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Chen Y, Kuang J, Niu Y, Zhu H, Chen X, So KF, Xu A, Shi L. Multiple factors to assist human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells to efficiently differentiate into midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:908-914. [PMID: 37843228 PMCID: PMC10664128 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.378203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons play an important role in the etiology of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. They also represent a potential source of transplanted cells for therapeutic applications. In vitro differentiation of functional midbrain dopaminergic neurons provides an accessible platform to study midbrain neuronal dysfunction and can be used to examine obstacles to dopaminergic neuronal development. Emerging evidence and impressive advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells, with tuned neural induction and differentiation protocols, makes the production of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons feasible. Using SB431542 and dorsomorphin dual inhibitor in an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural induction protocol, we obtained multiple subtypes of neurons, including 20% tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons. To obtain more dopaminergic neurons, we next added sonic hedgehog (SHH) and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) on day 8 of induction. This increased the proportion of dopaminergic neurons, up to 75% tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, with 15% tyrosine hydroxylase and forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) co-expressing neurons. We further optimized the induction protocol by applying the small molecule inhibitor, CHIR99021 (CHIR).This helped facilitate the generation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and we obtained 31-74% midbrain dopaminergic neurons based on tyrosine hydroxylase and FOXA2 staining. Thus, we have established three induction protocols for dopaminergic neurons. Based on tyrosine hydroxylase and FOXA2 immunostaining analysis, the CHIR, SHH, and FGF8 combined protocol produces a much higher proportion of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which could be an ideal resource for tackling midbrain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junxin Kuang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yimei Niu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongyao Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Anding Xu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Ye P, Fang Q, Hu X, Zou W, Huang M, Ke M, Li Y, Liu M, Cai X, Zhang C, Hua N, Al-Sheikh U, Liu X, Yu P, Jiang P, Pan PY, Luo J, Jiang LH, Xu S, Fang EF, Su H, Kang L, Yang W. TRPM2 as a conserved gatekeeper determines the vulnerability of DA neurons by mediating ROS sensing and calcium dyshomeostasis. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102530. [PMID: 37739206 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Different dopaminergic (DA) neuronal subgroups exhibit distinct vulnerability to stress, while the underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here we report that the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel is preferentially expressed in vulnerable DA neuronal subgroups, which correlates positively with aging in Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients. Overexpression of human TRPM2 in the DA neurons of C. elegans resulted in selective death of ADE but not CEP neurons in aged worms. Mechanistically, TRPM2 activation mediates FZO-1/CED-9-dependent mitochondrial hyperfusion and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), leading to ADE death. In mice, TRPM2 knockout reduced vulnerable substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) DA neuronal death induced by stress. Moreover, the TRPM2-mediated vulnerable DA neuronal death pathway is conserved from C. elegans to toxin-treated mice model and PD patient iPSC-derived DA neurons. The vulnerable SNc DA neuronal loss is the major symptom and cause of PD, and therefore the TRPM2-mediated pathway serves as a promising therapeutic target against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Ye
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiuyuan Fang
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xupang Hu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Wenjuan Zou
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Miaodan Huang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Minjing Ke
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yunhao Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Congyi Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning Hua
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Umar Al-Sheikh
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peilin Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Peiran Jiang
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping-Yue Pan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jianhong Luo
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Sino-UK Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China; University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Huanxing Su
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Lijun Kang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Secondary Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China; School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Xu T, Cao L, Duan J, Li Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Li S, Zhang M, Wang G, Guo F, Lu J. Uncovering the role of FOXA2 in the Development of Human Serotonin Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303884. [PMID: 37679064 PMCID: PMC10646255 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of serotonin neurons (SNs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides a valuable tool for uncovering the mechanism of human SN development and the associated neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies report that FOXA2 is expressed by serotonergic progenitors (SNPs) and functioned as a serotonergic fate determinant in mouse. However, in the routine differentiation experiments, it is accidentally found that less SNs and more non-neuronal cells are obtained from SNP stage with higher percentage of FOXA2-positive cells. This phenomenon prompted them to question the role of FOXA2 as an intrinsic fate determinant for human SN differentiation. Herein, by direct differentiation of engineered hPSCs into SNs, it is found that the SNs are not derived from FOXA2-lineage cells; FOXA2-knockout hPSCs can still differentiate into mature and functional SNs with typical serotonergic identity; FOXA2 overexpression suppresses the SN differentiation, indicating that FOXA2 is not intrinsically required for human SN differentiation. Furthermore, repressing FOXA2 expression by retinoic acid (RA) and dynamically modulating Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway promotes human SN differentiation. This study uncovers the role of FOXA2 in human SN development and improves the differentiation efficiency of hPSCs into SNs by repressing FOXA2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lining Cao
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jinjin Duan
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yingqi Li
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - You Li
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhangsen Hu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuanqing Li
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Meihui Zhang
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guanhao Wang
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Suzhou Institute of Tongji University, Suzhou, 215101, China
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Moon H, Kim B, Kwon I, Oh Y. Challenges involved in cell therapy for Parkinson's disease using human pluripotent stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1288168. [PMID: 37886394 PMCID: PMC10598731 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1288168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a valuable tool for studying human neural development and neurodegenerative diseases. The investigation of hPSC-based cell therapy, involving the differentiation of hPSCs into target cells and their transplantation into affected regions, is of particular interest. One neurodegenerative disease that is being extensively studied for hPSC-based cell therapy is Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common among humans. Various research groups are focused on differentiating hPSCs into ventral midbrain dopaminergic (vmDA) progenitors, which have the potential to further differentiate into neurons closely resembling DA neurons found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) after transplantation, providing a promising treatment option for PD. In vivo experiments, where hPSC-derived vmDA progenitor cells were transplanted into the striatum or SNpc of animal PD models, the transplanted cells demonstrated stable engraftment and resulted in behavioral recovery in the transplanted animals. Several differentiation protocols have been developed for this specific cell therapy. However, the lack of a reliable live-cell lineage identification method presents a significant obstacle in confirming the precise lineage of the differentiated cells intended for transplantation, as well as identifying potential contamination by non-vmDA progenitors. This deficiency increases the risk of adverse effects such as dyskinesias and tumorigenicity, highlighting the importance of addressing this issue before proceeding with transplantation. Ensuring the differentiation of hPSCs into the target cell lineage is a crucial step to guarantee precise therapeutic effects in cell therapy. To underscore the significance of lineage identification, this review focuses on the differentiation protocols of hPSC-derived vmDA progenitors developed by various research groups for PD treatment. Moreover, in vivo experimental results following transplantation were carefully analyzed. The encouraging outcomes from these experiments demonstrate the potential efficacy and safety of hPSC-derived vmDA progenitors for PD cell therapy. Additionally, the results of clinical trials involving the use of hPSC-derived vmDA progenitors for PD treatment were briefly reviewed, shedding light on the progress and challenges faced in translating this promising therapy into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechang Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbeom Kwon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Advanced BioConvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Fares MB, Alijevic O, Johne S, Overk C, Hashimoto M, Kondylis A, Adame A, Dulize R, Peric D, Nury C, Battey J, Guedj E, Sierro N, Mc Hugh D, Rockenstein E, Kim C, Rissman RA, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Masliah E, Mathis C. Nicotine-mediated effects in neuronal and mouse models of synucleinopathy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1239009. [PMID: 37719154 PMCID: PMC10501483 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1239009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation, transmission, and contribution to neurotoxicity represent central mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease. The plant alkaloid "nicotine" was reported to attenuate α-Syn aggregation in different models, but its precise mode of action remains unclear. Methods In this study, we investigated the effect of 2-week chronic nicotine treatment on α-Syn aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and motor deficits in D-line α-Syn transgenic mice. We also established a novel humanized neuronal model of α-Syn aggregation and toxicity based on treatment of dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) with α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFF) and applied this model to investigate the effects of nicotine and other compounds and their modes of action. Results and discussion Overall, our results showed that nicotine attenuated α-Syn-provoked neuropathology in both models. Moreover, when investigating the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling in nicotine's neuroprotective effects in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons, we observed that while α4-specific antagonists reduced the nicotine-induced calcium response, α4 agonists (e.g., AZD1446 and anatabine) mediated similar neuroprotective responses against α-Syn PFF-provoked neurodegeneration. Our results show that nicotine attenuates α-Syn-provoked neuropathology in vivo and in a humanized neuronal model of synucleinopathy and that activation of α4β2 nicotinic receptors might mediate these neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Alijevic
