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Xiao W, Li P, Kong F, Kong J, Pan A, Long L, Yan X, Xiao B, Gong J, Wan L. Unraveling the Neural Circuits: Techniques, Opportunities and Challenges in Epilepsy Research. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:27. [PMID: 38443733 PMCID: PMC10914928 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity, frequent recurrence, and potential drug resistance, profoundly affects millions of people globally. Understanding the microscopic mechanisms underlying seizures is crucial for effective epilepsy treatment, and a thorough understanding of the intricate neural circuits underlying epilepsy is vital for the development of targeted therapies and the enhancement of clinical outcomes. This review begins with an exploration of the historical evolution of techniques used in studying neural circuits related to epilepsy. It then provides an extensive overview of diverse techniques employed in this domain, discussing their fundamental principles, strengths, limitations, as well as their application. Additionally, the synthesis of multiple techniques to unveil the complexity of neural circuits is summarized. Finally, this review also presents targeted drug therapies associated with epileptic neural circuits. By providing a critical assessment of methodologies used in the study of epileptic neural circuits, this review seeks to enhance the understanding of these techniques, stimulate innovative approaches for unraveling epilepsy's complexities, and ultimately facilitate improved treatment and clinical translation for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peile Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fujiao Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingyi Kong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaoe Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Mojica-Perez SP, Stokes K, Jaklic DC, Jahagirdar S, Uhler M, Parent JM, Niu W. Protocol for selecting single human pluripotent stem cells using a modified micropipetter. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102629. [PMID: 37804512 PMCID: PMC10565870 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell clonal selection is a critical procedure for generating a homogeneous population of human pluripotent stem cells. Here, we present a protocol that repurposes the STRIPPER Micropipetter, normally used for in vitro fertilization, to pick single stem cells. We describe steps for tool and reagent preparation, single-cell picking, and colony passaging. We then detail procedures for amplification and analysis. Our protocol does not require cell sorting and produces homogenous clonal cultures with more than 50% survival rate. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Deng et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Mojica-Perez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Human Stem Cell and Gene Editing Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kyle Stokes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel C Jaklic
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sheetal Jahagirdar
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Uhler
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Human Stem Cell and Gene Editing Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Human Stem Cell and Gene Editing Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Human Stem Cell and Gene Editing Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Maltby CJ, Krans A, Grudzien SJ, Palacios Y, Muiños J, Suárez A, Asher M, Khurana V, Barmada SJ, Dijkstra AA, Todd PK. AAGGG repeat expansions trigger RFC1-independent synaptic dysregulation in human CANVAS Neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571345. [PMID: 38168171 PMCID: PMC10760133 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a late onset, recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by biallelic, non-reference pentameric AAGGG(CCCTT) repeat expansions within the second intron of replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1). To investigate how these repeats cause disease, we generated CANVAS patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons (iNeurons) and utilized calcium imaging and transcriptomic analysis to define repeat-elicited gain-of-function and loss-of-function contributions to neuronal toxicity. AAGGG repeat expansions do not alter neuronal RFC1 splicing, expression, or DNA repair pathway functions. In reporter assays, AAGGG repeats are translated into pentapeptide repeat proteins that selectively accumulate in CANVAS patient brains. However, neither these proteins nor repeat RNA foci were detected in iNeurons, and overexpression of these repeats in isolation did not induce neuronal toxicity. CANVAS iNeurons exhibit defects in neuronal development and diminished synaptic connectivity that is rescued by CRISPR deletion of a single expanded allele. These phenotypic deficits were not replicated by knockdown of RFC1 in control neurons and were not rescued by ectopic expression of RFC1. These findings support a repeat-dependent but RFC1-independent cause of neuronal dysfunction in CANVAS, with important implications for therapeutic development in this currently untreatable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Maltby
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Krans
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samantha J. Grudzien
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yomira Palacios
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Muiños
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- UM SMART Undergraduate Summer Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Suárez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa Asher
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vikram Khurana
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sami J. Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anke A. Dijkstra
