1
|
de Freitas LVP, Silveira JGF, Damaceno MA, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira DS, Portela ACV, de Jesus RB, Sasanya JJ, Pilarski F, Rath S, Paschoal JAR. Evaluating the persistence of malachite green residues in tilapia and pacu fish. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 106:104382. [PMID: 38325623 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Although banned in food-producing animals, residues of malachite green (MG) and its primary metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), have been found in fish due to illegal use in aquaculture and the release of industrial wastewater, which represent a serious risk to food and environmental securities. This study aimed to investigate the residue depletion profile of MG and LMG in edible tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) cultured simultaneously under the same environmental conditions to support control measures in case of abuse. An analytical method involving QuEChERS sample preparation and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed, validated, and applied to quantify MG and LMG residues in fish fillets from two depletion experiments after treatment by immersion bath (MG at 0.10 mg L-1 for 60 min). During the experiment, the average water temperature was 30 ºC, while the pH was 6.9. The method is selective, precise (CV = 0.4 - 22%) and accurate (recovery 92 - 114%). The limits of detection and quantification are 0.15 and 0.5 ng g-1, respectively. In both species, the sum of MG and LMG residues were quantified up to the 32nd day post-exposure, and the concentrations were significantly higher in the pacu fillets (up to 3284 ng g-1) than in Nile tilapia (up to 432 ng g-1). The sums of MG and LMG residues were below 2 ng g-1 at 44 days and 342 days for Nile tilapia and pacu, respectively - the Minimum Required Performance Limit (MRPL) for analytical methods intended to monitor forbidden substances in food according to old European Commission guidelines. The persistence of MG residues in pacu may be attributed to its higher lipid content, which favors the accumulation of the non-polar metabolite LMG. These results provide insights into the concern about human, animal, and environmental health risks resulting from unauthorized use or aquatic contamination by industrial wastewater containing MG residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Grell Fernandes Silveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - da Silva Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vellosa Portela
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Barbetta de Jesus
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Freitas LVP, Alponti ALB, Damaceno MA, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Sasanya JJ, Rath S, Paschoal JAR. Levamisole incorporation in fish feed - Ensuring the medication dose and avoidance of leaching into the water. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1551-1567. [PMID: 37988113 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2283769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Levamisole, an anthelmintic and immunostimulant drug, has been studied as a promising alternative for aquaculture use. While oral administration through feeding is the main route of administration in fish farming, no studies evaluating methods of levamisole incorporation into the feed have been reported so far. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate potential procedures for levamisole incorporation in extruded fish feed using ethyl cellulose, gelatin, or vegetable oil, to avoid drug leaching to the water during the animal's medication. A suitable LC-MS/MS method was optimized (full factorial design), validated, and applied to evaluate the efficiency of the process, the homogeneity of the drug concentration, and the leaching rate. The method has been demonstrated to be selective, precise (RSD < 4.9%), accurate (recovery > 98.4%), and linear (r > 0.99, 125-750 mg kg-1). The incorporation procedures using the three coating agents showed high incorporation efficiency (70%) and a homogeneous drug concentration among the extruded feed pellets. A low levamisole leaching rate was verified in the feed prepared using the ethyl cellulose coating procedure (4.3% after 15 min of immersion in the water). On the other hand, fish feed coated with gelatin and oil resulted in a high leaching rate (30-35% after 15 min). Thus, this study shows that coating ethyl cellulose may be a promising procedure for levamisole incorporation in fish feed and with the potential to enhance its use in animal production while reducing environmental contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Bigliassi Alponti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Susanne Rath
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Freitas LVP, da Mota Júnior CAA, Damaceno MA, Silveira JGF, Portela ACV, Campanharo SC, da Silva AFB, Assane IM, Pilarski F, Sasanya JJ, Paschoal JAR. Residue Depletion Profile and Estimation of Withdrawal Period for Sulfadimethoxine and Ormetoprim in Edible Tissues of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis sp.) on Medicated Feed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2499. [PMID: 37570313 PMCID: PMC10417122 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in Brazil, this study investigated the residue depletion profile of SDM and OMP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) after oral administration. Fish were treated with medicated feed containing a 5:1 ratio of SDM:OMP at the dose of 50 mg kg BW-1 for five consecutive days with an average water temperature of 28 °C. The drugs were incorporated into the feed by using a gelatin coating process which promoted homogeneity in drug concentration and prevented the drug leaching into the water during medication. The SDM and OMP determination in fish fillets (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) was performed using the QuEChERS approach followed by LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated according to Brazilian and selected international guidelines. A withdrawal period of 9 days (or 252 °C days) was estimated for the sum of SDM and OMP residues at concentration levels below the maximum residue level of 100 µg kg-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Alvarenga da Mota Júnior
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Grell Fernandes Silveira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vellosa Portela