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Johne
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Remi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Damian Mc Hugh
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Yeon GB, Jeon BM, Yoo SH, Kim D, Oh SS, Park S, Shin WH, Kim HW, Na D, Kim DW, Kim DS. Differentiation of astrocytes with characteristics of ventral midbrain from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1890-1906. [PMID: 37067644 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and functional diversity among region-specific astrocytes is of great interest in basic neuroscience and the study of neurological diseases. In this study, we present the generation and characterization of astrocytes from human embryonic stem cells with the characteristics of the ventral midbrain (VM). Fine modulation of WNT and SHH signaling during neural differentiation induced neural precursor cells (NPCs) with high expression of EN1 and NKX6.1, but less expression of FOXA2. Overexpression of nuclear factor IB in NPCs induced astrocytes, thereby maintaining the expression of region-specific genes acquired in the NPC stage. When cocultured with dopaminergic (DA) precursors or DA neurons, astrocytes with VM characteristics (VM-iASTs) promoted the differentiation and survival of DA neurons better than those that were not regionally specified. Transcriptomic analysis showed that VM-iASTs were more closely related to human primary midbrain astrocytes than to cortical astrocytes, and revealed the upregulation of WNT1 and WNT5A, which supports their VM identity and explains their superior activity in DA neurons. Taken together, we hope that VM-iASTs can serve to improve ongoing DA precursor transplantation for Parkinson's disease, and that their transcriptomic data provide a valuable resource for investigating regional diversity in human astrocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Bum Yeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-Integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, 97 Gurodong-Gil, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
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Nakamura R, Nonaka R, Oyama G, Jo T, Kamo H, Nuermaimaiti M, Akamatsu W, Ishikawa KI, Hattori N. A defined method for differentiating human iPSCs into midbrain dopaminergic progenitors that safely restore motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1202027. [PMID: 37502682 PMCID: PMC10368972 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1202027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects motor functions; it is caused by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. The therapeutic effects of transplanting human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mDA neural progenitor cells in animal PD models are known and are being evaluated in an ongoing clinical trial. However, However, improvements in the safety and efficiency of differentiation-inducing methods are crucial for providing a larger scale of cell therapy studies. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of dopaminergic progenitor cells derived from human iPSCs by our previously reported method, which promotes differentiation and neuronal maturation by treating iPSCs with three inhibitors at the start of induction. Methods Healthy subject-derived iPS cells were induced into mDA progenitor cells by the CTraS-mediated method we previously reported, and their proprieties and dopaminergic differentiation efficiency were examined in vitro. Then, the induced mDA progenitors were transplanted into 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned PD model mice, and their efficacy in improving motor function, cell viability, and differentiation ability in vivo was evaluated for 16 weeks. Results Approximately ≥80% of cells induced by this method without sorting expressed mDA progenitor markers and differentiated primarily into A9 dopaminergic neurons in vitro. After transplantation in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned PD model mice, more than 90% of the engrafted cells differentiated into the lineage of mDA neurons, and approximately 15% developed into mature mDA neurons without tumour formation. The grafted PD model mice also demonstrated significantly improved motor functions. Conclusion This study suggests that the differentiation protocol for the preparation of mDA progenitors is a promising option for cell therapy in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Nonaka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Data of Parkinson’s Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genko Oyama
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Jo
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kamo
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maierdanjiang Nuermaimaiti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Data of Parkinson’s Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research and Development for Organoids, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Data of Parkinson’s Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research and Development for Organoids, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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Yoo M, Choi DC, Murphy A, Ahsan AM, Junn E. MicroRNA-593-5p contributes to cell death following exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) by targeting PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1). J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104709. [PMID: 37060996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a decline in neuronal function and structure, leading to neuronal death. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal death is crucial for developing therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by degrading target mRNAs or inhibiting translation. MiR dysregulation has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. As mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the common molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal death in many neurodegenerative diseases, here we studied miRs that modulate neuronal death caused by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), an inhibitor of complex I in mitochondria. We identified miR-593-5p, levels of which were increased in SH-SY5Y human neuronal cells, after exposure to MPP+. We found that intracellular Ca2+, but not of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediated this miR-593-5p increase. Furthermore, we found the increase in miR-593-5p was due to enhanced stability, not increased transcription or miR processing. Importantly, we show the increase in miR-593-5p contributed to MPP+-induced cell death. Our data revealed that miR-593-5p inhibits a signaling pathway involving PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, two proteins responsible for the removal of damaged mitochondria from cells, by targeting the coding sequence of PINK1 mRNA. Our findings suggest that miR-593-5p contributes to neuronal death resulting from MPP+ toxicity, in part, by impeding the PINK1/Parkin-mediated pathway that facilitates the clearance of damaged mitochondria. Taken together, our observations highlight the potential significance of inhibiting miR-593-5p as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsik Yoo
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Rutgers -Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ. 08854, USA
| | - Doo Chul Choi
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Rutgers -Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ. 08854, USA
| | - Aleta Murphy
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Rutgers -Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ. 08854, USA
| | - Atiq M Ahsan
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Rutgers -Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ. 08854, USA
| | - Eunsung Junn
- RWJMS Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Rutgers -Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ. 08854, USA.
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Sibuea S, Ho JK, Pouton CW, Haynes JM. TGFβ3, dibutyryl cAMP and a notch inhibitor modulate phenotype late in stem cell-derived dopaminergic neuron maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1111705. [PMID: 36819101 PMCID: PMC9928866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDAs) from pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) holds much promise for both disease modelling studies and as a cell therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). Generally, dopaminergic neuron differentiation paradigms rely on inhibition of smad signalling for neural induction followed by hedgehog signalling and an elevation of β-catenin to drive dopaminergic differentiation. Post-patterning, differentiating dopaminergic neuron cultures are permitted time for maturation after which the success of these differentiation paradigms is usually defined by expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. However, during maturation, culture media is often supplemented with additives to promote neuron survival and or promote cell differentiation. These additives include dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP), transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) and or the γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT). While these factors are routinely added to cultures, their impact upon pluripotent stem cell-derived mDA phenotype is largely unclear. In this study, we differentiate pluripotent stem cells toward a dopaminergic phenotype and investigate how the omission of dbcAMP, TGFβ3 or DAPT, late in maturation, affects the regulation of multiple dopaminergic neuron phenotype markers. We now show that the removal of dbcAMP or TGFβ3 significantly and distinctly impacts multiple markers of the mDA phenotype (FOXA2, EN1, EN2, FOXA2, SOX6), while commonly increasing both MSX2 and NEUROD1 and reducing expression of both tyrosine hydroxylase and WNT5A. Removing DAPT significantly impacted MSX2, OTX2, EN1, and KCNJ6. In the absence of any stressful stimuli, we suggest that these culture additives should be viewed as mDA phenotype-modifying, rather than neuroprotective. We also suggest that their addition to cultures is likely to confound the interpretation of both transplantation and disease modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Sibuea
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia,National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Joan K. Ho
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John M. Haynes
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: John M. Haynes,
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Luo HM, Xu J, Huang DX, Chen YQ, Liu YZ, Li YJ, Chen H. Mitochondrial dysfunction of induced pluripotent stem cells-based neurodegenerative disease modeling and therapeutic strategy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030390. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are disorders in which neurons are lost owing to various factors, resulting in a series of dysfunctions. Their rising prevalence and irreversibility have brought physical pain to patients and economic pressure to both individuals and society. However, the pathogenesis of NDDs has not yet been fully elucidated, hampering the use of precise medication. Induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC) modeling provides a new method for drug discovery, and exploring the early pathological mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, which is not only an early but a prominent pathological feature of NDDs. In this review, we summarize the iPSC modeling approach of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as outline typical mitochondrial dysfunction and recapitulate corresponding therapeutic strategies.
