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Rahmadiawan D, Abral H, Chayri Iby I, Kim HJ, Ryu KH, Kwack HW, Razan Railis M, Sugiarti E, Novi Muslimin A, Handayani D, Dwinatrana K, Shi SC, Zainul R, Azis Nabawi R. Effect of post-heat treatment on the UV transmittance, hydrophobicity, and tensile properties of PVA/ Uncaria gambir extract blend films. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30748. [PMID: 38774319 PMCID: PMC11107212 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of biopolymers can be improved by heating technologies. In this research, we improved the properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Uncaria gambir extract (UGE) blend films by post-heating method. After post-heating, the blend film exhibited higher resistance to UV light and improved contact angle performance, while water vapor permeability and moisture absorption decreased. The tensile strength and toughness of the PVA/UGE blend film with a post-heating duration of 40 min were 68.8 MPa and 57.7 MPa, respectively, an increase of 131 % and 127 %, compared to films without post-heating. This facile and cost-effective fabrication method, with environmentally friendly properties, can be applied to biodegradable PVA/UGE blend films to achieve desired properties for optical devices or food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Rahmadiawan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25173, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Hairul Abral
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN-Andalas University, Padang, 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Ilham Chayri Iby
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Ryu
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Wook Kwack
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Razan Railis
- Department of Engineering Management, Batam Institute of Technology, Batam, 29425, Indonesia
| | - Eni Sugiarti
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Novi Muslimin
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Dian Handayani
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Khiky Dwinatrana
- Laboratory of Sumatran Biota, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Shih-Chen Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rahadian Zainul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatera, 25171, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Azis Nabawi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, 25173, West Sumatera, Indonesia
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2
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Transmission of sodium chloride in PDMS membrane during Pervaporation based on polymer relaxation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Catalytically active membranes for esterification: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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El-Shamy AG. Novel in-situ synthesis of nano-silica (SiO2) embedded into polyvinyl alcohol for dye removal: Adsorption and photo-degradation under visible light. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Zhang S, Acharya DP, Tang X, Zheng H, Yang G, Ng D, Xie Z. Dual Functions of a Au@AgNP-Incorporated Nanocomposite Desalination Membrane with an Enhanced Antifouling Property and Fouling Detection Via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46202-46212. [PMID: 34528779 PMCID: PMC8485324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling has remained a major challenge limiting the wide application of membrane technology because it reduces the efficiency and shortens the lifespan of the membrane, thus increasing the operation cost. Herein we report a novel dual-function nanocomposite membrane incorporating silver-coated gold nanoparticles (Au@AgNPs) into a sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane for a pervaporation desalination. Compared with the control PVA membrane and PVA/SSA membrane, the Au@AgNPs/PVA/SSA membrane demonstrated a higher water flux and better salt rejection as well as an enhanced antifouling property. More importantly, Au@AgNPs provided an additional function enabling a foulant detection on the membrane surface via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as Au@AgNPs could amplify the Raman signals as an SERS substrate. Distinct SERS spectra given by a fouled membrane helped to distinguish different protein foulants from their characteristic fingerprint peaks. Their fouling tendency on the membrane was also revealed by comparing the SERS intensities of mixed foulants on the membrane surface. The Au@AgNPs/PVA/SSA nanocomposite membrane presented here demonstrated the possibility of a multifunction membrane to achieve both antifouling and fouling detection, which could potentially be used in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Zhang
- Key
laboratory of the three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne 3169, Victoria, Australia
| | - Durga P. Acharya
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne 3169, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne 3169, Victoria, Australia
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Catalysis & New Environmental Materials, College
of Environment and Resources, Chongqing
Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, P. R.
