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Schütz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lucia Silveira
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, Florida, USA
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kevin Van Sundert
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Glenda M Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter D Wragg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Long-Term Enclosure Can Benefit Grassland Community Stability on the Loess Plateau of China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su13010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization and grazing are two common anthropogenic disturbances that can lead to unprecedented changes in biodiversity and ecological stability of grassland ecosystems. A few studies, however, have explored the effects of fertilization and grazing on community stability and the underlying mechanisms. We conducted a six-year field experiment to assess the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization and grazing on the community stability in a long-term enclosure and grazing grassland ecosystems on the Loess Plateau. A structural equation modeling method was used to evaluate how fertilization and grazing altered community stability. Our results indicated that the community stability decreased in the enclosure and grazing grassland ecosystems with the addition of N. The community stability began to decline significantly at 4.68 and 9.36 N g m−2 year−1 for the grazing and enclosure grassland ecosystems, respectively. We also found that the addition of N reduced the community stability through decreasing species richness, but a long-term enclosure can alleviate its negative effect. Overall, species diversity can be a useful predictor of the stability of ecosystems confronted with disturbances. Also, our results showed that long-term enclosure was an effective grassland management practice to ensure community stability on the Loess Plateau of China.
Collapse
|
16
|
Avolio ML, Wilcox KR, Komatsu KJ, Lemoine N, Bowman WD, Collins SL, Knapp AK, Koerner SE, Smith MD, Baer SG, Gross KL, Isbell F, McLaren J, Reich PB, Suding KN, Suttle KB, Tilman D, Xu Z, Yu Q. Temporal variability in production is not consistently affected by global change drivers across herbaceous-dominated ecosystems. Oecologia 2020; 194:735-744. [PMID: 33130915 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how global change drivers (GCDs) affect aboveground net primary production (ANPP) through time is essential to predicting the reliability and maintenance of ecosystem function and services in the future. While GCDs, such as drought, warming and elevated nutrients, are known to affect mean ANPP, less is known about how they affect inter-annual variability in ANPP. We examined 27 global change experiments located in 11 different herbaceous ecosystems that varied in both abiotic and biotic conditions, to investigate changes in the mean and temporal variability of ANPP (measured as the coefficient of variation) in response to different GCD manipulations, including resource additions, warming, and irrigation. From this comprehensive data synthesis, we found that GCD treatments increased mean ANPP. However, GCD manipulations both increased and decreased temporal variability of ANPP (24% of comparisons), with no net effect overall. These inconsistent effects on temporal variation in ANPP can, in part, be attributed to site characteristics, such as mean annual precipitation and temperature as well as plant community evenness. For example, decreases in temporal variability in ANPP with the GCD treatments occurred in wetter and warmer sites with lower plant community evenness. Further, the addition of several nutrients simultaneously increased the sensitivity of ANPP to interannual variation in precipitation. Based on this analysis, we expect that GCDs will likely affect the magnitude more than the reliability over time of ecosystem production in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Nathan Lemoine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.,Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - William D Bowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sara G Baer
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Katherine L Gross
- WK Kellogg Biological Station and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jennie McLaren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Tx, 79968, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Zhuwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Common Species Stability and Species Asynchrony Rather than Richness Determine Ecosystem Stability Under Nitrogen Enrichment. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Zhou M, Yang Q, Zhang H, Yao X, Zeng W, Wang W. Plant community temporal stability in response to nitrogen addition among different degraded grasslands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138886. [PMID: 32361447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is generally believed to decrease plant community temporal stability. However, it remains unclear whether the responses of community temporal stability to N deposition vary with disturbance regimes, such as among different grasslands with degrees of degradation. We established a 4-year field experiment with six N addition levels on four grassland sites in northern China with varying degradation statuses (non-degraded, moderately, severely and extremely degraded grasslands). We examined the response of community temporal stability (quantified as the ratio of the mean of community biomass to its standard deviation) to N addition and important regulating factors. Asynchrony was calculated as the difference between one and synchrony (quantified as the ratio of the variance of community biomass to the square of the sum of the standard deviation of species biomass). The most interesting result we found was that community temporal stability of the moderately and severely degraded grasslands was relatively higher among the four grasslands without N addition. This was attributed to shifts in dominant species composition rather than species diversity. Community temporal stability of nearly all sites were not significantly affected by N addition except the moderately degraded grassland. Community temporal stability of the moderately degraded grassland responded to N addition non-linearly, being promoted by low N addition levels (10 and 20 g N m-2 yr-1) and decreased by high N addition levels (30-50 g N m-2 yr-1). Furthermore, community temporal stability of the non-degraded and moderately degraded grasslands was mainly driven by species asynchrony. Whereas, in the severely and extremely degraded grasslands, community temporal stability was mainly regulated by species richness and dominant species stability, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of grassland degradation in the response of community temporal stability to N deposition and provide scientific support for the management and restoration of degraded grasslands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhou
