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Hu C, Chen Q, Wu T, Du X, Dong Y, Peng Z, Xue W, Sunkara V, Cho YK, Dong L. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311071. [PMID: 38639331 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has become a public health concern in elderly men due to an ever-increasing number of estimated cases. Unfortunately, the available treatments are unsatisfactory because of a lack of a durable response, especially in advanced disease states. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer encircled nanoscale vesicles that carry numerous biomolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids), mediating the transfer of information. The past decade has witnessed a wide range of EV applications in both diagnostics and therapeutics. First, EV-based non-invasive liquid biopsies provide biomarkers in various clinical scenarios to guide treatment; EVs can facilitate the grading and staging of patients for appropriate treatment selection. Second, EVs play a pivotal role in pathophysiological processes via intercellular communication. Targeting key molecules involved in EV-mediated tumor progression (e.g., proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, and drug resistance) is a potential approach for curbing PCa. Third, EVs are promising drug carriers. Naïve EVs from various sources and engineered EV-based drug delivery systems have paved the way for the development of new treatment modalities. This review discusses the recent advancements in the application of EV therapies and highlights EV-based functional materials as novel interventions for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tianyang Wu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinxing Du
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanhao Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zehong Peng
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Vijaya Sunkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis, Institute for Basic Science Ulsan, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
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Liang W, Najor RH, Gustafsson ÅB. Protocol to separate small and large extracellular vesicles from mouse and human cardiac tissues. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102914. [PMID: 38386549 PMCID: PMC10897917 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells under various conditions and can contribute to the disease progression in tissues. Here, we present a protocol to separate small and large EVs from mouse hearts and cardiac tissues collected from patients. We describe steps for utilizing enzymatic digestion for release of EVs from interstitial space followed by differential centrifugation and immunoaffinity purification. The isolated EVs can be used for various experiments to gain insight into their in vivo functions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liang et al. (2023).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Rita H Najor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Pirisinu M. The Long Journey of Extracellular Vesicles towards Global Scientific Acclamation. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:489-501. [PMID: 37646064 PMCID: PMC10460810 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of cell-derived vesicles that are responsible for eliciting a wide array of biological processes. After decades of intense investigation, the therapeutic potential of EVs will be finally explored in a series of upcoming clinical trials. EVs are rapidly changing the understanding of human physiology and will undoubtedly transform the field of medicine. The applicability of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment vectors has captured the attention of the scientific community and investors, facilitating the rapid progression of numerous EVs-based platforms. This mini-review provides an outline of the pioneering discoveries, and their respective significances, on progressing EVs toward clinical use. We focus the attention of the readers on several promising classes of EVs that hold major opportunities to translate in clinical practice. Market analysis and future challenges facing EVs-based therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pirisinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Jotbody HK Limited, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Zhang X, Yu S, Li X, Wen X, Liu S, Zu R, Ren H, Li T, Yang C, Luo H. Research progress on the interaction between oxidative stress and platelets: Another avenue for cancer? Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106777. [PMID: 37080257 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a chemical imbalance between an oxidant and an antioxidant, causing damage to redox signaling and control or causing molecular damage. Unbalanced oxidative metabolism can produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). These excess ROS can cause drastic changes in platelet metabolism and further affect platelet function. It will also lead to an increase in platelet procoagulant phenotype and cell apoptosis, which will increase the risk of thrombosis. The creation of ROS and subsequent platelet activation, adhesion, and recruitment are then further encouraged in an auto-amplifying loop by ROS produced from platelets. Meanwhile, cancer cells produce a higher concentration of ROS due to their fast metabolism and high proliferation rate. However, excessive ROS can result in damage to and modification of cellular macromolecules. The formation of cancer and its progression is strongly associated with oxidative stress and the resulting oxidative damage. In addition, platelets are an important part of the tumor microenvironment, and there is a significant cross-communication between platelets and cancer cells. Cancer cells alter the activation status of platelets, their RNA spectrum, proteome, and other properties. The "cloaking" of cancer cells by platelets providing physical protection,avoiding destruction from shear stress and the attack of immune cells, promoting tumor cell invasion.We explored the vicious circle interaction between ROS, platelets, and cancer in this review, and we believe that ROS can play a stimulative role in tumor growth and metastasis through platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041 China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610042, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory of Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3201 Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong 723099, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610042, China
| | - Shan Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610042, China
| | - Ruiling Zu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hanxiao Ren
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610042, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Chaoguo Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610042, China.
| | - Huaichao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041 China.