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Inácio Mateus Assane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chagas Campanharo S, Fernando Baldo da Silva A, Bleuzen A, Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva J, Victor Pereira de Freitas L, Mateus Assane I, Pilarski F, Augusto Rizzato Paschoal J. The association of modified QuEChERS and DLLME to offer high analytical detectability to assess residual depletion profile of erythromycin in fish. Food Chem 2022; 405:134852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Pereira de Freitas LV, de Paula Terra G, de Souza Santos S, Sicupira LC, Silvério FO. Optimization and validation of liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) for determining fluopyram fungicide in water samples using HPLC-DAD. Anal Methods 2022; 14:2945-2952. [PMID: 35861165 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluopyram is a fungicide and nematicide that belongs to the chemical group of benzamides, which act as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) on the mitochondrial respiratory chain of fungi. Despite being well known in several countries, there are few studies involving the optimization and validation of extraction methods for determining fluopyram in water samples. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize and validate liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) to determine fluopyram fungicide in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). A two-level full factorial design was employed to optimize LLE-LTP which enabled achieving a recovery rate close to 100% and relative standard deviations (RSD) < 10.0%. The validation showed that the extraction method may be considered selective, precise, accurate, and linear in the range of 6.0 to 200 μg L-1. The LOD and LOQ were 4.0 and 6.0 μg L-1, respectively, proving the efficiency of this method for trace level determination of this fungicide in water samples. LLE-LTP coupled to HLPC-DAD analysis showed a matrix effect of less than 8% and it was applied in monitoring 20 environmental water samples, but no fluopyram residue was detected in the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleysson de Paula Terra
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silas de Souza Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lázaro Chaves Sicupira
- Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39447-790, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Oliveira Silvério
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos SDS, de Freitas LVP, Sicupira LC, Silvério FO. Simultaneous Determination of Aldrin and Mirex in Honey by Liquid–Liquid Extraction with Low-Temperature Purification combined with GC–MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Freitas LVPD, Alves LMG, Sicupira LC, Pinho GPD, Silvério FO. Determination of DDT in honey samples by liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) combined to HPLC-DAD. Anal Methods 2021; 13:1955-1964. [PMID: 33913942 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00264c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honey is widely consumed worldwide, however, this food can be contaminated by chemical contaminants, such as the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Despite legal restrictions on DDT use, this organochlorine pesticide has been detected in honey collected in several developed and developing countries, representing risks to human health, animals, and the environment due to its high environmental persistence, potential carcinogenicity, and ecotoxicological effects. Thus, the development of an analytical method for DDT monitoring in this matrix is important to ensure food security. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize and validate a simple, low-cost, and efficient method using the liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) to determine DDT in honey samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The proposed method was validated according to SANTE guidelines, being considered selective, precise, accurate, and linear in the range of 8.0-160 μg kg-1. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) achieved were 4.0 and 8.0 μg kg-1, respectively. This LOQ value is lower than the maximum residue limit established by the Brazilian and European Union legislation. Therefore, the LLE-LTP combined to HPLC-DAD allows the routine analysis of DDT in honey samples and can be widely applied in studies to monitor this pesticide, especially in developing countries, where DDT use is still allowed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dos Santos LDR, Furlan JPR, Ramos MS, Gallo IFL, de Freitas LVP, Stehling EG. Co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7 and clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental and fecal samples. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1795-1800. [PMID: 32382766 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria harboring different antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected worldwide. The association of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-like) and other ARGs in bacteria isolated from animals is a huge concern worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of mcr-like genes and clinically relevant ARGs as well as plasmids in samples from a zoo. Fecal and environmental (soil and water) samples were collected from a zoo and the DNA of cultivable aerobic bacteria was extracted. ARGs were screened by PCR and the plasmids were detected using the PCR-based replicon typing method. A total of 74 amplicons from 27 ARGs [mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7.1, blaCTX-M-Gp1, blaCTX-M-Gp2, blaCTX-M-Gp9, blaVEB, blaPER, blaCMY, tetA, tetB, tetC, aadA, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, ant(2'')-Ia, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, mefAE, ermB] and 21 amplicons from eight plasmid families (IncY, ColE-like, IncFrepB, IncFIA, IncFIB, IncHI1, IncFIC, IncP) were detected. These findings reinforce that the zoo acts as a reservoir of clinically relevant ARGs, including mcr-like, and call attention to the monitoring studies in the zoo. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the world of mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-7.1 in environmental samples from the zoo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas David Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Micaela Santana Ramos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Inara Fernanda Lage Gallo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil
| | | | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café S/N. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|