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hongjin Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Zeng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang X, Luo B, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Li D, Gu B, Min Y, Chang SX, Ge Y, Chang J. Plant diversity improves the effluent quality and stability of floating constructed wetlands under increased ammonium/nitrate ratio in influent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 266:110607. [PMID: 32314745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The major targets of constructed wetlands (CWs) during wastewater treatment include achieving high-quality effluent and maintaining stable effluent quality. Plant species diversity can increase nitrogen (N) removal efficiency and improve effluent quality by decreasing the effluent N concentrations, including nitrate (NO3--N), ammonium (NH4+-N) and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentrations in CWs. However, the effect of plant diversity on the stability of effluent quality in response to perturbation in the form of an increased NH4+/NO3- ratio in influent has not been studied. This study conducted a microcosm experiment and assembled four plant species richness levels (1, 2, 3 and 4) and 15 species compositions by using 90 simulated CW microcosms to investigate the effect of plant diversity on the effluent N concentrations and their stability with an increase in the influent NH4+/NO3- ratio from 0:100 to 33:67 in the later stage of the experiment. The results showed that (1) plant species richness maintained a positive effect on effluent quality under an increased influent NH4+/NO3- ratio; (2) high species richness enhanced the stability of effluent water quality; (3) the presence of Phragmites australis in the community decreased the effluent TIN concentration and improved its stability under perturbation; and (4) the presence of Typha latifolia had a positive effect on N removal efficiency under perturbation. The establishment of communities with high plant species richness and proper species (such as P. australis) could simultaneously improve the effluent quality and stability in CWs for treating wastewater with increased NH4+/NO3- ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Bin Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Lichunxiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; School of History, Geography and Tourism, Shangrao Normal University, 401 Zhiming Road, Shangrao, 334001, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Baojing Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yong Min
- College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resource, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jie Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu X, Wang G, Ran Y, Qi D, Han G, Guan B, Hao C. Overall supply level, not the relative supply of nitrogen and phosphorus, affects the plant community composition of a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133866. [PMID: 31422323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have altered the environmental nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply from both aspects of overall supply level and relative supply ratio. However, the effects of the two aspects on plant community composition are still not clear. In this study, a field manipulation experiment combining 3 overall nutrient supply levels (Low, Medium and High) and 3 N:P supply ratios (5,1, 15:1 and 45:1) was conducted in a supratidal wetland in the Yellow River Delta from 2015 to 2018. The effects of the two aspects on soil properties, performance of dominant species and plant community diversity were examined. The results showed that the N:P supply ratio and overall supply level both affected the concentration of soil inorganic N and available P, and N:P ratio significantly, while only overall supply level exerted a significant effect on the importance value of the dominant species, species richness and Shannon diversity. There were big gaps in the N and P supply amounts among the treatments that having same overall supply level with different supply ratio, but the plant composition displayed no significant difference among these treatments, which suggested that P may be also very important in affecting plant community composition in the study area. The species richness and the Shannon diversity were negatively correlated with the importance value of Suaeda glauca. With the rise of overall supply level, S. glauca became increasingly dominant and suppressed other species. Compared with the control treatment, the species richness and the Shannon diversity declined significantly only at high supply level (minimum N supply amount of 26.01 g m-2 yr-1), indicated that the supratidal wetland had high resilience to nutrient enrichment. Our results revealed that the N:P supply ratio has little influence on plant composition, compared with overall supply, in relative short-term in the supratidal wetland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Guangmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuenan Ran