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter K. Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Tidball AM, Luo J, Walker JC, Takla TN, Carvill GL, Parent JM. Genome-wide CRISPRi Screen in Human iNeurons to Identify Novel Focal Cortical Dysplasia Genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571474. [PMID: 38168415 PMCID: PMC10760100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common cause of focal epilepsy that typically results from brain mosaic mutations in the mTOR cell signaling pathway. To identify new FCD genes, we developed an in vitro CRISPRi screen in human neurons and used FACS enrichment based on the FCD biomarker, phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (pS6). Using whole-genome (110,000 gRNAs) and candidate (129 gRNAs) libraries, we discovered 12 new genes that significantly increase pS6 levels. Interestingly, positive hits were enriched for brain-specific genes, highlighting the effectiveness of using human iPSC-derived induced neurons (iNeurons) in our screen. We investigated the signaling pathways of six candidate genes: LRRC4, EIF3A, TSN, HIP1, PIK3R3, and URI1. All six genes increased phosphorylation of S6. However, only two genes, PIK3R3 and HIP1, caused hyperphosphorylation more proximally in the AKT/mTOR/S6 signaling pathway. Importantly, these two genes have recently been found independently to be mutated in resected brain tissue from FCD patients, supporting the predictive validity of our screen. Knocking down each of the other four genes (LRRC4, EIF3A, TSN, and URI1) in iNeurons caused them to become resistant to the loss of growth factor signaling; without growth factor stimulation, pS6 levels were comparable to growth factor stimulated controls. Our data markedly expand the set of genes that are likely to regulate mTOR pathway signaling in neurons and provide additional targets for identifying somatic gene variants that cause FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J. Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Taylor N. Takla
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gemma L. Carvill
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
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Tidball AM, Niu W, Ma Q, Takla TN, Walker JC, Margolis JL, Mojica-Perez SP, Sudyk R, Deng L, Moore SJ, Chopra R, Shakkottai VG, Murphy GG, Yuan Y, Isom LL, Li JZ, Parent JM. Deriving early single-rosette brain organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2498-2514. [PMID: 37995702 PMCID: PMC10724074 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoid methods are complicated by multiple rosette structures and morphological variability. We have developed a human brain organoid technique that generates self-organizing, single-rosette cortical organoids (SOSR-COs) with reproducible size and structure at early timepoints. Rather than patterning a 3-dimensional embryoid body, we initiate brain organoid formation from a 2-dimensional monolayer of human pluripotent stem cells patterned with small molecules into neuroepithelium and differentiated to cells of the developing dorsal cerebral cortex. This approach recapitulates the 2D to 3D developmental transition from neural plate to neural tube. Most monolayer fragments form spheres with a single central lumen. Over time, the SOSR-COs develop appropriate progenitor and cortical laminar cell types as shown by immunocytochemistry and single-cell RNA sequencing. At early time points, this method demonstrates robust structural phenotypes after chemical teratogen exposure or when modeling a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, and should prove useful for studies of human brain development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taylor N Takla
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua L Margolis
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Roksolana Sudyk
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon J Moore
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ravi Chopra
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yukun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Park S, Gwon Y, Khan SA, Jang KJ, Kim J. Engineering considerations of iPSC-based personalized medicine. Biomater Res 2023; 27:67. [PMID: 37420273 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine aims to provide tailored medical treatment that considers the clinical, genetic, and environmental characteristics of patients. iPSCs have attracted considerable attention in the field of personalized medicine; however, the inherent limitations of iPSCs prevent their widespread use in clinical applications. That is, it would be important to develop notable engineering strategies to overcome the current limitations of iPSCs. Such engineering approaches could lead to significant advances in iPSC-based personalized therapy by offering innovative solutions to existing challenges, from iPSC preparation to clinical applications. In this review, we summarize how engineering strategies have been used to advance iPSC-based personalized medicine by categorizing the development process into three distinctive steps: 1) the production of therapeutic iPSCs; 2) engineering of therapeutic iPSCs; and 3) clinical applications of engineered iPSCs. Specifically, we focus on engineering strategies and their implications for each step in the development of iPSC-based personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbae Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano-Stem Cells Therapeutics, NANOBIOSYSTEM Co, Ltd, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shahidul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Je Jang
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano-Stem Cells Therapeutics, NANOBIOSYSTEM Co, Ltd, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea.