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Li H, Jiang H, Li H, Li L, Yan Z, Feng J. Generation of human A9 dopaminergic pacemakers from induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4407-4418. [PMID: 35610351 PMCID: PMC9684358 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The degeneration of nigral (A9) dopaminergic (DA) neurons causes motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We use small-molecule compounds to direct the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to A9 DA neurons that share many important properties with their in vivo counterparts. The method generates a large percentage of TH+ neurons that express appropriate A9 markers, such as GIRK2 and ALDH1A1, but mostly not the A10 marker CALBINDIN. Functionally, they exhibit autonomous pacemaking based on L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and show autoreceptor-dependent regulation of dopamine release. When transplanted in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned athymic rats, the human A9 DA neurons manifest robust survival and axon outgrowth, and ameliorate motor deficits in the rat PD model. The ability to generate patient-specific A9 DA autonomous pacemakers will significantly improve PD research and facilitate the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Hanqin Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA.
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12
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Shang J, Li B, Fan H, Liu P, Zhao W, Chen T, Chen P, Yang L. Sevoflurane promotes premature differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941984. [PMID: 36176283 PMCID: PMC9513420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Conventional animal models used in corresponding basic studies are distinct from humans in terms of the brain’s development trajectory, tissue cytoarchitecture and cell types, making it difficult to accurately evaluate the potential adverse effects of anesthetic treatments on human fetal brain development. This study investigated the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain’s development and cytopathology using human physiologically-relevant midbrain organoids. Methods: Monolayer human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived human floor plate cells and three-dimensional hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids (hMBOs) were exposed to 2% (v/v) sevoflurane for 2 or 6 h, followed by expansion or differentiation culture. Then, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, EdU assay, Tunnel assay, and transcriptome sequencing were performed to examine the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain’s development. Results: We found that 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited hFPCs’ proliferation (differentiation culture: 7.2% ± 0.3% VS. 13.3% ± 0.7%, p = 0.0043; expansion culture: 48% ± 2.2% VS. 35.2% ± 1.4%, p = 0.0002) and increased their apoptosis, but did not affect their differentiation into human dopaminergic neurons After 6 h, 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited cell proliferation (62.8% ± 5.6% VS. 100% ± 5.5%, p = 0.0065) and enhanced the premature differentiation of hMBOs (246% ± 5.2% VS. 100% ± 28%, p = 0.0065). The RNA-seq results showed long-term exposure to sevoflurane up regulates some transcription factors in the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, while short-term exposure to sevoflurane has a weak up-regulation effect on these transcription factors. Conclusion: This study revealed that long-term exposure to sevoflurane could promote the premature differentiation of hMBOs, while short-term exposure had negligible effects, suggesting that long-term exposure to sevoflurane in pregnant women may lead to fetals’ midbrain development disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shang
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Han Fan
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peidi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Organ Manufacturing (TEOM) Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Longqiu Yang, ; Pu Chen,
| | - Longqiu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
- Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Longqiu Yang, ; Pu Chen,
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Sensitive detection of electrophysiology and dopamine vesicular exocytosis of hESC-Derived dopaminergic neurons using multifunctional microelectrode array. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Needham J, Metzis V. Heads or tails: Making the spinal cord. Dev Biol 2022; 485:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Spathopoulou A, Edenhofer F, Fellner L. Targeting α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. Front Neurol 2022; 12:786835. [PMID: 35145469 PMCID: PMC8821105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.786835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, no specific treatment to halt disease progression is available, only medication to alleviate symptoms can be prescribed. The main pathological hallmark of PD is the development of neuronal inclusions, positive for α-synuclein (α-syn), which are termed Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites. However, the cause of the inclusion formation and the loss of neurons remain largely elusive. Various genetic determinants were reported to be involved in PD etiology, including SNCA, DJ-1, PRKN, PINK1, LRRK2, and GBA. Comprehensive insights into pathophysiology of PD critically depend on appropriate models. However, conventional model organisms fall short to faithfully recapitulate some features of this complex disease and as a matter-of-fact access to physiological tissue is limiting. The development of disease models replicating PD that are close to human physiology and dynamic enough to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease initiation and progression, as well as the generation of new treatment options, is an important and overdue step. Recently, the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural models, particularly from genetic PD-variants, developed into a promising strategy to investigate the molecular mechanisms regarding formation of inclusions and neurodegeneration. As these iPSC-derived neurons can be generated from accessible biopsied samples of PD patients, they carry pathological alterations and enable the possibility to analyze the differences compared to healthy neurons. This review focuses on iPSC models carrying genetic PD-variants of α-syn that will be especially helpful in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD. Furthermore, we discuss how iPSC models can be instrumental in identifying cellular targets, potentially leading to the development of new therapeutic treatments. We will outline the enormous potential, but also discuss the limitations of iPSC-based α-syn models.
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Roles of Transcription Factors in the Development and Reprogramming of the Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020845. [PMID: 35055043 PMCID: PMC8775916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons regulate various critical processes in the mammalian nervous system, including voluntary movement and a wide range of behaviors such as mood, reward, addiction, and stress. mdDA neuronal loss is linked with one of the most prominent human movement neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease (PD). How these cells die and regenerate are two of the most hotly debated PD research topics. As for the latter, it has been long known that a series of transcription factors (TFs) involves the development of mdDA neurons, specifying cell types and controlling developmental patterns. In vitro and in vivo, TFs regulate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, a dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, all of which are critical for dopamine synthesis and transport in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons). In this review, we encapsulate the molecular mechanism of TFs underlying embryonic growth and maturation of mdDA neurons and update achievements on dopaminergic cell therapy dependent on knowledge of TFs in mdDA neuronal development. We believe that a deeper understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence DA neurons’ fate and development in the midbrain could lead to a better strategy for PD cell therapy.
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17
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Zeng X, Qin H. Stem Cell Transplantation for Parkinson’s Disease: Current Challenges and Perspectives. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1652-1663. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Self-organization of human dorsal-ventral forebrain structures by light induced SHH. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6768. [PMID: 34799555 PMCID: PMC8604999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizing centers secrete morphogens that specify the emergence of germ layers and the establishment of the body's axes during embryogenesis. While traditional experimental embryology tools have been instrumental in dissecting the molecular aspects of organizers in model systems, they are impractical in human in-vitro model systems to dissect the relationships between signaling and fate along embryonic coordinates. To systematically study human embryonic organizer centers, we devised a collection of optogenetic ePiggyBac vectors to express a photoactivatable Cre-loxP recombinase, that allows the systematic induction of organizer structures by shining blue-light on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We used a light stimulus to geometrically confine SHH expression in neuralizing hESCs. This led to the self-organization of mediolateral neural patterns. scRNA-seq analysis established that these structures represent the dorsal-ventral forebrain, at the end of the first month of development. Here, we show that morphogen light-stimulation is a scalable tool that induces self-organizing centers.
