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Felisbino K, Milhorini SDS, Kirsten N, Bernert K, Schiessl R, Guiloski IC. Exposure to pesticides during pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169317. [PMID: 38104833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides during pregnancy has been associated with several serious congenital malformations, such as neural tube defects, therefore, is a cause for concern in terms of human health. This review aims to gather information related to maternal exposure during pregnancy and the risk of triggering neural tube defects in the offspring. The search strategy for the studies followed the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a systematic search in the Science Direct, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for all epidemiological studies that sought to associate exposure to pesticides during embryonic development with the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). The keywords used were "pesticide", "herbicide", "congenital" and "neural". Of the 229 articles, 8 eligible ones (7 case-control and 1 cross-sectional) evaluated pesticide exposure in pregnancy. Different methods were used, including analysis of biological samples and questionnaires. The pesticides studied included insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and nematicides. Insecticides were the most studied, with variations in concentrations between tissues and studies. Distinct levels of pesticides have been detected in maternal serum, placenta, and umbilical cord. Models were statistically adjusted for confounding factors, such as smoking and dietary supplement intakes. Concentrations were measured in different exposure windows (periconception and prenatal), related to NTDs such as anencephaly and spina bifida. Different data collection techniques, types of biological samples, and exposure windows were used, which made comparison difficult. The main pesticides studied included DDT, DDE, HCH, and endosulfan. Maternal serum showed the highest concentrations of pesticides, but detection in placental tissue and umbilical cord confirms embryonic exposure. Confounding variables were adjusted for in the analysis of the articles, but they may still contribute to the risk of NTDs. All the studies analyzed pesticide exposure and the relationship with NTDs. However, a more standardized survey would be ideal for better comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Felisbino
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av Munhoz da Rocha, 490, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Centro Universitário UniDomBosco, Av. Presidente Wenceslau Braz, 1172, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Shayane da Silva Milhorini
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av Munhoz da Rocha, 490, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Kirsten
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av Munhoz da Rocha, 490, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karina Bernert
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av Munhoz da Rocha, 490, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Schiessl
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av Munhoz da Rocha, 490, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Izonete Cristina Guiloski
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av Munhoz da Rocha, 490, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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6
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Costa TEJ, Gerber VKQ, Ibañez HC, Melanda VS, Parise IZS, Watanabe FM, Pianovski MAD, Fiori CMCM, Fabro ALMR, da Silva DB, Andrade DP, Komechen H, Mendes MC, Carboni E, Kuczynski AP, Souza EN, Paraizo MM, Ibañez MVC, Castilho LM, Cruz AF, da Maia TF, Machado-Souza C, Rosati R, Oliveira CS, Parise GA, Passos JDC, Barbosa JRS, Figueiredo MMO, Lima L, Tormen T, Sabbaga CC, Ávilla SGA, Grisa L, Aranha A, Tosin KCF, Ogradowski KRP, Lima G, Legal EF, Anegawa TH, Mazzuco TL, Grion AL, Balbinotti JHG, Dammski KL, Melo RG, Kiesel Filho N, Custódio G, Figueiredo BC. Penetrance of the TP53 R337H Mutation and Pediatric Adrenocortical Carcinoma Incidence Associated with Environmental Influences in a 12-Year Observational Cohort in Southern Brazil. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111804. [PMID: 31744167 PMCID: PMC6896071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 R337H mutation is associated with increased incidence of pediatric adrenocortical tumor (ACT). The different environmental conditions where R337H carriers live have not been systematically analyzed. Here, the R337H frequencies, ACT incidences, and R337H penetrance for ACT were calculated using the 2006 cohort with 4165 R337H carriers living in Paraná state (PR) subregions. The effectiveness of a second surveillance for R337H probands selected from 42,438 tested newborns in PR (2016 cohort) was tested to detect early stage I tumor among educated families without periodical exams. Estimation of R337H frequencies and ACT incidence in Santa Catarina state (SC) used data from 50,115 tested newborns without surveillance, ACT cases from a SC hospital, and a public cancer registry. R337H carrier frequencies in the population were 0.245% (SC) and 0.306% (PR), and 87% and 95% in ACTs, respectively. The ACT incidence was calculated as ~6.4/million children younger than 10 years per year in PR (95% CI: 5.28; 7.65) and 4.15/million in SC (CI 95%: 2.95; 5.67). The ACT penetrance in PR for probands followed from birth to 12 years was 3.9%. R337H carriers living in an agricultural subregion (C1) had a lower risk of developing pediatric ACT than those living in industrial and large urban subregion (relative risk = 2.4). One small ACT (21g) without recurrence (1/112) was detected by the parents in the 2016 cohort. ACT incidence follows R337H frequency in each population, but remarkably environmental factors modify these rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana E. J. Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
- Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, R. Rui Barbosa, 152, Agronômica, Florianópolis 88025-301, SC, Brazil
| | - Viviane K. Q. Gerber
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Varela de Sá, 03, Vila Carli, Guarapuava 85040-080, PR, Brazil
| | - Humberto C. Ibañez
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Viviane S. Melanda
- Secretaria do Estado da Saúde do Paraná, R. Piquiri, 170, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-140, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivy Z. S. Parise
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
- Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, R. Rui Barbosa, 152, Agronômica, Florianópolis 88025-301, SC, Brazil
| | - Flora M. Watanabe
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Mara A. D. Pianovski