China
| | - Huaili Zheng
- Key
laboratory of the three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment,
State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne 3169, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derrick Ng
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne 3169, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO
Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne 3169, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Selim A, Toth AJ, Fozer D, Süvegh K, Mizsey P. Facile Preparation of a Laponite/PVA Mixed Matrix Membrane for Efficient and Sustainable Pervaporative Dehydration of C1-C3 Alcohols. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32373-32385. [PMID: 33376874 PMCID: PMC7758899 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The exfoliation method was applied for the preparation of high-water selective mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), especially for the dehydration of C1-C3 alcohol-water solutions. Herein, a facile and easy method was employed to fabricate physically cross-linked Laponite nanosilicate clay-PVA MMMs without additional cross-linking by a one-step synthesis route for water dehydration from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol aqueous solutions. The morphologies, chemical structures, thermal stabilities, and surface hydrophilicity of Laponite-PVA MMMs were investigated properly by different characterization techniques. The Laponite concentration has affected the fractional free volume of the membranes, as proven by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy analysis. The MMMs displayed both a significant improvement in the separation factor and remarkable enhancement in the permeation fluxes for the three alcohol systems. The influence of the operating temperature on the MMM performance was investigated for the methanol/water solution. The methanol permeability was 100-fold lower than that of the water, indicating that the membranes are more water selective. Particularly, the Laponite-PVA membrane with 5 mg/mL Laponite loading exhibits excellent separation efficiency for C1-C3 dehydration having water permeabilities higher than most other polymeric membranes from the other literature studies of 2.82, 2.08, and 1.56 mg m-1 h-1 kPa-1 for methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol/water systems, respectively. This membrane development allows a more efficient and sustainable separation of aqueous alcoholic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Selim
- Environmental
and Process Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical and
Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O.B. 91, Hungary
- Chemical
Engineering Department, National Research
Centre, 33 El Buhouth
Street, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - András Jozsef Toth
- Environmental
and Process Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical and
Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O.B. 91, Hungary
| | - Daniel Fozer
- Environmental
and Process Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical and
Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O.B. 91, Hungary
| | - Karoly Süvegh
- Laboratory
of Nuclear Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University/HAS Chemical Research Center, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Péter Mizsey
- Environmental
and Process Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical and
Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O.B. 91, Hungary
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
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7
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Abstract
Herein, we report on the performance of a hybrid organic-ceramic hydrophilic pervaporation membrane applied in a vacuum membrane distillation operating mode to desalinate laboratory prepared saline waters and a hypersaline water modeled after a real oil and gas produced water. The rational for performing “pervaporative distillation” is that highly contaminated waters like produced water, reverse osmosis concentrates and industrial have high potential to foul and scale membranes, and for traditional porous membrane distillation membranes they can suffer pore-wetting and complete salt passage. In most of these processes, the hard to treat feed water is commonly softened and filtered prior to a desalination process. This study evaluates pervaporative distillation performance treating: (1) NaCl solutions from 10 to 240 g/L at crossflow Reynolds numbers from 300 to 4800 and feed-temperatures from 60 to 85 °C and (2) a real produced water composition chemically softened to reduce its high-scale forming mineral content. The pervaporative distillation process proved highly-effective at desalting all feed streams, consistently delivering <10 mg/L of dissolved solids in product water under all operating condition tested with reasonably high permeate fluxes (up to 23 LMH) at optimized operating conditions.