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19
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Krajka V, Naujock M, Pauly MG, Stengel F, Meier B, Stanslowsky N, Klein C, Seibler P, Wegner F, Capetian P. Ventral Telencephalic Patterning Protocols for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716249. [PMID: 34490265 PMCID: PMC8416478 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into specific cell types for disease modeling and restorative therapies is a key research agenda and offers the possibility to obtain patient-specific cells of interest for a wide range of diseases. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) play a particular role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s dementia and isolated dystonias. In this work, various directed differentiation protocols based on monolayer neural induction were tested for their effectiveness in promoting a ventral telencephalic phenotype and generating BFCN. Ventralizing factors [i.e., purmorphamine and Sonic hedgehog (SHH)] were applied at different time points, time intervals, and concentrations. In addition, caudal identity was prevented by the use of a small molecule XAV-939 that inhibits the Wnt-pathway. After patterning, gene expression profiles were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Rostro-ventral patterning is most effective when initiated simultaneously with neural induction. The most promising combination of patterning factors was 0.5 μM of purmorphamine and 1 μM of XAV-939, which induces the highest expression of transcription factors specific for the medial ganglionic eminence, the source of GABAergic inter- and cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon. Upon maturation of cells, the immune phenotype, as well as electrophysiological properties were investigated showing the presence of marker proteins specific for BFCN (choline acetyltransferase, ISL1, p75, and NKX2.1) and GABAergic neurons. Moreover, a considerable fraction of measured cells displayed mature electrophysiological properties. Synaptic boutons containing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT) could be observed in the vicinity of the cells. This work will help to generate basal forebrain interneurons from hiPSCs, providing a promising platform for modeling neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Krajka
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Martje G Pauly
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Felix Stengel
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Meier
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Philipp Capetian
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Jalink P, Caiazzo M. Brain Organoids: Filling the Need for a Human Model of Neurological Disorder. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:740. [PMID: 34439972 PMCID: PMC8389592 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are among the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for almost all onsets of dementia in the elderly, and are known to negatively affect motor ability, mental and cognitive performance, as well as overall wellbeing and happiness. Currently, most neurological disorders go untreated due to a lack of viable treatment options. The reason for this lack of options is s poor understanding of the disorders, primarily due to research models that do not translate well into the human in vivo system. Current models for researching neurological disorders, neurodevelopment, and drug interactions in the central nervous system include in vitro monolayer cell cultures, and in vivo animal models. These models have shortcomings when it comes to translating research about disorder pathology, development, and treatment to humans. Brain organoids are three-dimensional (3D) cultures of stem cell-derived neural cells that mimic the development of the in vivo human brain with high degrees of accuracy. Researchers have started developing these miniature brains to model neurodevelopment, and neuropathology. Brain organoids have been used to model a wide range of neurological disorders, including the complex and poorly understood neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the brain organoid technology, placing special focus on the different brain organoid models that have been developed, discussing their strengths, weaknesses, and uses in neurological disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jalink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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21
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Subedi B, Anderson S, Croft TL, Rouchka EC, Zhang M, Hammond-Weinberger DR. Gene alteration in zebrafish exposed to a mixture of substances of abuse. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116777. [PMID: 33689951 PMCID: PMC8053679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A recent surge in the use and abuse of diverse prescribed psychotic and illicit drugs necessitates the surveillance of drug residues in source water and the associated ecological impacts of chronic exposure to the aquatic organism. Thirty-six psychotic and illicit drug residues were determined in discharged wastewater from two centralized municipal wastewater treatment facilities and two wastewater receiving creeks for seven consecutive days in Kentucky. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae were exposed to the environmental relevant mixtures of all drug residues, all illicit drugs, and all prescribed psychotic drugs. The extracted RNA from fish homogenates was sequenced, and differentially expressed sequences were analyzed for known or predicted nervous system expression, and screened annotated protein-coding genes to the true environmental cocktail mixture. Illicit stimulant (cocaine and one metabolite), opioids (methadone, methadone metabolite, and oxycodone), hallucinogen (MDA), benzodiazepine (oxazepam and temazepam), carbamazepine, and all target selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors including sertraline, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, and citalopram were quantified in 100% of collected samples from both creeks. The high dose cocktail mixture exposure group revealed the largest group of differentially expressed genes: 100 upregulated and 77 downregulated (p ≤ 0.05; q ≤ 0.05). The top 20 differentially expressed sequences in each exposure group comprise 82 unique transcripts corresponding to 74% annotated genes, 7% non-coding sequences, and 19% uncharacterized sequences. Among 61 differentially expressed sequences that corresponded to annotated protein-coding genes, 23 (38%) genes or their homologs are known to be expressed in the nervous system of fish or other organisms. Several of the differentially expressed sequences are associated primarily with the immune system, including several major histocompatibility complex class I and interferon-induced proteins. Interleukin-1 beta (downregulated in this study) abnormalities are considered a risk factor for psychosis. This is the first study to assess the contributions of multiple classes of psychotic and illicit drugs in combination with developmental gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY, United States.
| | - S Anderson
- Department of Biology, Murray State University, Murray, KY, United States
| | - T L Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY, United States
| | - E C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - M Zhang
- Genomics Facility University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Modelling Parkinson's Disease: iPSCs towards Better Understanding of Human Pathology. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030373. [PMID: 33799491 PMCID: PMC8000082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. The underlying cause of Parkinson disease is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. It has been challenging to develop an efficient animal model to accurately represent the complex phenotypes found with PD. However, it has become possible to recapitulate the myriad of phenotypes underlying the PD pathology by using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Patient-specific iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons are available and present an opportunity to study many aspects of the PD phenotypes in a dish. In this review, we report the available data on iPSC-derived neurons derived from PD patients with identified gene mutations. Specifically, we will report on the key phenotypes of the generated iPSC-derived neurons from PD patients with different genetic background. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship these cellular phenotypes have to PD pathology and future challenges and prospects for iPSC modelling and understanding of the pathogenesis of PD.
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23
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Ke M, Chong CM, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Cai CZ, Lu JH, Qin D, Su H. Comprehensive Perspectives on Experimental Models for Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:223-246. [PMID: 33532138 PMCID: PMC7801282 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks second among the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Various cross-species preclinical models, including cellular models and animal models, have been established through the decades to study the etiology and mechanism of the disease from cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are aimed at developing effective therapeutic strategies for the disease. None of the current models can replicate all major pathological and clinical phenotypes of PD. Selection of the model for PD largely relies on our interest of study. In this review, we systemically summarized experimental PD models, including cellular and animal models used in preclinical studies, to understand the pathogenesis of PD. This review is intended to provide current knowledge about the application of these different PD models, with focus on their strengths and limitations with respect to their contributions to the assessment of the molecular pathobiology of PD and identification of the therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Ke
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cui-Zan Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- 2Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,3South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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24
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Nilsson F, Storm P, Sozzi E, Hidalgo Gil D, Birtele M, Sharma Y, Parmar M, Fiorenzano A. Single-Cell Profiling of Coding and Noncoding Genes in Human Dopamine Neuron Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:137. [PMID: 33445654 PMCID: PMC7827700 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a renewable and available source of cells useful for understanding development, developing disease models, and stem-cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). To assess the utility of stem cell cultures as an in vitro model system of human DA neurogenesis, we performed high-throughput transcriptional profiling of ~20,000 ventral midbrain (VM)-patterned stem cells at different stages of maturation using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). Using this dataset, we defined the cellular composition of human VM cultures at different timepoints and found high purity DA progenitor formation at an early stage of differentiation. DA neurons sharing similar molecular identities to those found in authentic DA neurons derived from human fetal VM were the major cell type after two months in culture. We also developed a bioinformatic pipeline that provided a comprehensive long noncoding RNA landscape based on temporal and cell-type specificity, which may contribute to unraveling the intricate regulatory network of coding and noncoding genes in DA neuron differentiation. Our findings serve as a valuable resource to elucidate the molecular steps of development, maturation, and function of human DA neurons, and to identify novel candidate coding and noncoding genes driving specification of progenitors into functionally mature DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (F.N.); (P.S.); (E.S.); (D.H.G.); (M.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Alessandro Fiorenzano
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (F.N.); (P.S.); (E.S.); (D.H.G.); (M.B.); (Y.S.)
