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S PV, Neralla M, V B, Satheesh T. Comparative Extraction and Bioactive Potential of the Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica for Combatting Postoperative Head and Neck Infections: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e51303. [PMID: 38288224 PMCID: PMC10823300 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical site infections (SSIs) following head and neck cancer surgery are very common postoperative sequelae. Delayed wound healing leads to a poor aesthetic outcome, delay in restarting oral intake, and delay in getting or starting adjuvant therapy. Antibiotic resistance is on the rise necessitating studies that use alternatives to combat the rising antibiotic resistance. Many plant compounds have been studied to explore the possibility. Neem (Azadirachta indica), a high medicinal value plant, possesses a vast array of phytocompounds, which are broadly grouped into isoprenoids and non-isoprenoids. These phytocompounds are crucial for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and various other pharmacological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we examined the impact of the extraction solvents on the bioactive potential of neem. Neem leaf samples were extracted with water and ethanol; followed by their biological activities like extraction yield, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies were performed. The extraction yield was found to be higher in the ethanolic extract than in the aqueous extract, which also corroborates with increased antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of neem exhibited antibacterial activities against dental biofilm-producing pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Results: Extraction yield was higher in the ethanolic extract of neem. Antioxidant activity was found to be higher in the ethanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. Neem extract has no toxicity, which was observed through hemolytic and zebrafish embryo toxicity assays. The ethanolic extract of neem was shown to be more effective against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative drug-resistant bacterial pathogen Discussion and conclusion: Thus, the utilization of neem extracts is certainly useful in controlling pathogenic bacterial growth in clinical applications. Further, a detailed mechanism of action of neem extract in bacterial growth inhibition at the molecular level is warranted to utilize their potential in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Veerendrakumar S
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Mahathi Neralla
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Baskar V
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Tharini Satheesh
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Sakib R, Caruso F, Belli S, Rossi M. Azadiradione, a Component of Neem Oil, Behaves as a Superoxide Dismutase Mimic When Scavenging the Superoxide Radical, as Shown Using DFT and Hydrodynamic Voltammetry. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3091. [PMID: 38002091 PMCID: PMC10669394 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, belongs to the Meliaceae family, and its use in the treatment of medical disorders from ancient times to the present in the traditional medical practices of Asia, Africa and the Middle East is well-documented. Neem oil, extracted from the seeds of the fruit, is widely used, with promising medicinal benefits. Azadiradione, a principal antioxidant component of the seeds of A. indica, is known to reduce oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory effects. To directly measure the antioxidant ability of neem oil, we used Rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE) hydrodynamic voltammetry to quantify how it can scavenge superoxide radical anions. The results of these experiments show that neem oil is approximately 26 times stronger than other natural products, such as olive oil, propolis and black seed oil, which were previously measured using this method. Next, computational Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods were used to arrive at a mechanism for the scavenging of superoxide radical anions with azadiradione. Our work indicates that azadiradione is an effective antioxidant and, according to our DFT study, its scavenging of the superoxide radical anion occurs through a reaction mechanism in which azadiradione mimics the antioxidant action of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In this mechanism, analogous to the SOD enzymatic reaction, azadiradione is regenerated, along with the production of two products: hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. This antioxidant process provides an explanation for azadiradione's more general and protective biochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | | | - Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
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Wang S, Li Y, Qu Y, Guo D, Luo S, Wang J, Peng C, Zhang X, Jiang H. Enhancing effects of 60Co irradiation on the extraction and activities of phenolic components in edible Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. Food Chem 2023; 417:135919. [PMID: 36924721 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of 60Co-γ ray irradiation treatment on the content of active chemicals and their functions in Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF) was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and γ-ray diffraction revealed physical structure changes in CSF powder. According to the findings, the content of total flavonoids in the ethanol extract of CSF increased by 9.5%-21.62%, 7-hydroxycoumarin, hesperidin, 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, and 5-methoxypsoralen increased by 5.31%-51.8%, 10.07%-99.81%, 6.6%-62.29%, and 3.03%-300%, respectively, when the irradiation dosage was raised, and the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties were all raised considerably. These results imply that the principal components and activity changes are proportional to the irradiation dosage. At present, the findings of this study serve as a reference for the use of irradiation technology in assisting extraction and enhancing the effects of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Ying Qu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Ding Guo
- Sichuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Group Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610046, PR China
| | - Shuai Luo
- Sichuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Group Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610046, PR China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu 610100, PR China
| | - Chaorong Peng
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu 610100, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu 610100, PR China.