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9
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Yan M, Lu Y, Li N, Zeng F, Wang Q, Bai H, Xie Z. Hyperbranch-Crosslinked S-SEBS Block Copolymer Membranes for Desalination by Pervaporation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100277. [PMID: 33050535 PMCID: PMC7599453 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated aromatic polymer (SAP) featuring hydrophilic nanochannels for water transport is a promising membrane material for desalination. SAPs with a high sulfonation degree favor water transport but suffer from reduced mechanical strength and membrane swelling. In this work, a hyperbranched polyester, H302, was introduced to crosslink a sulfonated styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (S-SEBS) copolymer membrane. The effects of crosslinking temperature and amount of H302 on the microstructure, and the pervaporation desalination performance of the membrane, were investigated. H302/S-SEBS copolymer membranes with different crosslinking conditions were characterized by various techniques including FTIR, DSC, EA, SEM, TEM and SAXS, and tensile strength, water sorption and contact angle measurements. The results indicate that the introduction of hyperbranched polyester enlarged the hydrophilic microdomain of the S-SEBS membrane. Crosslinking with hyperbranched polyester with heat treatment effectively enhanced the mechanical strength of the S-SEBS membrane, with the tensile strength being increased by 140–200% and the swelling ratio reduced by 45–70%, while reasonable water flux was maintained. When treating 5 wt% hypersaline water at 65 °C, the optimized crosslinked membrane containing 15 wt% H302 and heated at 100 °C reached a water flux of 9.3 kg·m−2·h−1 and a salt rejection of 99.9%. The results indicate that the hyperbranched-S-SEBS membrane is promising for use in PV desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yunyun Lu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Na Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Feixiang Zeng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qinzhuo Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hongcun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (Z.X.)
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10
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Yang G, Xie Z, Cran M, Wu C, Gray S. Dimensional Nanofillers in Mixed Matrix Membranes for Pervaporation Separations: A Review. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E193. [PMID: 32825195 PMCID: PMC7559426 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pervaporation (PV) has been an intriguing membrane technology for separating liquid mixtures since its commercialization in the 1980s. The design of highly permselective materials used in this respect has made significant improvements in separation properties, such as selectivity, permeability, and long-term stability. Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), featuring inorganic fillers dispersed in a polymer matrix to form an organic-inorganic hybrid, have opened up a new avenue to facilely obtain high-performance PV membranes. The combination of inorganic fillers in a polymer matrix endows high flexibility in designing the required separation properties of the membranes, in which various fillers provide specific functions correlated to the separation process. This review discusses recent advances in the use of nanofillers in PV MMMs categorized by dimensions including zero-, one-, two- and three-dimensional nanomaterials. Furthermore, the impact of the nanofillers on the polymer matrix is described to provide in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationship. Finally, the applications of nanofillers in MMMs for PV separation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (G.Y.); (M.C.)
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Marlene Cran
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (G.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Chunrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Institute of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China;
| | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (G.Y.); (M.C.)
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11
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Yang G, Xie Z, Doherty CM, Cran M, Ng D, Gray S. Understanding the transport enhancement of poly (vinyl alcohol) based hybrid membranes with dispersed nanochannels for pervaporation application. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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13
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Pervaporative desalination of concentrated brine solution employing crosslinked PVA/silicate nanoclay membranes. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Effects of Heat Treatment and Tea Polyphenols on the Structure and Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofiber Films for Food Packaging. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was blended with natural antioxidant tea polyphenols (TPs) to produce PVA/TP nanofiber films by electrospinning. The effects of heat treatment and TP incorporation on the structural and physical properties of the films were then evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the PVA/TP nanofiber film has a more compact structure and better morphology than PVA alone. In addition, the water resistance was enhanced, and the formation of hydrogen bonds between the TP and PVA molecules increased via the heat treatment. Furthermore, the mechanical, antioxygenic, and antibacterial properties of the nanofiber films were significantly improved (P < 0.05) owing to the incorporation of TP. In particular, when the mass ratio of the PVA/TP was 7:3, the elongation at break (EAB) of the film increased to 105.24% ± 2.87%, and the antioxidant value reached a maximum at 64.83% ± 5.21%. In addition, the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) increased to the maximum levels of 82.48% ± 2.12% and 86.25% ± 2.32%, respectively. In summary, our study produced a functional food packaging material that includes preservation with an acceptable bioactivity, ability to keep food fresh, and biodegradability.