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25
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Ishikawa KI, Nonaka R, Akamatsu W. Differentiation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons from Human iPS Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2322:73-80. [PMID: 34043194 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1495-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells provide a powerful means for analyzing disease mechanisms and drug screening, especially for neurological diseases, considering the difficulty to obtain live pathological tissue. The midbrain dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are mainly affected in Parkinson's disease, but it is impossible to obtain and analyze viable dopaminergic neurons from live patients. This problem can be overcome by the induction of dopaminergic neurons from human iPS cells. Here, we describe an efficient method for differentiating human iPS cells into midbrain dopaminergic neurons. This protocol holds merit for obtaining a deeper understanding of the disease and for developing novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Risa Nonaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Nakajima T, Ikeya M. Development of pluripotent stem cell-based human tenocytes. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 63:38-46. [PMID: 33270251 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are used as a platform for therapeutic purposes such as cell transplantation therapy and drug discovery. Another motivation for studying PSCs is to understand human embryogenesis and development. All cell types that make up the body tissues develop through defined trajectories during embryogenesis. For example, paraxial mesoderm is considered to differentiate into several cell types including skeletal muscle cells, chondrocytes, osteocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and tenocytes. Tenocytes are fibroblast cells that constitute the tendon. The step-wise narrowing fate decisions of paraxial mesoderm in the embryo have been modeled in vitro using PSCs; however, deriving tenocytes from human-induced PSCs and their application in cell therapy have long been challenging. PSC-derived tenocytes can be used for a source of cell transplantation to treat a damaged or ruptured tendon due to injury, disorder, or aging. In this review, we discuss the latest research findings on the use of PSCs for studying the biology of tenocyte development and their application in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Matsui TK, Tsuru Y, Kuwako KI. Challenges in Modeling Human Neural Circuit Formation via Brain Organoid Technology. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:607399. [PMID: 33362473 PMCID: PMC7756199 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.607399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoids are three-dimensional self-organizing tissues induced from pluripotent cells that recapitulate some aspects of early development and some of the early structure of the human brain in vitro. Brain organoids consist of neural lineage cells, such as neural stem/precursor cells, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, brain organoids contain fluid-filled ventricle-like structures surrounded by a ventricular/subventricular (VZ/SVZ) zone-like layer of neural stem cells (NSCs). These NSCs give rise to neurons, which form multiple outer layers. Since these structures resemble some aspects of structural arrangements in the developing human brain, organoid technology has attracted great interest in the research fields of human brain development and disease modeling. Developmental brain disorders have been intensely studied through the use of human brain organoids. Relatively early steps in human brain development, such as differentiation and migration, have also been studied. However, research on neural circuit formation with brain organoids has just recently began. In this review, we summarize the current challenges in studying neural circuit formation with organoids and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi K Matsui
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tsuru
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kuwako
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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28
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Drummond NJ, Singh Dolt K, Canham MA, Kilbride P, Morris GJ, Kunath T. Cryopreservation of Human Midbrain Dopaminergic Neural Progenitor Cells Poised for Neuronal Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578907. [PMID: 33224948 PMCID: PMC7674628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons by directing cells through a floor plate progenitor stage. The developmental identity of mDA neurons produced using floor plate protocols is similar to substantia nigra neurons, and this has improved the ability to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in a dish. Combined with the unlimited growth potential of pluripotent stem cells, mDA neural progenitor cell production can provide a scalable source of human dopaminergic (DA) neurons for diverse applications. However, due to the complexity and length of the protocols and inherent differences between cell lines, considerable variability of the final population of neurons is often observed. One solution to this problem is to cryopreserve committed mDA neural progenitor cells in a ready-to-use format. Creating a bank of cryopreserved mDA neural progenitor cells poised for neuronal differentiation could significantly improve reproducibility and facilitate collaborations. Here we have compared six (6) different commercial cryopreservation media and different freezing conditions for mDA neural progenitor cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. Significant differences in cell recovery were observed at 24 h post-thawing, but no differences were observed immediately upon thawing. The presence of ROCK inhibitors improved cell recovery at 24 h for all cryopreservation media tested. A faster cooling rate of 1-2°C/min was significantly better than 0.5°C/min for all conditions tested, while rapid thawing at 37°C was not always superior to slow thawing at 4°C. Importantly, cryopreservation of mDA neural progenitor cells did not alter their potential to resume differentiation into mDA neurons. Banks of cryopreserved committed mDA neural progenitor cells provide a method to generate human DA neurons with reduced batch-to-batch variability, and establish a mechanism to share lineage-primed cells for collaborative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Drummond
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karamjit Singh Dolt
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice A. Canham
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Tilo Kunath,
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29
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Conforti P, Besusso D, Brocchetti S, Campus I, Cappadona C, Galimberti M, Laporta A, Iennaco R, Rossi RL, Dickinson VB, Cattaneo E. RUES2 hESCs exhibit MGE-biased neuronal differentiation and muHTT-dependent defective specification hinting at SP1. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105140. [PMID: 33065279 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RUES2 cell lines represent the first collection of isogenic human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) carrying different pathological CAG lengths in the HTT gene. However, their neuronal differentiation potential has yet to be thoroughly evaluated. Here, we report that RUES2 during ventral telencephalic differentiation is biased towards medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). We also show that HD-RUES2 cells exhibit an altered MGE transcriptional signature in addition to recapitulating known HD phenotypes, with reduced expression of the neurodevelopmental regulators NEUROD1 and BDNF and increased cleavage of synaptically enriched N-cadherin. Finally, we identified the transcription factor SP1 as a common potential detrimental co-partner of muHTT by de novo motif discovery analysis on the LGE, MGE, and cortical genes differentially expressed in HD human pluripotent stem cells in our and additional datasets. Taken together, these observations suggest a broad deleterious effect of muHTT in the early phases of neuronal development that may unfold through its altered interaction with SP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Conforti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Dario Besusso
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Silvia Brocchetti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campus
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Claudio Cappadona
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Maura Galimberti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Angela Laporta
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Iennaco
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Riccardo L Rossi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Vittoria Bocchi Dickinson
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Pharmacology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan 20122, Italy.