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
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Tahir R, Albargi HB, Ahmad A, Qadir MB, Khaliq Z, Nazir A, Khalid T, Batool M, Arshad SN, Jalalah M, Alsareii SA, Harraz FA. Development of Sustainable Hydrophilic Azadirachta indica Loaded PVA Nanomembranes for Cosmetic Facemask Applications. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:156. [PMID: 36837659 PMCID: PMC9959350 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber-based facial masks have attracted the attention of modern cosmetic applications due to their controlled drug release, biocompatibility, and better efficiency. In this work, Azadirachta indica extract (AI) incorporated electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membrane was prepared to obtain a sustainable and hydrophilic facial mask. The electrospun AI incorporated PVA nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) drug release, water absorption analysis, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and antibacterial activity (qualitative and quantitative) at different PVA and AI concentrations. The optimized nanofiber of 376 ± 75 nm diameter was obtained at 8 wt/wt% PVA concentration and 100% AI extract. The AI nanoparticles of size range 50~250 nm in the extract were examined through a zeta sizer. The water absorption rate of ~660% and 17.24° water contact angle shows good hydrophilic nature and water absorbency of the nanofiber membrane. The UV-Vis also analyzed fast drug release of >70% in 5 min. The prepared membrane also exhibits 99.9% antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and has 79% antioxidant activity. Moreover, the membrane also had good mechanical properties (tensile strength 1.67 N, elongation 48%) and breathability (air permeability 15.24 mm/s). AI-incorporated nanofiber membrane can effectively be used for facial mask application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Tahir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Hasan B. Albargi
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Ahmad
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Qadir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Khaliq
- Department of Materials, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Khalid
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Batool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Salman Noshear Arshad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Jalalah
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A. Alsareii
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid A. Harraz
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
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Wylie MR, Merrell DS. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891535. [PMID: 35712721 PMCID: PMC9195866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), also known as the neem tree, has been used for millennia as a traditional remedy for a multitude of human ailments. Also recognized around the world as a broad-spectrum pesticide and fertilizer, neem has applications in agriculture and beyond. Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology. Herein, some of the most recent studies that demonstrate the potential of neem as a previously untapped source of novel therapeutics are summarized as they relate to the aforementioned research topics. Additionally, the capacity of neem extracts and compounds to act against drug-resistant and biofilm-forming organisms, both of which represent large groups of pathogens for which there are limited treatment options, are highlighted. Updated information on the phytochemistry and safety of neem-derived products are discussed as well. Although there is a growing body of exciting evidence that supports the use of A. indica as an antimicrobial, additional studies are clearly needed to determine the specific mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and in vivo safety of neem as a treatment for human pathogens of interest. Moreover, the various ongoing studies and the diverse properties of neem discussed herein may serve as a guide for the discovery of new antimicrobials that may exist in other herbal panaceas across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Wylie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Wylie MR, Windham IH, Blum FC, Wu H, Merrell DS. In vitro antibacterial activity of nimbolide against Helicobacter pylori. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114828. [PMID: 34763046 PMCID: PMC8714693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nimbolide is one of hundreds of phytochemicals that have been identified within the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). As an evergreen tree native to the Indian subcontinent, components of the neem tree have been used for millennia in traditional medicine to treat dental, gastrointestinal, urinary tract, and blood-related ailments, ulcers, headaches, heartburn, and diabetes. In modern times, natural oils and extracts from the neem tree have been found to have activities against a variety of microorganisms, including human pathogens. AIM OF THE STUDY Helicobacter pylori, a prevalent gastric pathogen, shows increasing levels of antibiotic resistance. Thus, there is an increasing demand for novel therapeutics to treat chronic infections. The in vitro activity of neem oil extract against H. pylori was previously characterized and found to be bactericidal. Given the numerous phytochemicals found in neem oil extract, the present study was designed