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Rodrigues A, Gaffard A, Moreau J, Monceau K, Delhomme O, Millet M. Analytical development for the assessment of pesticide contaminations in blood and plasma of wild birds: The case of grey partridges (Perdix perdix). J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463681. [PMID: 36502641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, blood and plasma of grey partridges (Perdix perdix) were analyzed to assess their potential contamination by plant protection products (PPP) and especially pesticide compounds. The group of pesticides selected is composed of a huge variety of compounds. Therefore, in this study, two methods were optimized and validated to analyze 104 compounds including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and photoprotectors or synergists. Various extraction methods found in the literature were compared and adapted for the extraction of pesticides from blood and plasma. After extraction, samples were concentrated then injected for quantification simultaneously in LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS with an automatic thermal desorption step (ATD). Both LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS analyses were performed using the MRM mode with 2 mass transitions for each compound.The two analytical methods achieved a good linearity for the calibration responses in plasma and blood. Methods allowed sensitive detection and quantification in complex biological matrices such as plasma and blood in both LC and GC. For plasma samples and considering all 104 compounds of the study, the average LOD was 0.005 ng mg-1 in LC-MS/MS and 0.035 ng mg-1 in ATD-GC-MS/MS and the average LOQ was 0.017 ng mg-1 and 0.116 ng mg-1 in LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS respectively. Accordingly, the average LOD for blood samples was 0.011 ng mg-1 in LC and 0.028 ng mg-1 in GC whereas the average LOQ was 0.038 ng mg-1 and 0.094 ng mg-1 in LC-MS/MS and ATD-GC-MS/MS respectively. Those analytical methods were then successfully applied to 70 blood samples and 35 plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodrigues
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7515, ICPEES, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
| | - A Gaffard
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - J Moreau
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France; UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - K Monceau
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - O Delhomme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7515, ICPEES, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France; UFR Sciences fondamentales et appliquées, Université de Lorraine, Campus Bridoux, 57070 Metz, France
| | - M Millet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7515, ICPEES, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
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Regos A, Tapia L, Gil-Carrera A, Domínguez J. Caution Is Needed When Using Niche Models to Infer Changes in Species Abundance: The Case of Two Sympatric Raptor Populations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2020. [PMID: 34359148 PMCID: PMC8300138 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the mounting evidence supporting positive relationships between species abundance and habitat suitability, the capacity of ecological niche models (ENMs) to capture variations in population abundance remains largely unexplored. This study focuses on sympatric populations of hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) and Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus), surveyed in 1997 and 2017 in an upland moor area in northwestern Spain. The ENMs performed very well for both species (with area under the ROC curve and true skill statistic values of up to 0.9 and 0.75). The presence of both species was mainly correlated with heathlands, although the normalized difference water index derived from Landsat images was the most important for hen harrier, indicating a greater preference of this species for wet heaths and peat bogs. The findings showed that ENM-derived habitat suitability was significantly correlated with the species abundance, thus reinforcing the use of ENMs as a proxy for species abundance. However, the temporal variation in species abundance was not significantly explained by changes in habitat suitability predicted by the ENMs, indicating the need for caution when using these types of models to infer changes in population abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Regos
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.T.); (J.D.)
- CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Predictive Ecology Group, Campus Agrario de Vairão, R. Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Luis Tapia
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.T.); (J.D.)
- EBX, Estación Biolóxica do Xurés, Vilameá 121, 32870 Lobios, Spain;
| | - Alberto Gil-Carrera
- EBX, Estación Biolóxica do Xurés, Vilameá 121, 32870 Lobios, Spain;
- GREFA, Monte del Pilar S/N, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Jesús Domínguez
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.T.); (J.D.)
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Rial-Berriel C, Acosta-Dacal A, Zumbado M, Luzardo OP. Micro QuEChERS-based method for the simultaneous biomonitoring in whole blood of 360 toxicologically relevant pollutants for wildlife. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139444. [PMID: 32485368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the optimization, validation, and verification of a miniaturized method for the determination of 360 environmental pollutants that are of toxicological concern for wildlife. The method implies a one-step QuEChERS-based extraction of 250 μl whole blood using acidified acetonitrile, followed by two complementary analyses by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The optimized conditions allow the simultaneous determination of the major persistent organic pollutants, a wide range of plant protection products, rodenticides, pharmaceuticals, and a suite of metabolites that can be used as biomarkers of exposure. The method is very sensitive, and 95% of the pollutants can be detected at concentrations below 1.5 ng/ml. The method was applied to a series of 148 samples of nocturnal and diurnal wild raptors collected during field ecological studies in 2018 and 2019. Fifty-one different contaminants were found in these samples, with a median value of 7 contaminants per sample. As expected, five of the six contaminants that were detected in >50% of the samples were persistent or semi-persistent organic pollutants. However, it is striking the high frequency of detection of some non-persistent pollutants, such as 2-phenylphenol, benalaxyl, metaflumizone, diphenylamine, brodifacoum or levamisole, indicating the penetration of these chemicals into the food chains. The toxicological significance of all these findings should be studied in depth in future research. However, the results clearly demonstrated that the approach developed provides reliable, simple, and rapid determination of a wide range of pollutants in wildlife and makes it very useful to obtain valuable data in biomonitoring studies with only small amounts of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain.