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30
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Jang SE, Qiu L, Chan LL, Tan EK, Zeng L. Current Status of Stem Cell-Derived Therapies for Parkinson's Disease: From Cell Assessment and Imaging Modalities to Clinical Trials. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:558532. [PMID: 33177975 PMCID: PMC7596695 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.558532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Curative therapies or treatments reversing the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have attracted considerable interest in the last few decades. PD is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decreased striatal dopamine levels. Current challenges include optimizing neuroprotective strategies, developing personalized drug therapy, and minimizing side effects from the long-term prescription of pharmacological drugs used to relieve short-term motor symptoms. Transplantation of DA cells into PD patients’ brains to replace degenerated DA has the potential to change the treatment paradigm. Herein, we provide updates on current progress in stem cell-derived DA neuron transplantation as a therapeutic alternative for PD. We briefly highlight cell sources for transplantation and focus on cell assessment methods such as identification of genetic markers, single-cell sequencing, and imaging modalities used to access cell survival and function. More importantly, we summarize clinical reports of patients who have undergone cell-derived transplantation in PD to better perceive lessons that can be drawn from past and present clinical outcomes. Modifying factors include (1) source of the stem cells, (2) quality of the stem cells, (3) age of the patient, (4) stage of disease progression at the time of cell therapy, (5) surgical technique/practices, and (6) the use of immunosuppression. We await the outcomes of joint efforts in clinical trials around the world such as NYSTEM and CiRA to further guide us in the selection of the most suitable parameters for cell-based neurotransplantation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Jang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling Ling Chan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke University and National University of Singapore (DUKE-NUS), Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke University and National University of Singapore (DUKE-NUS), Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke University and National University of Singapore (DUKE-NUS), Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Liu X, Fang Z, Wen J, Tang F, Liao B, Jing N, Lai D, Jin Y. SOX1 Is Required for the Specification of Rostral Hindbrain Neural Progenitor Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101475. [PMID: 32905879 PMCID: PMC7486433 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Region-specific neural progenitor cells (NPCs) can be generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by modulating signaling pathways. However, how intrinsic transcriptional factors contribute to the neural regionalization is not well characterized. Here, we generate region-specific NPCs from hESCs and find that SOX1 is highly expressed in NPCs with the rostral hindbrain identity. Moreover, we find that OTX2 inhibits SOX1 expression, displaying exclusive expression between the two factors. Furthermore, SOX1 knockout (KO) leads to the upregulation of midbrain genes and downregulation of rostral hindbrain genes, indicating that SOX1 is required for specification of rostral hindbrain NPCs. Our SOX1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis reveals that SOX1 binds to the distal region of GBX2 to activate its expression. Overexpression of GBX2 largely abrogates SOX1-KO-induced aberrant gene expression. Taken together, this study uncovers previously unappreciated role of SOX1 in early neural regionalization and provides new information for the precise control of the OTX2/GBX2 interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhuoqing Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bing Liao
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ying Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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32
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CRH Promotes the Neurogenic Activity of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus. Cell Rep 2020; 29:932-945.e7. [PMID: 31644914 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Local cues in the adult neurogenic niches dynamically regulate homeostasis in neural stem cells, whereas their identity and associated molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the major mediator of mammalian stress response and a key neuromodulator in the adult brain, is necessary for hippocampal neural stem cell (hiNSC) activity under physiological conditions. In particular, we demonstrate functionality of the CRH/CRH receptor (CRHR) system in mouse hiNSCs and conserved expression in humans. Most important, we show that genetic deficiency of CRH impairs hippocampal neurogenesis, affects spatial memory, and compromises hiNSCs' responsiveness to environmental stimuli. These deficits have been partially restored by virus-mediated CRH expression. Additionally, we provide evidence that local disruption of the CRH/CRHR system reduces neurogenesis, while exposure of adult hiNSCs to CRH promotes neurogenic activity via BMP4 suppression. Our findings suggest a critical role of CRH in adult neurogenesis, independently of its stress-related systemic function.
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33
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Corrò C, Novellasdemunt L, Li VSW. A brief history of organoids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C151-C165. [PMID: 32459504 PMCID: PMC7468890 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell cultures are crucial research tools for modeling human development and diseases. Although the conventional monolayer cell cultures have been widely used in the past, the lack of tissue architecture and complexity of such model fails to inform the true biological processes in vivo. Recent advances in the organoid technology have revolutionized the in vitro culture tools for biomedical research by creating powerful three-dimensional (3D) models to recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of the primary tissues. Such organoid technology enables researchers to recreate human organs and diseases in a dish and thus holds great promises for many translational applications such as regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and precision medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the organoid history and development. We discuss the strengths and limitations of organoids as well as their potential applications in the laboratory and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Corrò
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London United Kingdom
| | - Laura Novellasdemunt
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London United Kingdom
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London United Kingdom
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34
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Development and Differentiation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron: From Bench to Bedside. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061489. [PMID: 32570916 PMCID: PMC7349799 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor system. It is primarily due to substantial loss of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to decreased innervation to the striatum. Although existing drug therapy available can relieve the symptoms in early-stage PD patients, it cannot reverse the pathogenic progression of PD. Thus, regenerating functional mDA neurons in PD patients may be a cure to the disease. The proof-of-principle clinical trials showed that human fetal graft-derived mDA neurons could restore the release of dopamine neurotransmitters, could reinnervate the striatum, and could alleviate clinical symptoms in PD patients. The invention of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), autologous source of neural progenitors with less ethical consideration, and risk of graft rejection can now be generated in vitro. This advancement also prompts extensive research to decipher important developmental signaling in differentiation, which is key to successful in vitro production of functional mDA neurons and the enabler of mass manufacturing of the cells required for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the biology and signaling involved in the development of mDA neurons and the current progress and methodology in driving efficient mDA neuron differentiation from pluripotent stem cells.
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Cardoso T, Lévesque M. Toward Generating Subtype-Specific Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:443. [PMID: 32626706 PMCID: PMC7311634 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic dopaminergic (mDA) neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have proven to be pivotal for disease modeling studies and as a source of transplantable tissue for regenerative therapies in Parkinson's disease (PD). Current differentiation protocols can generate standardized and reproducible cell products of dopaminergic neurons that elicit the characteristic transcriptional profile of ventral midbrain. Nonetheless, dopamine neurons residing in the mesencephalon comprise distinct groups of cells within diffusely defined anatomical boundaries and with distinct functional, electrophysiological, and molecular properties. Here we review recent single cell sequencing studies that are shedding light on the neuronal heterogeneity within the mesencephalon and discuss how resolving the complex molecular profile of distinct sub-populations within this region could help refine patterning and quality control assessment of PSC-derived mDA neurons to subtype-specificity in vitro. In turn, such advances would have important impact in improving cell replacement therapy, disease mechanistic studies and drug screening in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Cardoso
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Björklund A, Parmar M. Neuronal Replacement as a Tool for Basal Ganglia Circuitry Repair: 40 Years in Perspective. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:146. [PMID: 32547369 PMCID: PMC7272540 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of new neurons to promote repair of brain circuitry depends on their capacity to re-establish afferent and efferent connections with the host. In this review article, we give an overview of past and current efforts to restore damaged connectivity in the adult mammalian brain using implants of fetal neuroblasts or stem cell-derived neuronal precursors, with a focus on strategies aimed to repair damaged basal ganglia circuitry induced by lesions that mimic the pathology seen in humans affected by Parkinson’s or Huntington’s disease. Early work performed in rodents showed that neuroblasts obtained from striatal primordia or fetal ventral mesencephalon can become anatomically and functionally integrated into lesioned striatal and nigral circuitry, establish afferent and efferent connections with the lesioned host, and reverse the lesion-induced behavioral impairments. Recent progress in the generation of striatal and nigral progenitors from pluripotent stem cells have provided compelling evidence that they can survive and mature in the lesioned brain and re-establish afferent and efferent axonal connectivity with a remarkable degree of specificity. The studies of cell-based circuitry repair are now entering a new phase. The introduction of genetic and virus-based techniques for brain connectomics has opened entirely new possibilities for studies of graft-host integration and connectivity, and the access to more refined experimental techniques, such as chemo- and optogenetics, has provided new powerful tools to study the capacity of grafted neurons to impact the function of the host brain. Progress in this field will help to guide the efforts to develop therapeutic strategies for cell-based repair in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions involving damage to basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Björklund
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Azoramide protects iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons with PLA2G6 D331Y mutation through restoring ER function and CREB signaling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:130. [PMID: 32071291 PMCID: PMC7028918 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-induced cascade events are implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The discovery of drug candidates to protect dopaminergic (DA) neurons from ER-stress-induced oxidative damage is important to resolve the pathological aspects of PD and modify its progress. In this study, we found that a recently identified unfolded protein response (UPR) modulator, azoramide, showed protective effects on patient induced pluripotent stem cells-derived midbrain DA neurons with the homozygous phospholipase A2 group 6 (PLA2G6) D331Y mutant. A series of PD-related cascade events such as ER stress, abnormal calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, increase of reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis were observed in PLA2G6 D331Y mutant DA neurons, whereas azoramide significantly protected PLA2G6 D331Y mutant DA neurons against these events. The beneficial effects of azoramide were abolished by treatment with a cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) inhibitor. Our results suggest that azoramide is a potential neuroprotectant against DA neuron damage via restoring ER function and the CREB signaling.