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Takla TN, Luo J, Sudyk R, Huang J, Walker JC, Vora NL, Sexton JZ, Parent JM, Tidball AM. A Shared Pathogenic Mechanism for Valproic Acid and SHROOM3 Knockout in a Brain Organoid Model of Neural Tube Defects. Cells 2023; 12:1697. [PMID: 37443734 PMCID: PMC10340169 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), including anencephaly and spina bifida, are common major malformations of fetal development resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube. These conditions lead to either universal death (anencephaly) or severe lifelong complications (spina bifida). Despite hundreds of genetic mouse models of neural tube defect phenotypes, the genetics of human NTDs are poorly understood. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals, such as antiseizure medications, have been found clinically to increase the risk of NTDs when administered during pregnancy. Therefore, a model that recapitulates human neurodevelopment would be of immense benefit to understand the genetics underlying NTDs and identify teratogenic mechanisms. Using our self-organizing single rosette cortical organoid (SOSR-COs) system, we have developed a high-throughput image analysis pipeline for evaluating the SOSR-CO structure for NTD-like phenotypes. Similar to small molecule inhibition of apical constriction, the antiseizure medication valproic acid (VPA), a known cause of NTDs, increases the apical lumen size and apical cell surface area in a dose-responsive manner. GSK3β and HDAC inhibitors caused similar lumen expansion; however, RNA sequencing suggests VPA does not inhibit GSK3β at these concentrations. The knockout of SHROOM3, a well-known NTD-related gene, also caused expansion of the lumen, as well as reduced f-actin polarization. The increased lumen sizes were caused by reduced cell apical constriction, suggesting that impingement of this process is a shared mechanism for VPA treatment and SHROOM3-KO, two well-known causes of NTDs. Our system allows the rapid identification of NTD-like phenotypes for both compounds and genetic variants and should prove useful for understanding specific NTD mechanisms and predicting drug teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N. Takla
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Roksolana Sudyk
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Joy Huang
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - John Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Andrew M. Tidball
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (R.S.)
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Takla TN, Luo J, Sudyk R, Huang J, Walker JC, Vora NL, Sexton JZ, Parent JM, Tidball AM. A Shared Pathogenic Mechanism for Valproic Acid and SHROOM3 Knockout in a Brain Organoid Model of Neural Tube Defects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536245. [PMID: 37090564 PMCID: PMC10120643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) including anencephaly and spina bifida are common major malformations of fetal development resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube. These conditions lead to either universal death (anencephaly) or life-long severe complications (spina bifida). Despite hundreds of genetic mouse models having neural tube defect phenotypes, the genetics of human NTDs are poorly understood. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals such as antiseizure medications have been found clinically to increase the risk of NTDs when administered during pregnancy. Therefore, a model that recapitulates human neurodevelopment would be of immense benefit to understand the genetics underlying NTDs and identify teratogenic mechanisms. Using our self-organizing single rosette spheroid (SOSRS) brain organoid system, we have developed a high-throughput image analysis pipeline for evaluating SOSRS structure for NTD-like phenotypes. Similar to small molecule inhibition of apical constriction, the antiseizure medication valproic acid (VPA), a known cause of NTDs, increases the apical lumen size and apical cell surface area in a dose-responsive manner. This expansion was mimicked by GSK3β and HDAC inhibitors; however, RNA sequencing suggests VPA does not inhibit GSK3β at these concentrations. Knockout of SHROOM3, a well-known NTD-related gene, also caused expansion of the lumen as well as reduced f-actin polarization. The increased lumen sizes were caused by reduced cell apical constriction suggesting that impingement of this process is a shared mechanism for VPA treatment and SHROOM3-KO, two well-known causes of NTDs. Our system allows the rapid identification of NTD-like phenotypes for both compounds and genetic variants and should prove useful for understanding specific NTD mechanisms and predicting drug teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N. Takla
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Roksolana Sudyk
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joy Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J. Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Neeta L. Vora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew M. Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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Sanjurjo-Soriano C, Erkilic N, Damodar K, Boukhaddaoui H, Diakatou M, Garita-Hernandez M, Mamaeva D, Dubois G, Jazouli Z, Jimenez-Medina C, Goureau O, Meunier I, Kalatzis V. Retinoic acid delays initial photoreceptor differentiation and results in a highly structured mature retinal organoid. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:478. [PMID: 36114559 PMCID: PMC9482314 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids are a valuable tool for disease modelling and therapeutic development. Many efforts have been made over the last decade to optimise protocols for the generation of organoids that correctly mimic the human retina. Most protocols use common media supplements; however, protocol-dependent variability impacts data interpretation. To date, the lack of a systematic comparison of a given protocol with or without supplements makes it difficult to determine how they influence the differentiation process and morphology of the retinal organoids. METHODS A 2D-3D differentiation method was used to generate retinal organoids, which were cultured with or without the most commonly used media supplements, notably retinoic acid. Gene expression was assayed using qPCR analysis, protein expression using immunofluorescence studies, ultrastructure using electron microscopy and 3D morphology using confocal and biphoton microscopy of whole organoids. RESULTS Retinoic acid delayed the initial stages of differentiation by modulating photoreceptor gene expression. At later stages, the presence of retinoic acid led to the generation of mature retinal organoids with a well-structured stratified photoreceptor layer containing a predominant rod population. By contrast, the absence of retinoic acid led to cone-rich organoids with a less organised and non-stratified photoreceptor layer. CONCLUSIONS This study proves the importance of supplemented media for culturing retinal organoids. More importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that the role of retinoic acid goes beyond inducing a rod cell fate to enhancing the organisation of the photoreceptor layer of the mature organoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sanjurjo-Soriano
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nejla Erkilic
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Univ Montpellier, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Krishna Damodar
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Hassan Boukhaddaoui
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Michalitsa Diakatou
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcela Garita-Hernandez
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daria Mamaeva
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Gregor Dubois
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhour Jazouli
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Carla Jimenez-Medina
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Univ Montpellier, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), Univ Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Weng OY, Li Y, Wang LY. Modeling Epilepsy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Neuronal Cultures Carrying Mutations in Ion Channels and the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:810081. [PMID: 35359577 PMCID: PMC8960276 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.810081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects over 65 million people globally. It is characterized by periods of seizure activity of the brain as a result of excitation and inhibition (E/I) imbalance, which is regarded as the core underpinning of epileptic activity. Both gain- and loss-of-function (GOF and LOF) mutations of ion channels, synaptic proteins and signaling molecules along the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway have been linked to this imbalance. The pathogenesis of epilepsy often has its roots in the early stage of brain development. It remains a major challenge to extrapolate the findings from many animal models carrying these GOF or LOF mutations to the understanding of disease mechanisms in the developing human brain. Recent advent of the human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) technology opens up a new avenue to recapitulate patient conditions and to identify druggable molecular targets. In the following review, we discuss the progress, challenges and prospects of employing hPSCs-derived neural cultures to study epilepsy. We propose a tentative working model to conceptualize the possible impact of these GOF and LOF mutations in ion channels and mTOR signaling molecules on the morphological and functional remodeling of intrinsic excitability, synaptic transmission and circuits, ultimately E/I imbalance and behavioral phenotypes in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia Yifang Weng
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Sick Kids Research Institutes, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sick Kids Research Institutes, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Sick Kids Research Institutes, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yun Li,
| | - Lu-Yang Wang
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sick Kids Research Institutes, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lu-Yang Wang,
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11
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Jalil S, Keskinen T, Maldonado R, Sokka J, Trokovic R, Otonkoski T, Wartiovaara K. Simultaneous high-efficiency base editing and reprogramming of patient fibroblasts. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:3064-3075. [PMID: 34822772 PMCID: PMC8693657 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) allow in vitro study of genetic diseases and hold potential for personalized stem cell therapy. Gene editing, precisely modifying specifically targeted loci, represents a valuable tool for different hiPSC applications. This is especially useful in monogenic diseases to dissect the function of unknown mutations or to create genetically corrected, patient-derived hiPSCs. Here we describe a highly efficient method for simultaneous base editing and reprogramming of fibroblasts employing a CRISPR-Cas9 adenine base editor. As a proof of concept, we apply this approach to generate gene-edited hiPSCs from skin biopsies of four patients carrying a Finnish-founder pathogenic point mutation in either NOTCH3 or LDLR genes. We also show LDLR activity restoration after the gene correction. Overall, this method yields tens of gene-edited hiPSC monoclonal lines with unprecedented efficiency and robustness while considerably reducing the cell culture time and thus the risk for in vitro alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Jalil
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Timo Keskinen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Rocío Maldonado
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Joonas Sokka
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Ras Trokovic
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Kirmo Wartiovaara
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland; Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland.