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital Erasto Gaertner, R. 201, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81520-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Carmem M. C. M. Fiori
- Hospital do Câncer, UOPECCAN, R. Itaquatiaras, 769, Santo Onofre, Cascavel 85806-300, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana L. M. R. Fabro
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Denise B. da Silva
- Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, R. Rui Barbosa, 152, Agronômica, Florianópolis 88025-301, SC, Brazil
| | - Diancarlos P. Andrade
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Komechen
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Monalisa C. Mendes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Edna Carboni
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Kuczynski
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle N. Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Paraizo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Marilea V. C. Ibañez
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Laura M. Castilho
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda F. Cruz
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Thuila F. da Maia
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Cleber Machado-Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rosati
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Claudia S. Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A. Parise
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline D. C. Passos
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - José R. S. Barbosa
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Mirna M. O. Figueiredo
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Leniza Lima
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital Erasto Gaertner, R. 201, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81520-060, PR, Brazil
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Gen. Carneiro, 181, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80060-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Tiago Tormen
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital Erasto Gaertner, R. 201, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81520-060, PR, Brazil
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Gen. Carneiro, 181, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80060-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Cesar C. Sabbaga
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Sylvio G. A. Ávilla
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Leila Grisa
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Airton Aranha
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Karina C. F. Tosin
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Karin R. P. Ogradowski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Geneci Lima
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Edith F. Legal
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Tania H. Anegawa
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid-PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Oncologia Pediátrica, Hospital do Câncer de Londrina, Rua Lucilla Ballalai, 212, Jardim Petrópolis, Londrina 86015-520, PR, Brazil
| | - Tânia L. Mazzuco
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rua Robert Koch, 60, Vila Operária, Londrina 86038-350, PR, Brazil
| | - André L. Grion
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - José H. G. Balbinotti
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Karin L. Dammski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosiane G. Melo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Nilton Kiesel Filho
- Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Rua Desembargador Motta, 1070, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Custódio
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
| | - Bonald C. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil
- Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC-APACN), Av. Agostinho Leão Junior, 400, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80030-110, PR, Brazil
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, R. Padre Camargo, 280, Alto da Glória, Curitiba 80060-240, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Wu L, Ru H, Ni Z, Zhang X, Xie H, Yao F, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhong L. Comparative thyroid disruption by o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in zebrafish embryos/larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105280. [PMID: 31518776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1,1-Trichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) cause thyroid disruption, but the underlying mechanisms of these disturbances in fish remain unclear. To explore the potential mechanisms of thyroid dysfunction caused by o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, thyroid hormone and gene expression levels in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were measured, and the developmental toxicity were recorded in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish embryos/larvae were exposed to o,p'-DDT (0, 0.28, 2.8, and 28 nM; or 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) and p,p'-DDE (0, 1.57, 15.7, and 157 nM; or 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 μg/L) for 7 days. The genes related to thyroid hormone synthesis (crh, tshβ, tg, nis and tpo) and thyroid development (nkx2.1 and pax8) were up-regulated in both the o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE exposure groups. Zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to o,p'-DDT showed significantly increased total whole-body T4 and T3 levels, with the expression of ugt1ab and dio3 being significantly down-regulated. However, the p,p'-DDE exposure groups showed significantly lowered whole-body total T4 and T3 levels, which were associated with up-regulation and down-regulation expression of the expression of dio2 and ugt1ab, respectively. Interestingly, the ratio of T3 to T4 was significantly decreased in the o,p'-DDT (28 nM) and p,p'-DDE (157 nM) exposure groups, suggesting an impairment of thyroid function. In addition, reduced survival rates and body lengths and increased malformation rates were recorded after treatment with either o,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE. In summary, our study indicates that the disruption of thyroid states was different in response to o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE exposure in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyin Wu
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Huijun Ru
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huaxiao Xie
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Fan Yao
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Liqiao Zhong
- Observation Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
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