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Oh Y. Patient-specific pluripotent stem cell-based Parkinson's disease models showing endogenous alpha-synuclein aggregation. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31186086 PMCID: PMC6605522 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.6.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first research declaring the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in 2007, several attempts have been made to model neurodegenerative disease in vitro during the past decade. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, which is mainly characterized by motor dysfunction. The formation of unique and filamentous inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies (LBs) is the hallmark of both PD and dementia with LBs. The key pathology in PD is generally considered to be the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, although it is still controversial whether this protein aggregation is a cause or consequence of neurodegeneration. In the present work, the recently published researches which recapitulated the α-syn aggregation phenomena in sporadic and familial PD hiPSC models were reviewed. Furthermore, the advantages and potentials of using patient-derived PD hiPSC with focus on α-syn aggregation have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Oh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Quality Standards of Stem Cell Sources for Clinical Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1266:9-19. [PMID: 33105492 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4370-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A large number of experimental and clinical studies have shown that cell transplantation has therapeutic effects for PD, AD and other neurodegenerative diseases or damages. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidance must be defined to produce clinical-grade cells for transplantation to the patients. Standardized quality and clinical preparation procedures of the transplanted cells will ensure the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side-effect risk of cell therapy. Here we review the cell quality standards governing the clinical transplantation of stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases to clinical practitioners. These quality standards include cell quality control, minimal suggested cell doses for undergoing cell transplantation, documentation of procedure and therapy, safety evaluation, efficacy evaluation, policy of repeated treatments, not charging the patients for unproven therapies, basic principles of cell therapy, and publishing responsibility.
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Abstract
For decades, clinicians have developed medications and therapies to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but no treatment currently can slow or even stop the progression of this localized neurodegeneration. Fortunately, sparked by the genetic revolution, stem cell reprogramming research and the advancing capabilities of personalization in medicine enable forward-thinking to unprecedented patient-specific modeling and cell therapies for Parkinson’s disease using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In addition to modeling Parkinson’s disease more accurately than chemically-induced animal models, patient-specific stem cell lines can be created, elucidating the effects of genetic susceptibility and sub-populations’ differing responses to in vitro treatments. Sourcing cell therapy with iPSC lines provides ethical advantages because these stem cell lines do not require the sacrifice of human zygotes and genetically-specific drug trails can be tested in vitro without lasting damage to patients. In hopes of finally slowing the progression of Parkinson’s disease or re-establishing function, iPSC lines can ultimately be corrected with gene therapy and used as cell sources for neural transplantation for Parkinson’s disease. With relatively localized neural degeneration, similar to spinal column injury, Parkinson’s disease presents a better candidacy for cell therapy when compared to other diffuse degeneration found in Alzheimer’s or Huntington’s Disease. Neurosurgical implantation of pluripotent cells poses the risk of an innate immune response and tumorigenesis. Precautions, therefore, must be taken to ensure cell line quality before transplantation. While cell quality can be quantified using a number of assays, a yielding a high percentage of therapeutically relevant dopaminergic neurons, minimal de novo genetic mutations, and standard chromosomal structure is of the utmost importance. Current techniques focus on iPSCs because they can be matched with donors using human leukocyte antigens, thereby reducing the severity and risk of immune rejection. In August of 2018, researchers in Kyoto, Japan embarked on the first human clinical trial using iPSC cell therapy transplantation for patients with moderate Parkinson’s disease. Transplantation of many cell sources has already proven to reduce Parkinson’s disease symptoms in mouse and primate models. Here we discuss the history and implications for cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease, as well as the necessary safety standards needed for using iPSC transplantation to slow or halt the progression of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Stoddard-Bennett
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Renee Reijo Pera
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Fowler JL, Ang LT, Loh KM. A critical look: Challenges in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells into desired cell types and organoids. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e368. [PMID: 31746148 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Too many choices can be problematic. This is certainly the case for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs): they harbor the potential to differentiate into hundreds of cell types; yet it is highly challenging to exclusively differentiate hPSCs into a single desired cell type. This review focuses on unresolved and fundamental questions regarding hPSC differentiation and critiquing the identity and purity of the resultant cell populations. These are timely issues in view of the fact that hPSC-derived cell populations have or are being transplanted into patients in over 30 ongoing clinical trials. While many in vitro differentiation protocols purport to "mimic development," the exact number and identity of intermediate steps that a pluripotent cell takes to differentiate into a given cell type in vivo remains largely unknown. Consequently, most differentiation efforts inevitably generate a heterogeneous cellular population, as revealed by single-cell RNA-sequencing and other analyses. The presence of unwanted cell types in differentiated hPSC populations does not portend well for transplantation therapies. This provides an impetus to precisely control differentiation to desired ends-for instance, by logically blocking the formation of unwanted cell types or by overexpressing lineage-specifying transcription factors-or by harnessing technologies to selectively purify desired cell types. Conversely, approaches to differentiate three-dimensional "organoids" from hPSCs intentionally generate heterogeneous cell populations. While this is intended to mimic the rich cellular diversity of developing tissues, whether all such organoids are spatially organized in a manner akin to native organs (and thus, whether they fully qualify as organoids) remains to be fully resolved. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells > Tissue Renewal > Regeneration: Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Gene Expression > Transcriptional Hierarchies: Cellular Differentiation Early Embryonic Development: Gastrulation and Neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas L Fowler
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Developmental Biology, Bio-X, Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Institute, ChEM-H, Diabetes Research Center, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Developmental Biology, Bio-X, Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Institute, ChEM-H, Diabetes Research Center, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Zunke F, Mazzulli JR. Modeling neuronopathic storage diseases with patient-derived culture systems. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:147-162. [PMID: 30790616 PMCID: PMC6588474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles involved in the degradation and recycling of macromolecules, and play a critical role in sensing metabolic information in the cell. A class of rare metabolic diseases called lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are characterized by lysosomal dysfunction and the accumulation of macromolecular substrates. The central nervous system appears to be particularly vulnerable to lysosomal dysfunction, since many LSDs are characterized by severe, widespread neurodegeneration with pediatric onset. Furthermore, variants in lysosomal genes are strongly associated with some common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). To better understand disease pathology and develop novel treatment strategies, it is critical to study the fundamental molecular disease mechanisms in the affected cell types that harbor endogenously expressed mutations. The discovery of methods for reprogramming of patient-derived somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and their differentiation into distinct neuronal and glial cell types, have provided novel opportunities to study mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction within the relevant, vulnerable cell types. These models also expand our ability to develop and test novel therapeutic targets. We discuss recently developed methods for iPSC differentiation into distinct neuronal and glial cell types, while addressing the need for meticulous experimental techniques and parameters that are essential to accurately identify inherent cellular pathologies. iPSC models for neuronopathic LSDs and their relationship to sporadic age-related neurodegeneration are also discussed. These models should facilitate the discovery and development of personalized therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany.
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
The work with midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDAN) differentiation might seem to be hard. There are about 40 different published protocols for mDAN differentiation, which are eventually modified according to the respective laboratory. In many cases, protocols are not fully described, failing to provide essential tips for researchers starting in the field. Considering that commercial kits produce low mDAN percentages (20-50%), we chose to follow a mix of four main protocols based on Kriks and colleagues' protocol, from which the resulting mDAN were engrafted with success in three different animal models of Parkinson's disease. We present a differential step-by-step methodology for generating mDAN directly from human-induced pluripotent stem cells cultured with E8 medium on Geltrex, without culture on primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts prior to mDAN differentiation, and subsequent exposure of neurons to rock inhibitor during passages for improving cell viability. The protocol described here allows obtaining mDAN with phenotypical and functional characteristics suitable for in vitro modeling, cell transplantation, and drug screening.