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12
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Rodriguez-Polo I, Mißbach S, Petkov S, Mattern F, Maierhofer A, Grządzielewska I, Tereshchenko Y, Urrutia-Cabrera D, Haaf T, Dressel R, Bartels I, Behr R. A piggyBac-based platform for genome editing and clonal rhesus macaque iPSC line derivation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15439. [PMID: 34326359 PMCID: PMC8322147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are, due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans, excellent animal models to study clinically relevant mutations. However, the toolbox for the genetic modification of NHPs is less developed than those for other species like mice. Therefore, it is necessary to further develop and refine genome editing approaches in NHPs. NHP pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) share key molecular signatures with the early embryo, which is an important target for genomic modification. Therefore, PSCs are a valuable test system for the validation of embryonic genome editing approaches. In the present study, we made use of the versatility of the piggyBac transposon system for different purposes in the context of NHP stem cell technology and genome editing. These include (1) Robust reprogramming of rhesus macaque fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); (2) Culture of the iPSCs under feeder-free conditions even after removal of the transgene resulting in transgene-free iPSCs; (3) Development of a CRISPR/Cas-based work-flow to edit the genome of rhesus macaque PSCs with high efficiency; (4) Establishment of a novel protocol for the derivation of gene-edited monoclonal NHP-iPSC lines. These findings facilitate efficient testing of genome editing approaches in NHP-PSC before their in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rodriguez-Polo
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Mißbach
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Petkov
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Mattern
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maierhofer
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iga Grządzielewska
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Molecular Biology Program (M.Sc./Ph.D.), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuliia Tereshchenko
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Molecular Biology Program (M.Sc./Ph.D.), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Urrutia-Cabrera
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, Center for Eye Research Australia, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtalle 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iris Bartels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Dong H, Huang Y, Wang K. The Development of Herbicide Resistance Crop Plants Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060912. [PMID: 34204760 PMCID: PMC8231513 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in herbicide-resistant weeds creates a huge challenge to global food security because it can reduce crop production, causing considerable losses. Combined with a lack of novel herbicides, cultivating herbicide-resistant crops becomes an effective strategy to control weeds because of reduced crop phytotoxicity, and it expands the herbicidal spectrum. Recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-mediated genome editing techniques enable efficiently targeted modification and hold great potential in creating desired plants with herbicide resistance. In the present review, we briefly summarize the mechanism responsible for herbicide resistance in plants and then discuss the applications of traditional mutagenesis and transgenic breeding in cultivating herbicide-resistant crops. We mainly emphasize the development and use of CRISPR/Cas technology in herbicide-resistant crop improvement. Finally, we discuss the future applications of the CRISPR/Cas system for developing herbicide-resistant crops.
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14
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Dang LT, Vaid S, Lin G, Swaminathan P, Safran J, Loughman A, Lee M, Glenn T, Majolo F, Crino PB, Parent JM. STRADA-mutant human cortical organoids model megalencephaly and exhibit delayed neuronal differentiation. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:696-709. [PMID: 33619909 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diseases involving overactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, so-called "mTORopathies," often manifest with malformations of cortical development (MCDs), epilepsy, and cognitive impairment. How mTOR pathway hyperactivation results in abnormal human cortical development is poorly understood. To study the effect of mTOR hyperactivity on early stages of cortical development, we focused on Pretzel Syndrome (polyhydramnios, megalencephaly, symptomatic epilepsy; PMSE syndrome), a rare mTORopathy caused by homozygous germline mutations in the STRADA gene. We developed a human cortical organoid (hCO) model of PMSE and examined morphology and size for the first 2 weeks of organoid growth, and cell type composition at weeks 2, 8, and 12 of differentiation. In the second week, PMSE hCOs enlarged more rapidly than controls and displayed an abnormal Wnt pathway-dependent increase in neural rosette structures. PMSE hCOs also exhibited delayed neurogenesis, decreased subventricular zone progenitors, increased proliferation and cell death, and an abnormal architecture of primary cilia. At week 8, PMSE hCOs had fewer deep layer neurons. By week 12, neurogenesis recovered in PMSE organoids, but they displayed increased outer radial glia, a cell type thought to contribute to the expansion of the human cerebral cortex. Together, these findings suggest that megalencephaly in PMSE arises from the expansion of neural stem cells in early corticogenesis and potentially also from increased outer radial glial at later gestational stages. The delayed neuronal differentiation in PMSE organoids demonstrates the important role the mTOR pathway plays in the maintenance and expansion of the stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis T Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shivanshi Vaid