to define and characterize specific compounds showing bactericidal activity against H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Azadirachtin, gedunin, and nimbolide, which are all common in neem extracts, were tested for antimicrobial activity; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for nine strains of H. pylori. The specific properties of nimbolide were further characterized against H. pylori strain G27. Bactericidal kinetics, reversibility, effectiveness at low pH, and activity under bacteriostatic conditions were examined. The hemolytic activity of nimbolide was also measured. Finally, neem oil extract and nimbolide effectiveness against H. pylori biofilms were examined in comparison to common antibiotics used to treat H. pylori infection. RESULTS Nimbolide, but not azadirachtin or gedunin, was effective against H. pylori; MICs and MBCs against the nine tested strains ranged between 1.25-5 μg/mL and 2.5-10 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, neem oil extract and nimbolide were both effective against H. pylori biofilms. Nimbolide exhibited no significant hemolytic activity at biologically relevant concentrations. The bactericidal activity of nimbolide was time- and dose-dependent, independent of active H. pylori growth, and synergistic with low pH. Furthermore, nimbolide-mediated H. pylori cell death was irreversible after exposure to high nimbolide concentrations (80 μg/mL, after 2 h of exposure time and 40 μg/mL after 8 h of exposure). CONCLUSIONS Nimbolide has significant bactericidal activity against H. pylori, killing both free living bacterial cells as well as cells within a biofilm. Furthermore, the lack of hemolytic activity, synergistic activity at low pH and bactericidal properties even against bacteria in a state of growth arrest are all ideal pharmacological and biologically relevant properties for a potential new agent. This study underscores the potential of neem oil extract or nimbolide to be used as a future treatment for H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Wylie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Ian H Windham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Faith C Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - Hannah Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States.
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de Abreu MS, Costa F, Giacomini ACVV, Demin KA, Petersen EV, Rosemberg DB, Kalueff AV. Exploring CNS effects of American traditional medicines using zebrafish models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:550-559. [PMID: 34254921 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210712153329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although American traditional medicine (ATM) has been practiced for millennia, its complex multi-target mechanisms of therapeutic action remain poorly understood. Animal models are widely used to elucidate the therapeutic effects of various ATMs, including their modulation of brain and behavior. Complementing rodent models, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising novel organism in translational neuroscience and neuropharmacology research. Here, we emphasize the growing value of zebrafish for testing neurotropic effects of ATMs and outline future directions of research in this field. We also demonstrate the developing utility of zebrafish as complementary models for probing CNS mechanisms of ATM action and their potential to treat brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Fabiano Costa
- Toxicological Biochemistry, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Elena V Petersen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, United States
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Rubab M, Chelliah R, Saravanakumar K, Kim JR, Yoo D, Wang MH, Oh DH. Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of white cabbage extract on the quality and shelf life of raw beef during refrigerated storage. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41430-41442. [PMID: 35516557 PMCID: PMC9057788 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica vegetables are well-characterized, containing a wide-spectrum of phenolic compounds that are responsible for their diverse biological activities like antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This study explored the preservative effect of Brassica oleracea var. capitate f. alba (white cabbage; WC) on beef under refrigerated conditions for 16 days. The antimicrobial activities of WC were evaluated against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined on the basis of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, through employing DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS analysis. The results indicated that among the different solvent extracts, white cabbage chloroform extract [WCCE] exhibited outstanding bioactive properties due to the presence of 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol, and the effects of WCCE at different levels (A and B) on the quality and shelf life of beef in storage were evaluated. The color parameters (lightness, yellowness, and redness), texture analysis, and pH values were monitored constantly with 4 days interval, and microbial analysis was conducted. The results showed that WCCE-A treatment significantly reduced the total viable counts, psychrotrophic bacteria, and yeast-molds when compared with WCCE-B and control during refrigeration storage, with the activity varying in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Significantly, the WCCE-A treatments had better appearance compared with the control after 16 days of storage. All results confirmed that WCCE which is rich in bioactive compounds, effectively maintains the quality of beef compared to the control by retarding lipid oxidation and microbial growth at refrigeration temperature and also emphasize the potential applications of this plant in different industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momna Rubab