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Chemical Conversion of Human Fetal Astrocytes into Neurons through Modulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:488-501. [PMID: 30745031 PMCID: PMC6409415 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a cocktail of nine small molecules to convert human fetal astrocytes into neurons, but a nine-molecule recipe is difficult for clinical applications. Here, we identify a chemical formula with only three to four small molecules for astrocyte-to-neuron conversion. We demonstrate that modulation of three to four signaling pathways among Notch, glycogen synthase kinase 3, transforming growth factor β, and bone morphogenetic protein pathways is sufficient to change an astrocyte into a neuron. The chemically converted human neurons can survive >7 months in culture, fire repetitive action potentials, and display robust synaptic burst activities. Interestingly, cortical astrocyte-converted neurons are mostly glutamatergic, while midbrain astrocyte-converted neurons can yield some GABAergic neurons in addition to glutamatergic neurons. When administered in vivo through intracranial or intraperitoneal injection, the four-drug combination can significantly increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Together, human fetal astrocytes can be chemically converted into functional neurons using three to four small molecules, bringing us one step forward for developing future drug therapy. Chemical reprogramming of human astrocytes into neurons with three to four small molecules Notch/GSK-3/TGF-β/BMP pathways are critical for astrocyte-to-neuron conversion Human fetal astrocytes are chemically converted into glutamatergic neurons In vivo administration of four core drugs increases hippocampal adult neurogenesis
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45
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Decoding epigenetic cell signaling in neuronal differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:12-24. [PMID: 30578863 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are differentiated into neurons, which are integrated into the neural network. Nowadays, pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells can be artificially differentiated into neurons utilizing several techniques. Specific transcriptional profiles from NSCs during differentiation are frequently used to approach and observe phenotype alteration and functional determination of neurons. In this context, the role of non-coding RNA, transcription factors and epigenetic changes in neuronal development and differentiation has gained importance. Epigenetic elucidation has become a field of intense research due to distinct patterns of normal conditions and different neurodegenerative disorders, which can be explored to develop new diagnostic methods or gene therapies. In this review, we discuss the complexity of transcription factors, non-coding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles that are responsible for guiding and coordinating neural development.
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Brodski C, Blaess S, Partanen J, Prakash N. Crosstalk of Intercellular Signaling Pathways in the Generation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons In Vivo and from Stem Cells. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010003. [PMID: 30650592 PMCID: PMC6473842 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-synthesizing neurons located in the mammalian ventral midbrain are at the center stage of biomedical research due to their involvement in severe human neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The induction of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons depends on two important signaling centers of the mammalian embryo: the ventral midline or floor plate (FP) of the neural tube, and the isthmic organizer (IsO) at the mid-/hindbrain boundary (MHB). Cells located within and close to the FP secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), and members of the wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT1/5A), as well as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family. The IsO cells secrete WNT1 and the fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). Accordingly, the FGF8, SHH, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways play crucial roles during the development of the mDA neurons in the mammalian embryo. Moreover, these morphogens are essential for the generation of stem cell-derived mDA neurons, which are critical for the modeling, drug screening, and cell replacement therapy of PD. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the functions and crosstalk of these signaling pathways in mammalian mDA neuron development in vivo and their applications in stem cell-based paradigms for the efficient derivation of these neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Brodski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Juha Partanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FIN00014-University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, 59063 Hamm, Germany.
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47
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Stoddard-Bennett T, Reijo Pera R. Treatment of Parkinson's Disease through Personalized Medicine and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010026. [PMID: 30621042 PMCID: PMC6357081 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is an intractable disease resulting in localized neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Many current therapies of PD can only address the symptoms and not the underlying neurodegeneration of PD. To better understand the pathophysiological condition, researchers continue to seek models that mirror PD's phenotypic manifestations as closely as possible. Recent advances in the field of cellular reprogramming and personalized medicine now allow for previously unattainable cell therapies and patient-specific modeling of PD using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs can be selectively differentiated into a dopaminergic neuron fate naturally susceptible to neurodegeneration. In iPSC models, unlike other artificially-induced models, endogenous cellular machinery and transcriptional feedback are preserved, a fundamental step in accurately modeling this genetically complex disease. In addition to accurately modeling PD, iPSC lines can also be established with specific genetic risk factors to assess genetic sub-populations' differing response to treatment. iPS cell lines can then be genetically corrected and subsequently transplanted back into the patient in hopes of re-establishing function. Current techniques focus on iPSCs because they are patient-specific, thereby reducing the risk of immune rejection. The year 2018 marked history as the year that the first human trial for PD iPSC transplantation began in Japan. This form of cell therapy has shown promising results in other model organisms and is currently one of our best options in slowing or even halting the progression of PD. Here, we examine the genetic contributions that have reshaped our understanding of PD, as well as the advantages and applications of iPSCs for modeling disease and personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Stoddard-Bennett
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Renee Reijo Pera
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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48
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Kim E, Kim M, Hwang SU, Kim J, Lee G, Park YS, Hyun SH. Neural induction of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells and further differentiation using glioblastoma-cultured medium. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2052-2063. [PMID: 30609263 PMCID: PMC6378232 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to transplantation, preclinical study of safety and efficacy of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is needed. Therefore, it is important to generate an efficient in vitro platform for neural cell differentiation in large animal models such as pigs. In this study, porcine‐induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were seeded at high cell density to a neural induction medium containing the dual Sma‐ and Mad‐related protein (SMAD) inhibitors, a TGF‐β inhibitor and BMP4 inhibitor. The dSMADi‐derived NPCs showed NPC markers such as PLAG1, NESTIN and VIMENTIN and higher mRNA expression of Sox1 compared to the control. The mRNA expression of HOXB4 was found to significantly increase in the retinoic acid‐treated group. NPCs propagated in vitro and generated neurospheres that are capable of further differentiation in neurons and glial cells. Gliobalstoma‐cultured medium including injury‐related cytokines treated porcine iPSC‐NPCs survive well in vitro and showed more neuronal marker expression compared to standard control medium. Collectively, the present study developed an efficient method for production of neural commitment of porcine iPSCs into NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.,Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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49
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Fleifel D, Rahmoon MA, AlOkda A, Nasr M, Elserafy M, El-Khamisy SF. Recent advances in stem cells therapy: A focus on cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:427-432. [PMID: 30733756 PMCID: PMC6354001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells serve as potential therapeutics due to their high proliferative capacity, low immunogenic reactivity and their differentiating capabilities. Several pre-clinical and early-stage clinical studies are carried out to treat genetic diseases, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders with promising preliminary results. However, there are still many challenges that scientists are trying to overcome such as the unclear expression profile of stem cells in vivo, the homing of stem cells to the site of injury and their potential immune-reactivity. Prospective research lies in gene editing of autologous stem cells in vitro and safe injection of these modified cells back into patients. Here, we review the clinical trials executed using stem cell therapy in an attempt to cure challenging diseases like cancer, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Fleifel
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Mai Atef Rahmoon
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Nasr
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Menattallah Elserafy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Sherif F. El-Khamisy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Ahmed Zewail Road, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
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Koh YH, Tan LY, Ng SY. Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids for Modeling Alpha Synuclein Propagation in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:413. [PMID: 30483063 PMCID: PMC6240766 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-associated, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairment and in some cases cognitive decline. Central to the disease pathogenesis of PD is a small, presynaptic neuronal protein known as alpha synuclein (a-syn), which tends to accumulate and aggregate in PD brains as Lewy bodies or Lewy neurites. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that a-syn aggregates can be propagated from diseased to healthy cells, and it has been suggested that preventing the spread of pathogenic a-syn species can slow PD progression. In this review, we summarize the works of recent literature elucidating mechanisms of a-syn propagation, and discussed the advantages in using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and/or induced neurons to study a-syn transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hui Koh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Yi Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,The Third Affliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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