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15
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Chaudhari S, Kwon Y, Shon M, Nam S, Park Y. Surface-modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes for pervaporation dehydration of epichlorohydrin (ECH), isopropanol (IPA), and water ternary feed mixtures. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Selim A, Toth AJ, Haaz E, Fozer D, Szanyi A, Hegyesi N, Mizsey P. Preparation and characterization of PVA/GA/Laponite membranes to enhance pervaporation desalination performance. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Wu D, Yi C, Doherty CM, Lin L, Xie Z. A Crown Ether-Containing Copolyimide Membrane with Improved Free Volume for CO2 Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Chunhai Yi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Cara M. Doherty
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Liping Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
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18
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Yang G, Xie Z, Cran M, Ng D, Gray S. Enhanced desalination performance of poly (vinyl alcohol)/carbon nanotube composite pervaporation membranes via interfacial engineering. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Singha NR, Karmakar M, Chattopadhyay PK, Roy S, Deb M, Mondal H, Mahapatra M, Dutta A, Mitra M, Roy JSD. Structures, Properties, and Performances-Relationships of Polymeric Membranes for Pervaporative Desalination. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E58. [PMID: 31052381 PMCID: PMC6572519 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
For the fulfilment of increasing global demand and associated challenges related to the supply of clean-and-safe water, PV has been considered as one of the most attractive and promising areas in desalinating salty-water of varied salinities. In pervaporative desalination, the sustainability, endurance, and structural features of membrane, along with operating parameters, play the dominant roles and impart paramount impact in governing the overall PV efficiency. Indeed, polymeric- and organic-membranes suffer from several drawbacks, including inferior structural stability and durability, whereas the fabrication of purely inorganic membranes is complicated and costly. Therefore, recent development on the high-performance and cost-friendly PV membrane is mostly concentrated on synthesizing composite- and NCP-membranes possessing the advantages of both organic- and inorganic-membranes. This review reflects the insights into the physicochemical properties and fabrication approaches of different classes of PV membranes, especially composite- and NCP-membranes. The mass transport mechanisms interrelated to the specialized structural features have been discussed. Additionally, the performance potential and application prospects of these membranes in a wide spectrum of desalination and wastewater treatment have been elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives have been identified in developing and scaling up different high-performance membranes suitable for broader commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan Ranjan Singha
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mrinmoy Karmakar
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pijush Kanti Chattopadhyay
- Department of Leather Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sagar Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Mousumi Deb
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Himarati Mondal
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Manas Mahapatra
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Madhushree Mitra
- Department of Leather Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
| | - Joy Sankar Deb Roy
- Advanced Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Leather Technology, Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology (Post Graduate), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India.
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20
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The preparation of polyelectrolyte/hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile composite hollow fiber membrane for pervaporation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Xu S, Shen L, Li C, Wang Y. Properties and pervaporation performance of poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes crosslinked with various dianhydrides. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; Wuhan 430074 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Liang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; Wuhan 430074 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Cailian Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education; Wuhan 430074 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
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22
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Kayvani Fard A, McKay G, Buekenhoudt A, Al Sulaiti H, Motmans F, Khraisheh M, Atieh M. Inorganic Membranes: Preparation and Application for Water Treatment and Desalination. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E74. [PMID: 29304024 PMCID: PMC5793572 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic membrane science and technology is an attractive field of membrane separation technology, which has been dominated by polymer membranes. Recently, the inorganic membrane has been undergoing rapid development and innovation. Inorganic membranes have the advantage of resisting harsh chemical cleaning, high temperature and wear resistance, high chemical stability, long lifetime, and autoclavable. All of these outstanding properties made inorganic membranes good candidates to be used for water treatment and desalination applications. This paper is a state of the art review on the synthesis, development, and application of different inorganic membranes for water and wastewater treatment. The inorganic membranes reviewed in this paper include liquid membranes, dynamic membranes, various ceramic membranes, carbon based membranes, silica membranes, and zeolite membranes. A brief description of the different synthesis routes for the development of inorganic membranes for application in water industry is given and each synthesis rout is critically reviewed and compared. Thereafter, the recent studies on different application of inorganic membrane and their properties for water treatment and desalination in literature are critically summarized. It was reported that inorganic membranes despite their high synthesis cost, showed very promising results with high flux, full salt rejection, and very low or no fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kayvani Fard
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
| | - Gordon McKay
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
| | - Anita Buekenhoudt
- Department of Separation and Conversion Technology, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Huda Al Sulaiti
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
| | - Filip Motmans
- Department of Separation and Conversion Technology, VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Marwan Khraisheh
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
| | - Muataz Atieh
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar.