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Badry A, Krone O, Jaspers VLB, Mateo R, García-Fernández A, Leivits M, Shore RF. Towards harmonisation of chemical monitoring using avian apex predators: Identification of key species for pan-European biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139198. [PMID: 32422436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring in raptors can be used to study long-term and large-scale changes in environmental pollution. In Europe, such monitoring is needed to assess environmental risks and outcomes of chemicals regulation, which is harmonised across the European Union. To be effective, the most appropriate sentinels need to be monitored. Our aim was to identify which European raptor species are the likely most appropriate biomonitors when pollutant quantification is based on analysing tissues. Our current study was restricted to terrestrial exposure pathways and considered four priority pollutant groups: toxic metals (lead and mercury), anticoagulant rodenticides, pesticides and medicinal products. We evaluated information on the distribution and key ecological traits (food web, foraging trait, diet, preferred habitat, and migratory behaviour) of European raptors to identify the most appropriate sentinel species. Common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and/or tawny owl (Strix aluco) proved the most suitable candidates for many of the pollutants considered. Moreover, they are abundant in Europe, enhancing the likelihood that samples can be collected. However, other species may be better sentinels for certain pollutants, such as the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) for lead, the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) for mercury across areas including Northern Europe, and vultures (where they occur in Europe) are likely best suited for monitoring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Overall, however, we argue the selection of candidate species for widescale monitoring of a range of pollutants can be reduced to very few raptor species. We recommend that the common buzzard and tawny owl should be the initial focus of any pan-European raptor monitoring. The lack of previous widespread monitoring using these species suggests that their utility as sentinels for environmnetal pollution has not been widely recognised. Finally, although the current study focussed on Europe, our trait-based approach for identifying raptor biomonitors can be applied to other continents and contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Badry
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Fernández
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Madis Leivits
- Chair of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard F Shore
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg LA1 4AP, UK
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Aver GF, Espín S, Dal Corno RDB, García-Fernández AJ, Petry MV. Organochlorine pesticides in feathers of three raptor species in southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5971-5980. [PMID: 31863378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in back feathers from three raptor species, Phalcoboenus chimango, Milvago chimachima and Caracara plancus. Samples were obtained from live animals and ten OCPs were detected: α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH (lindane), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate and p,p'-DDE. The concentrations found were higher than those reported in other raptor species, and C. plancus showed greater values than P. chimango and M. chimachima for all the substances. These differences may be justified by the species feeding habits and the characteristics of the sampling area, since C. plancus were sampled in an area with a higher concentration of agricultural crops and urbanized environments. In relation to the possible negative effects, four individuals of C. plancus presented DDE values related to sublethal effects for other species. This is the first study reporting OCPs in back feathers of these species in Brazil, and further studies evaluating OCP exposure and related effects are important for a better understanding of the consequences of different OCP concentrations on the health of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Espín
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Renata De Boni Dal Corno
- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022-000, Brazil
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Antonio Juan García-Fernández
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Department of Health Sciences, IMIB-Arrixaca, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Gómez-Ramírez P, Pérez-García JM, León-Ortega M, Martínez JE, Calvo JF, Sánchez-Zapata JA, Botella F, María-Mojica P, Martínez-López E, García-Fernández AJ. Spatiotemporal variations of organochlorine pesticides in an apex predator: Influence of government regulations and farming practices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108543. [PMID: 31260915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensification of agricultural practices has caused several negative effects to the environment. The use of fertilizers and pesticides may alter geochemical cycles or cause direct wildlife intoxication. Detrimental effects of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have forced the authorities to ban or restrict its use. This study evaluates the variation in levels of OCPs in a sentinel species in relation to changes in government regulations and the spatial configuration of agricultural practices around the nests. METHODS Between 2003 and 2007, we analysed OCP levels in 256 blood samples of Eurasian Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) chicks nesting in area of intensive commercial agriculture with historical frequent use of pesticides, in South-eastern Spain. We studied year-to-year variations in OCP concentrations and their relation with land use configuration around raptor nests by Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM). RESULTS OCPs were detected in 100% samples surveyed in 2003 and 2004, while dropped to 27% in 2005, 6.8% in 2006 and 6.3% in 2007, coinciding with the ban of OCPs. The presence of the main OCPs was related to agricultural practices. In particular, endosulfan and lindane were related to irrigated crops and urban areas, while DDT-related compounds and dieldrin were associated with dry land farming. CONCLUSIONS OCP concentrations in blood samples of Eurasian Eagle-owls may respond quickly to the implementations of new regulations about the use of agricultural products. This raptor was confirmed as a good sentinel species allowing rapid detection of changes in pesticides use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gómez-Ramírez