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jordan Safran
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Loughman
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monica Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trevor Glenn
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fernanda Majolo
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Tidball AM, Lopez-Santiago LF, Yuan Y, Glenn TW, Margolis JL, Clayton Walker J, Kilbane EG, Miller CA, Martina Bebin E, Scott Perry M, Isom LL, Parent JM. Variant-specific changes in persistent or resurgent sodium current in SCN8A-related epilepsy patient-derived neurons. Brain 2021; 143:3025-3040. [PMID: 32968789 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense variants in the SCN8A voltage-gated sodium channel gene are linked to early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 13, also known as SCN8A-related epilepsy. These patients exhibit a wide spectrum of intractable seizure types, severe developmental delay, movement disorders, and elevated risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. The mechanisms by which SCN8A variants lead to epilepsy are poorly understood, although heterologous expression systems and mouse models have demonstrated altered sodium current properties. To investigate these mechanisms using a patient-specific model, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells from three patients with missense variants in SCN8A: p.R1872>L (Patient 1); p.V1592>L (Patient 2); and p.N1759>S (Patient 3). Using small molecule differentiation into excitatory neurons, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from all three patients displayed altered sodium currents. Patients 1 and 2 had elevated persistent current, while Patient 3 had increased resurgent current compared to controls. Neurons from all three patients displayed shorter axon initial segment lengths compared to controls. Further analyses focused on one of the patients with increased persistent sodium current (Patient 1) and the patient with increased resurgent current (Patient 3). Excitatory cortical neurons from both patients had prolonged action potential repolarization. Using doxycycline-inducible expression of the neuronal transcription factors neurogenin 1 and 2 to synchronize differentiation of induced excitatory cortical-like neurons, we investigated network activity and response to pharmacotherapies. Both small molecule differentiated and induced patient neurons displayed similar abnormalities in action potential repolarization. Patient induced neurons showed increased burstiness that was sensitive to phenytoin, currently a standard treatment for SCN8A-related epilepsy patients, or riluzole, an FDA-approved drug used in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and known to block persistent and resurgent sodium currents, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Patch-clamp recordings showed that riluzole suppressed spontaneous firing and increased the action potential firing threshold of patient-derived neurons to more depolarized potentials. Two of the patients in this study were prescribed riluzole off-label. Patient 1 had a 50% reduction in seizure frequency. Patient 3 experienced an immediate and dramatic seizure reduction with months of seizure freedom. An additional patient with a SCN8A variant in domain IV of Nav1.6 (p.V1757>I) had a dramatic reduction in seizure frequency for several months after starting riluzole treatment, but then seizures recurred. Our results indicate that patient-specific neurons are useful for modelling SCN8A-related epilepsy and demonstrate SCN8A variant-specific mechanisms. Moreover, these findings suggest that patient-specific neuronal disease modelling offers a useful platform for discovering precision epilepsy therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Yukun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trevor W Glenn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - J Clayton Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emma G Kilbane
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - E Martina Bebin
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Scott Perry
- Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Isolation of human ESC-derived cardiac derivatives and embryonic heart cells for population and single-cell RNA-seq analysis. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100339. [PMID: 33644774 PMCID: PMC7887647 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of population and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis using human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation and developmental tissues is a powerful approach to elucidate an organ-specific cellular and molecular atlas in human embryogenesis. This protocol describes (1) cardiac-directed differentiation and isolation of hESC-derived cardiac derivatives with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, (2) isolation of human embryonic heart-derived single cardiac cells, and (3) construction of cDNA libraries with Smart-seq2. These allow for the preparation of human developmental samples for comprehensive transcriptional analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sahara et al. (2019). Efficient cardiac-directed differentiation of hESCs Isolation of hESC-derived cardiac derivatives with fluorescence-activated cell sorting Isolation of human embryonic heart-derived single cardiac cells Construction of cDNA libraries for both population and single-cell RNA sequencing
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17