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23
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Kwon Y, Chaudhari S, Kim C, Son D, Park J, Moon M, Shon M, Park Y, Nam S. Ag-exchanged NaY zeolite introduced polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid mixed matrix membrane for pervaporation separation of water/isopropanol mixture. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20669-20678. [PMID: 35542332 PMCID: PMC9080825 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ag-exchanged NaY zeolite (Ag-NaZ) particles were prepared by ion exchange and introduced to a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane cross-linked with polyacrylic acid (PAA) for the pervaporation dehydration of an isopropanol (IPA) aqueous mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongSung Kwon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- Pukyong National University
- Busan
- Korea
| | | | - ChaEun Kim
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- Pukyong National University
- Busan
- Korea
| | - DaHae Son
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- Pukyong National University
- Busan
- Korea
| | - JiHwan Park
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- Pukyong National University
- Busan
- Korea
| | - MyungJun Moon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- Pukyong National University
- Busan
- Korea
| | - MinYoung Shon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- Pukyong National University
- Busan
- Korea
| | - YouIn Park
- Center for Membranes
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Korea
| | - SeungEun Nam
- Center for Membranes
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon
- Korea
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24
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Deep purification of seawater using a novel zeolite 3A incorporated polyether-block-amide composite membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Müller F, Andretta R, de Oliveira Meneguzzi L, Arthur Ferreira C. Development of quaternarized poly(vinyl alcohol) anion-exchange membranes for applications in electrodialysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franciélli Müller
- LAPOL/PPGE3M, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre, RS, BP 15010 Brazil 91501-970
| | - Rafaela Andretta
- LAPOL/PPGE3M, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre, RS, BP 15010 Brazil 91501-970
| | | | - Carlos Arthur Ferreira
- LAPOL/PPGE3M, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre, RS, BP 15010 Brazil 91501-970
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26
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Wu Y, Xie Z, Ng D, Shen S, Zhou Z. Poly(ether sulfone) supported hybrid poly(vinyl alcohol)-maleic acid-silicone dioxide membranes for the pervaporation separation of ethanol-water mixtures. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wu
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Private Bag 10 Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Private Bag 10 Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Derrick Ng
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Private Bag 10 Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Shirley Shen
- CSIRO Manufacturing; Private Bag 10 Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Zhonghua Zhou
- College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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27
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Song Y, Wang DK, Birkett G, Martens W, Duke MC, Smart S, Diniz da Costa JC. Mixed Matrix Carbon Molecular Sieve and Alumina (CMS-Al2O3) Membranes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30703. [PMID: 27469389 PMCID: PMC4965814 DOI: 10.1038/srep30703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows mixed matrix inorganic membranes prepared by the vacuum-assisted impregnation method, where phenolic resin precursors filled the pore of α-alumina substrates. Upon carbonisation, the phenolic resin decomposed into several fragments derived from the backbone of the resin matrix. The final stages of decomposition (>650 °C) led to a formation of carbon molecular sieve (CMS) structures, reaching the lowest average pore sizes of ~5 Å at carbonisation temperatures of 700 °C. The combination of vacuum-assisted impregnation and carbonisation led to the formation of mixed matrix of CMS and α-alumina particles (CMS-Al2O3) in a single membrane. These membranes were tested for pervaporative desalination and gave very high water fluxes of up to 25 kg m(-2) h(-1) for seawater (NaCl 3.5 wt%) at 75 °C. Salt rejection was also very high varying between 93-99% depending on temperature and feed salt concentration. Interestingly, the water fluxes remained almost constant and were not affected as feed salt concentration increased from 0.3, 1 and 3.5 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Song
- The University of Queensland, FIM2Lab – Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - David K. Wang
- The University of Queensland, FIM2Lab – Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Greg Birkett
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Wayde Martens
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Mikel C. Duke
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, Werribee, Vic 3030, Australia
| | - Simon Smart
- The University of Queensland, FIM2Lab – Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - João C. Diniz da Costa
- The University of Queensland, FIM2Lab – Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
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28