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Group of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia Region, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-García
- Ecology Area, Department of Applied Biology. University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain; Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Mario León-Ortega
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Enrique Martínez
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Francisco Calvo
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Espinardo Campus, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Botella
- Ecology Area, Department of Applied Biology. University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- "Santa Faz" Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Alicante, Autonomous Community of Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Group of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia Region, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Juan García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Group of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia Region, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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López-Perea JJ, Mateo R. Wax esters of uropygial gland secretion as biomarkers of endocrine disruption in birds exposed to treated sewage water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:323-330. [PMID: 31003144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the uropygial gland secretion of birds shows seasonal, sex and age-related variations following sex hormones fluctuations. We explore the use of the composition of the uropygial gland secretion as a non-invasive biomarker of endocrine disruption in 137 common moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) from Navaseca Pond, which receives the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, and from the more pristine Tablas de Daimiel National Park in Spain. Wax ester and fatty acid compositions were measured by means gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the uropygial gland secretion of moorhens from both wetlands. Organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDE and PCBs) were measured in blood and uropygial gland secretion of moorhens as indicators of anthropogenic pollutants, and this information was interpreted together with previous results of the accumulation of metals and metalloids in blood and feathers of these moorhens and a wide range of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) measured in water from both study sites. PCBs and p,p'-DDE were found in 32% of the blood and 51% of uropygial gland secretion samples, being at highest levels in Navaseca. Wax composition was dominated by monoesters of 35-38 carbons and displayed a clear seasonal variation, in which long-chain wax esters were more abundant in spring-summer than in autumn-winter. This seasonal change was less evident in birds from Navaseca, where the presence of shorter wax esters was associated with the higher concentration of PCBs in uropygial gland secretion. The observed effect may not be associated with this specific type of pollutants because moorhens in Navaseca are also exposed to a wide diversity endocrine disruptors as shown in a previous study. Uropygial gland secretion can be a useful non-invasive sample for integrating chemical monitoring of pollutants and their effects as endocrine disruptors in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon J López-Perea
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Malik A, Dharaiya N, Espín S. Is current information on organochlorine exposure sufficient to conserve birds in India? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:1137-1149. [PMID: 30083996 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs) pose a serious threat towards the wildlife due to their well-known adverse effects. India is the second largest producer of pesticides in Asia, with DDT production still ongoing, and is ranked amongst the leading countries of pesticide consumption. However, a significant data gap in avian biomonitoring studies has been identified in Asia. The objective of this review is to compile and discuss the available literature on concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in Indian birds. The review of 18 articles showed that DDTs were the OCs most frequently analysed, followed by HCHs and PCBs (highest hepatic mean values: 11.6, 1.8 and 1.03 µg/g ww, respectively). The most frequently analysed matrix was whole body homogenates, followed by internal tissues. Plasma, eggs, feathers and guano were poorly sampled. The range of sampling years was 1980-2007. In general, hepatic OC concentrations were below the level known to cause adverse effects, although p,p'-DDE in eggs was found in concentrations associated with eggshell thinning. Most of the studies were carried out in Southern India (Tamil Nadu). Out of 106 species studied, house crow (Corvus splendens) was the most frequently monitored. However, the number of individuals sampled per species is generally low and different sample types are used, thus, huge limitations to compare OC exposure exist. This review shows that there is a clear deficit of data on OC concentrations and sublethal effects that needs to be addressed to understand the status of OC exposure, spatio-temporal trends and potential impacts in Indian avifauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzoo Malik
- Wildlife and Conservation Biology Lab, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India.
| | - Nishith Dharaiya
- Wildlife and Conservation Biology Lab, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Silvia Espín
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Area of Toxicology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
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