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Wilson MM, Henshall DC, Byrne SM, Brennan GP. CHD2-Related CNS Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E588. [PMID: 33435571 PMCID: PMC7827033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathies (EE) are severe epilepsy syndromes characterized by multiple seizure types, developmental delay and even regression. This class of disorders are increasingly being identified as resulting from de novo genetic mutations including many identified mutations in the family of chromodomain helicase DNA binding (CHD) proteins. In particular, several de novo pathogenic mutations have been identified in the gene encoding chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 (CHD2), a member of the sucrose nonfermenting (SNF-2) protein family of epigenetic regulators. These mutations in the CHD2 gene are causative of early onset epileptic encephalopathy, abnormal brain function, and intellectual disability. Our understanding of the mechanisms by which modification or loss of CHD2 cause this condition remains poorly understood. Here, we review what is known and still to be elucidated as regards the structure and function of CHD2 and how its dysregulation leads to a highly variable range of phenotypic presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Michel Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 02, Ireland; (M.-M.W.); (D.C.H.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 02, Ireland; (M.-M.W.); (D.C.H.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
| | - Susan M. Byrne
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
- Department of Paediatrics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 02, Ireland
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Our Ladies Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Gary P. Brennan
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland;
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 04, Ireland
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18
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Davaapil H, Shetty DK, Sinha S. Aortic "Disease-in-a-Dish": Mechanistic Insights and Drug Development Using iPSC-Based Disease Modeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:550504. [PMID: 33195187 PMCID: PMC7655792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.550504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic diseases, whether sporadic or due to a genetic disorder such as Marfan syndrome, lack effective medical therapies, with limited translation of treatments that are highly successful in mouse models into the clinic. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer the opportunity to establish new human models of aortic diseases. Here we review the power and potential of these systems to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying disease and discuss recent advances, such as gene editing, and smooth muscle cell embryonic lineage. In particular, we discuss the practical aspects of vascular smooth muscle cell derivation and characterization, and provide our personal insights into the challenges and limitations of this approach. Future applications, such as genotype-phenotype association, drug screening, and precision medicine are discussed. We propose that iPSC-derived aortic disease models could guide future clinical trials via “clinical-trials-in-a-dish”, thus paving the way for new and improved therapies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongorzul Davaapil
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deeti K Shetty
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Hirose S, Tanaka Y, Shibata M, Kimura Y, Ishikawa M, Higurashi N, Yamamoto T, Ichise E, Chiyonobu T, Ishii A. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells in epilepsy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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20
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Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Castro-Viñuelas R, Piñeiro-Ramil M, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Fuentes-Boquete I, Blanco FJ, Díaz-Prado S. Versatility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) for Improving the Knowledge on Musculoskeletal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176124. [PMID: 32854405 PMCID: PMC7504376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an unlimited source of pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into any cell type of the body. Several studies have demonstrated the valuable use of iPSCs as a tool for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying disorders affecting bone, cartilage and muscle, as well as their potential for tissue repair. Musculoskeletal diseases are one of the major causes of disability worldwide and impose an important socio-economic burden. To date there is neither cure nor proven approach for effectively treating most of these conditions and therefore new strategies involving the use of cells have been increasingly investigated in the recent years. Nevertheless, some limitations related to the safety and differentiation protocols among others remain, which humpers the translational application of these strategies. Nonetheless, the potential is indisputable and iPSCs are likely to be a source of different types of cells useful in the musculoskeletal field, for either disease modeling or regenerative medicine. In this review, we aim to illustrate the great potential of iPSCs by summarizing and discussing the in vitro tissue regeneration preclinical studies that have been carried out in the musculoskeletal field by using iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-R.); (S.D.-P.)
| | - Rocío Castro-Viñuelas
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes-Boquete
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- Tissular Bioengineering and Cell Therapy Unit (GBTTC-CHUAC), Rheumatology Group, 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Prado
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-R.); (S.D.-P.)