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Emmanuel K, Cheng C, Mondal AN, Erigene B, Hossain MM, Afsar NU, Khan MI, Wu L, Xu T. Covalently cross-linked pyridinium based AEMs with aromatic pendant groups for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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30
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Lau WJ, Gray S, Matsuura T, Emadzadeh D, Chen JP, Ismail AF. A review on polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes: History, applications, challenges and approaches. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 80:306-24. [PMID: 26011136 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of polyamide (PA) thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes for various aqueous media-based separation processes such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and forward osmosis since the concept of TFN was introduced in year 2007. Although the total number of published TFN articles falls far short of the articles of the well-known thin film composite (TFC) membranes, its growth rate is significant, particularly since 2012. Generally, by incorporating an appropriate amount of nanofiller into a thin selective PA layer of a composite membrane, one could produce TFN membranes with enhanced separation characteristics as compared to the conventional TFC membrane. For certain cases, the resulting TFN membranes demonstrate not only excellent antifouling resistance and/or greater antibacterial effect, but also possibly overcome the trade-off effect between water permeability and solute selectivity. Furthermore, this review attempts to give the readers insights into the difficulties of incorporating inorganic nanomaterials into the organic PA layer whose thickness usually falls in a range of several-hundred nanometers. It is also intended to show new possible approaches to overcome these challenges in TFN membrane fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation (ISI), College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - T Matsuura
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Industrial Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur St, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - D Emadzadeh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
| | - J Paul Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridget, 129791, Singapore
| | - A F Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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31
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Naim M, Elewa M, El-Shafei A, Moneer A. Desalination of simulated seawater by purge-air pervaporation using an innovative fabricated membrane. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:785-793. [PMID: 26287838 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An innovative polymeric membrane has been invented, which presents a breakthrough in the field of desalination membranes. It can desalinate simulated seawater of exceptionally high concentration to produce a high flux of potable water with over 99.7% salt rejection (%SR) in a once-through purge-air pervaporation (PV) process. A set-up was constructed for conducting the desalination experiments and the effect of initial salt solution concentration (Ci) and pervaporation temperature (Tpv) on the water flux (J), %SR, separation factor, and pervaporation separation index were determined. The membrane was prepared by the phase-inversion technique, of a specially formulated casting solution consisting of five ingredients, after which the membrane was subjected to a post-treatment by which certain properties were conferred. The results confirmed that the salinity of the pervaporate was independent of Ci (all %SR above 99.7). The best result was at Tpv=70 °C, where J varied from 5.97 to 3.45 l/m2 h for Ci=40-140 g NaCl/l, respectively. The membrane morphology was confirmed to be asymmetric. The contact angle was immeasurable, indicating the membrane to be super-hydrophilic. Activation energies computed using Arrhenius law were, under all conditions investigated, less than 20 kJ/mol K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Naim
- Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elewa
- Research Development Department, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Shafei
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Abeer Moneer
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
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32
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Chaudhri SG, Rajai BH, Singh PS. Nanoscale homogeneity of silica–poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes by controlled cross-linking via sol–gel reaction in acidified and hydrated ethanol. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sol–gel reaction synthesis route in acidified and hydrated ethanol to prepare a silica–poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrid membrane of nanoscale homogeneity is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay G. Chaudhri
- RO Membrane Discipline
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI)
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Bhavnagar – 364 002
- India
| | - Bhavika H. Rajai
- RO Membrane Discipline
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI)
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Bhavnagar – 364 002
- India
| | - Puyam S. Singh
- RO Membrane Discipline
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI)
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Bhavnagar – 364 002
- India
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