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
| | - Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
| | - Jong-Rae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
- Hanmi Natural Nutrition Co., LTD 44-20, Tongil-ro 1888 beon-gil, Munsan Paju Gyeonggi South Korea
| | - Daesang Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
- H-FOOD 108-66, 390 gil, Jingun Oh Nam-Ro, Nam Yang Ju-Shi Gyung Gi-Do South Korea
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701 South Korea
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10
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Islas JF, Acosta E, G-Buentello Z, Delgado-Gallegos JL, Moreno-Treviño MG, Escalante B, Moreno-Cuevas JE. An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. J Funct Foods 2020; 74:104171. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Sarkar L, Putchala RK, Safiriyu AA, Das Sarma J. Azadirachta indica A. Juss Ameliorates Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Induced Neuroinflammatory Demyelination by Modulating Cell-to-Cell Fusion in an Experimental Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:116. [PMID: 32477069 PMCID: PMC7236902 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-induced murine neuroinflammation serves as a model to study acute meningoencephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and chronic neuroinflammatory demyelination; which mimics certain pathologies of the human neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation occurs due to direct glial cell dystrophy instigated by central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and astrocytes, in contrast to peripheral CD4+T cell-mediated myelin damage prevalent in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Viral envelope Spike glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion is an essential mechanistic step for MHV-induced CNS pathogenicity. Although Azadirachta indica (Neem), a traditional phytomedicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and spermicidal activities, not much is known about anti-neuroinflammatory properties of its bark (NBE) in MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation and chronic demyelination. Recombinant demyelinating MHV strain (RSA59) was preincubated with NBE to arrest the infection-initiation event, and its effect on viral replication, viral transcription, cytokine expression, and successive pathogenicity were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Virus-free Luciferase assay explained NBE's anti-virus-to-cell fusion activity in vitro. Intracranial inoculation of RSA59 preincubated with NBE into the mouse brain significantly reduces acute hepatitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and chronic progressive demyelination. Additionally, NBE effectively restricts viral entry, dissemination in CNS, viral replication, viral transcription, and expression of the viral nucleocapsid and inflammatory cytokines. From mechanistic standpoints, RSA59 preincubated with NBE reduced viral entry, viral replication and cell-to-cell fusion, as a mode of viral dissemination. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection with NBE (25 mg/kg B.W.) into mice revealed a significant reduction in viral Nucleocapsid protein expression in vivo. Conclusively, A. indica bark extract may directly bind to the virus-host attachment Spike glycoprotein and suppresses MHV-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis by inhibiting cell-to-cell fusion and viral replication. Further studies will focus on combining bioanalytical assays to isolate potential NBE bioactive compound(s) that contribute towards the anti-viral activity of NBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Ravi Kiran Putchala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Abass Alao Safiriyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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In Vitro Activity of Neem ( Azadirachta indica) Oil on Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus carbonarius Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100579. [PMID: 31590398 PMCID: PMC6833479 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is a saprobic filamentous fungus, food spoiling fungus and a producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxin. In this study, the in vitro antifungal activity of neem oil (0.12% p/p of azadirachtin) was evaluated against the growth of six strains of A. carbonarius and the production of OTA. Four different concentrations of neem oil were tested in addition to three incubation times. Only the concentration of 0.3% of neem oil inhibited more than 95% of the strain’s growth (97.6% ± 0.5%), while the use of 0.5% and 1.0% of neem oil showed lower antifungal activity, 40.2% ± 3.1 and 64.7% ± 1.1, respectively. There was a complete inhibition of OTA production with 0.1% and 0.3% neem oil in the four strains isolated in the laboratory from grapes. The present study shows that neem essential oil can be further evaluated as an auxiliary method for the reduction of mycelial growth and OTA production.