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Teixeira-Marques A, Lourenço C, Oliveira MC, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Bladder Cancer Biomarkers: Take It or Leave It? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076757. [PMID: 37047731 PMCID: PMC10094914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although urine cytology and cystoscopy are current standards for BC diagnosis, both have limited sensitivity to detect low-grade and small tumors. Moreover, effective prognostic biomarkers are lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipidic particles that contain nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, which are released by cells into the extracellular space, being crucial effectors in intercellular communication. These particles have emerged as potential tools carrying biomarkers for either diagnosis or prognosis in liquid biopsies namely urine, plasma, and serum. Herein, we review the potential of liquid biopsies EVs’ cargo as BC diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers. Additionally, we address the emerging advantages and downsides of using EVs within this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teixeira-Marques
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lourenço
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedical Sciences, School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Carlos Oliveira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Liu F, Ye S, Jiang P, Zhang W, Wang Z, Li C. The proteome profiling of EVs originating from senescent cell model using quantitative proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring. J Proteomics 2022; 266:104669. [PMID: 35788408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is the inevitable biological processes and is also considered as the biggest risk factor for the development of age - related diseases (ARDs) and geriatric syndrome (GS). Senescence is also known as inflammaging because it is characterized by persistent, long-term, low-grade inflammation named senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the mechanism for the persistence of inflammaging remains largely unclear. To explore the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in senescence/inflammaging, we established the cellular senescence model and performed TMT-based comparative quantitative proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to reveal the changes of EVs between young cells and senescent cells. A total of 3966 proteins were quantifiable, of which 132 were up-regulated, 144 were down-regulated, compared with the young cells. Subsequently, we chose 19 proteins involved in inflammation or proliferation to carry out PRM validation analysis. The result indicated that proteins promoting NF-κB signal pathway were up-regulated, and proteins promoting cell proliferation were down-regulated. The study provided a comprehensive altered proteomics profiles of EVs from senescent cells, and the result showed that EVs could serve as information carrier for further research on the pathogenesis and progression of senescence/inflammaging. SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanism of inflammaging occurrence and development has yet been clear. Therefore, this study attempts to provide an improved understanding of inflammaging from the perspective of EVs. The proteomics analysis revealed that the most changed proteins were connected to inflammation signaling pathways, cell growth and cell death, and PRM analysis results showed that proteins involved in NF-κB signal pathway and cell proliferation were more changed. The research systematically analyzed the profiles of proteins in senescence cell model, and the result indicated that further research should focus on the relationship between EVs and senescence/inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Liu
- Institute of blood transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Shengliang Ye
- Institute of blood transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Institute of blood transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of blood transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Zongkui Wang
- Institute of blood transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Changqing Li
- Institute of blood transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu 610052, China.
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Zhu M, Li S, Li S, Wang H, Xu J, Wang Y, Liang G. Strategies for Engineering Exosomes and Their Applications in Drug Delivery. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:2271-2297. [PMID: 34974854 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are representative of a promising vehicle for delivery of biomolecules. Despite their discovery nearly 40 years, knowledge of exosomes and extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the role they play in etiology of disease and normal cellular physiology remains in its infancy. EVs are produced in almost all cells, containing nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins delivered from donor cells to recipient cells. Consequently, they act as mediators of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Recent studies have shown that, exosomes are associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes as a small subset of EVs, and they play a significant role in disease progression and treatment. In this review, we discuss several key questions: what are exosomes, why do they matter, and how do we repurpose them in their strategies and applications in drug delivery systems. In addition, opportunities and challenges of exosome-based theranostics are also described and directions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Sanqiang Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Haojie Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yili Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Gaofeng Liang
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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Le MTN. Preface for "Extracellular vesicles in cancer, from signalling mechanisms to therapeutic potential". Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:1-2. [PMID: 34118404 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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