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Dehua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Amenorfenyo DK, Huang X, Zhang Y, Zeng Q, Zhang N, Ren J, Huang Q. Microalgae Brewery Wastewater Treatment: Potentials, Benefits and the Challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1910. [PMID: 31151156 PMCID: PMC6603649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about environmental safety have led to strict regulations on the discharge of final brewery effluents into water bodies. Brewery wastewater contains huge amounts of organic compounds that can cause environmental pollution. The microalgae wastewater treatment method is an emerging environmentally friendly biotechnological process. Microalgae grow well in nutrient-rich wastewater by absorbing organic nutrients and converting them into useful biomass. The harvested biomass can be used as animal feed, as an alternative energy source for biodiesel production and as biofertilizer. This review discusses conventional and current brewery wastewater treatment methods, and the application and potential of microalgae in brewery wastewater treatment. This study also discusses the benefits as well as challenges associated with microalgae brewery and other industrial wastewater treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kwame Amenorfenyo
- Department of Aquaculture, Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Algae Breeding and Application, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Xianghu Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Algae Breeding and Application, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Algae Breeding and Application, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Qitao Zeng
- Department of Aquaculture, Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Algae Breeding and Application, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Algae Breeding and Application, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Jiajia Ren
- Department of Aquaculture, Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Algae Breeding and Application, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Qiang Huang
- SDIC Guangdong Bio-Energy Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Singh R, Bhunia P, Dash RR. Optimization of organics removal and understanding the impact of HRT on vermifiltration of brewery wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1283-1293. [PMID: 30360260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted with an aim to optimize the parameters involved in removing organics from brewery effluents using a newly developed horizontal subsurface flow vermifilter. It was also aimed at understanding the impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the vermifiltration of brewery wastewater. With the help of Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology, optimization of the COD removal from the vermifiltration was carried out. The parameters chosen for the optimization were hydraulic loading rate (HLR), organics strength and earthworm densities (EWDs). The model obtained from the response surface methodology (RSM) analysis was a quadratic polynomial model with R2 value of 0.99. The optimal conditions for achieving maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were at influent COD concentration of 3542.22 mg/L, EWD of 9661.33 earthworms/m3 and HLR of 1.84 m3/m2·d. At the optimum conditions, COD removal of 94.99% was obtained against the predicted value of 95.85%. Verification of the model on real brewery wastewater also showed minimal error against the predicted COD removal. The COD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) removal at the HRT of 10.66 h were found to be 73.88%, 18.13% and 39.04%, respectively. Whereas, The COD, TN and TP removals at the HRT of 26.66 h were 96.24, 21.57 and 43.3%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Singh
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Puspendu Bhunia
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Rajesh R Dash
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang GJ, Lü XT, Stevens CJ, Zhang GM, Wang HY, Wang ZW, Zhang ZJ, Liu ZY, Han XG. Mowing mitigates the negative impacts of N addition on plant species diversity. Oecologia 2019; 189:769-779. [PMID: 30725373 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing availability of reactive nitrogen (N) threatens plant diversity in diverse ecosystems. While there is mounting evidence for the negative impacts of N deposition on one component of diversity, species richness, we know little about its effects on another one, species evenness. It is suspected that ecosystem management practice that removes nitrogen from the ecosystem, such as hay-harvesting by mowing in grasslands, would mitigate the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity. However, empirical evidence is scarce. Here, we reported the main and interactive effects of N deposition and mowing on plant diversity in a temperate meadow steppe with 4-year data from a field experiment within which multi-level N addition rates and multiple N compounds are considered. Across all the types of N compounds, species richness and evenness significantly decreased with the increases of N addition rate, which was mainly caused by the growth of a tall rhizomatous grass, Leymus chinensis. Such negative impacts of N addition were accumulating with time. Mowing significantly reduced the dominance of L. chinensis, and mitigated the negative impacts of N deposition on species evenness. We present robust evidence that N deposition threatened biodiversity by reducing both species richness and evenness, a process which could be alleviated by mowing. Our results highlight the changes of species evenness in driving the negative impacts of N deposition on plant diversity and the role of mowing in mediating such negative impacts of N deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jiao Yang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Lü
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation of Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hong-Yi Wang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Wang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zi-Jia Zhang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhuo-Yi Liu
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Guo Han
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Vegetation of Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effects of Climate Change on Grassland Biodiversity and Productivity: The Need for a Diversity of Models. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|