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Ouerfelli M, Villasante J, Ben Kaâb LB, Almajano M. Effect of Neem ( Azadirachta indica L.) on Lipid Oxidation in Raw Chilled Beef Patties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E305. [PMID: 31416174 PMCID: PMC6720949 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the total polyphenol content, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and to evaluate their effect on shelf-life stability of raw beef patties during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. During 11 days of storage, the antioxidant effect of A. indica on ground beef meat was investigated by the determination of lipid oxidation, pH, anti-radical activity, color, hexanal content, and microbial growth. The results obtained showed that fresh A. indica leaves and synthetic conservative behaved in the same way and retarded the lipid oxidation of chilled beef patties while increasing their pH (5.40 and 5.45, respectively). It can also be said that A. indica limited the loss of color, reduced the metmyoglobin formation (36.70%) and had a significant effect on bacterial growth and hexanal content. In addition, the results obtained through anti-radical and antimicrobial properties showed proportional values of total polyphenol content and radical scavenging activity of leaf extracts as they showed their antimicrobial effect against some bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, among others. These results support the involvement of A. indica in the food industry as a natural antioxidant that could replace synthetic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ouerfelli
- Research Unit "Nutrition et Métabolisme Azotés et Protéines de Stress" (UR/ES-13-29), Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), University of Tunis El-Manar (UTM), University Campus of Tunis El-Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Villasante
- Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leila Bettaieb Ben Kaâb
- Research Unit "Nutrition et Métabolisme Azotés et Protéines de Stress" (UR/ES-13-29), Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), University of Tunis El-Manar (UTM), University Campus of Tunis El-Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - MaríaPilar Almajano
- Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), School of Industrial Engineering of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Blum FC, Singh J, Merrell DS. In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil extract against Helicobacter pylori. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 232:236-243. [PMID: 30578933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The neem tree (Azadirachta indica A.Juss), of the Meliaceae family, has been used in India for millennia in traditional medicine. Parts of the tree are used to treat problems with the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and hair; to combat infections of smallpox and plasmodium; and to treat ulcers, diabetes, blood pressure, headache, and heartburn. Natural products and extracts from the tree have been reported to have antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Antibiotic resistance in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is increasing, and novel therapeutics to eradicate this bacterium are needed. Given the growing interest in the use of natural products as antimicrobials, this study was designed to examine the bactericidal effects of an extract of neem oil against H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neem oil was obtained from a commercial source and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether and aqueous methanol; the methanol-soluble fraction was retained. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were determined against nine strains of H. pylori. Additionally, specific properties of the extract were characterized using H. pylori strain G27: bactericidal kinetics, reversibility, and effectiveness under growth arrest conditions and at low pH. The hemolytic activity of the extract was measured in vitro. RESULTS The MIC and MBC of the extract against the H. pylori strains were between 25 and 51 µg/mL and 43-68 µg/mL, respectively. The bactericidal activity was time- and concentration-dependent, and at the highest concentrations (75-105 µg/mL), no detectable bacteria were present by 6 h. The activity of the extract was reversible, independent of H. pylori growth, and increased at low pH. The extract exhibited no appreciable hemolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Neem oil extract has significant bactericidal activity against H. pylori. The extract has several favorable pharmacological properties, including ability to kill non-growing bacteria, increased activity at low pH, and no hemolytic activity. The compound(s) present in the extract could potentially be used as a future treatment for H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
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Antinociceptive activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem, Meliaceae) fruit through opioid, glutamatergic and acid-sensitive ion pathways in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:408-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Alternative Use of Extracts of Chipilín Leaves (Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn) as Antimicrobial. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10030883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rehana D, Mahendiran D, Kumar RS, Rahiman AK. Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using medicinally important plant extracts. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1067-1077. [PMID: 28292015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by green chemistry approach using different plant extracts obtained from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Murraya koenigii, Moringa oleifera and Tamarindus indica. In order to compare their efficiency, the same copper oxide nanoparticles was also synthesized by chemical method. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, proteins and amino acids. FT IR spectra confirmed the possible biomolecules responsible for the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance absorption band at 220-235nm in the UV-vis spectra also supports the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD patterns revealed the monoclinic phase of the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. The average size, shape and the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles were determined by SEM, TEM and SAED analysis. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of elements in the synthesized nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three different free radical scavenging assays. The cytotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against four cancer cell lines such as human breast (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa), epithelioma (Hep-2) and lung (A549), and one normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell line. The morphological changes were evaluated using Hoechst 33258 staining assay. Copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green method exhibited high antioxidant and cytotoxicity than that synthesized by chemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilaveez Rehana
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, The New College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 014, India; Department of Chemistry, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women (Autonomous), Chennai 600 018, India
| | - D Mahendiran
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, The New College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 014, India
| | - R Senthil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Tiruchengodu 637 205, India
| | - A Kalilur Rahiman
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, The New College (Autonomous), Chennai 600 014, India.
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