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21
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Dong H, Wang D, Bai Z, Yuan Y, Yang W, Zhang Y, Ni H, Jiang L. Generation of imidazolinone herbicide resistant trait in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233503. [PMID: 32442184 PMCID: PMC7244175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently-emerged base editing technologies could create single base mutations at precise genomic positions without generation DNA double strand breaks. Herbicide resistant mutations have been successfully introduced to different plant species, including Arabidopsis, watermelon, wheat, potato and tomato via C to T (or G to A on the complementary strand) base editors (CBE) at the P197 position of endogenous acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes. Additionally, G to A conversion to another conserved amino acid S653 on ALS gene could confer tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. However, no such mutation was successfully generated via CBE, likely due to the target C base is outside of the classic base editing window. Since CBE driven by egg cell (EC) specific promoter would re-edit the wild type alleles in egg cells and early embryos, we hypothesized the diversity of base editing outcomes could be largely increased at later generations to allow selection of desired herbicide resistant mutants. To test this hypothesis, we aimed to introduce C to T conversion to the complement strand of S653 codon at ALS gene, hosting a C at the 10th position within the 20-nt spacer sequence outside of the classic base editing window. While we did not detect base-edited T1 plants, efficient and diverse base edits emerged at later generations. Herbicide resistant mutants with different editing outcomes were recovered when T3 and T4 seeds were subject to herbicide selection. As expected, most herbicide resistant plants contained S653N mutation as a result of G10 to A10. Our results showed that CBE could create imidazolinone herbicide resistant trait in Arabidopsis and be potentially applied to crops to facilitate weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Dong
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Delin Wang
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Bai
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuge Yuan
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Zhang
- State Key Lab Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanwen Ni
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linjian Jiang
- Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Niu W, Parent JM. Modeling genetic epilepsies in a dish. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:56-75. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Niu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Michigan Medical Center and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Michigan Medical Center and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
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23
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Gridina ММ. Improvement of the knock-in effciency in the genome of human induced pluripotent stem cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells are a powerful tool for biomedical research. The ability to create patient-specifc pluripotent cells and their subsequent differentiation into any somatic cell type makes hiPS cells a valuable object for creating in vitro models of human diseases, screening drugs and a future source of cells for regenerative medicine. To realize entirely a potential of hiPScells, effective and precise methods for their genome editing are needed. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most widely used method for introducing site-specifc double-stranded breaks into DNA. It allows genes of interest to be knocked out with high efciency. However, knock-in into the target site of the genome is a much more difcult task. Moreover, many researchers have noted a low efciency of introducing target constructs into the hiPS cells’ genome. In this review, I attempt to describe the currently known information regarding the matter of increasing efciency of targeted insertions into hiPS cells’ genome. Here I will describe the most effective strategies for designing the donor template for homology-directed repair, methods to manipulate the double-strand break repair pathways introduced by a nuclease, including control of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery time. A low survival rate of hiPS cells following genome editing experiments is another difculty on the way towards successful knock-in, and here several highly effective approaches addressing it are proposed. Finally, I describe the most promising strategies, one-step reprogramming and genome editing, which allows gene-modifed integration-free hiPS cells to be efciently generated directly from somatic cells.
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24
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From molecules to medicines: the dawn of targeted therapies for genetic epilepsies. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:735-745. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Frasier CR, Zhang H, Offord J, Dang LT, Auerbach DS, Shi H, Chen C, Goldman AM, Eckhardt LL, Bezzerides VJ, Parent JM, Isom LL. Channelopathy as a SUDEP Biomarker in Dravet Syndrome Patient-Derived Cardiac Myocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:626-634. [PMID: 30146492 PMCID: PMC6135724 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with a high incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Most DS patients carry de novo variants in SCN1A, resulting in Nav1.1 haploinsufficiency. Because SCN1A is expressed in heart and in brain, we proposed that cardiac arrhythmia contributes to SUDEP in DS. We generated DS patient and control induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (iPSC-CMs). We observed increased sodium current (INa) and spontaneous contraction rates in DS patient iPSC-CMs versus controls. For the subject with the largest increase in INa, cardiac abnormalities were revealed upon clinical evaluation. Generation of a CRISPR gene-edited heterozygous SCN1A deletion in control iPSCs increased INa density in iPSC-CMs similar to that seen in patient cells. Thus, the high risk of SUDEP in DS may result from a predisposition to cardiac arrhythmias in addition to seizures, reflecting expression of SCN1A in heart and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Frasier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2301E MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Helen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5021 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Offord
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2301E MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Louis T Dang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David S Auerbach
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2301E MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huilin Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5021 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chunling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2301E MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alica M Goldman
- Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - L Lee Eckhardt
- Cellular and Molecular Arrhythmia Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Vassilios J Bezzerides
- Cardiology, Electrophysiology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5021 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 2301E MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5021 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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26
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Melo US, de Souza Leite F, Costa S, Rosenberg C, Zatz M. A fast method to reprogram and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing from erythroblasts. Stem Cell Res 2018; 31:52-54. [PMID: 30015173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-step procedure to reprogram fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and perform CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing simultaneously was recently reported. Here we show that such simultaneous reprogramming and gene editing can be efficiently done from erythroblasts. We successfully obtained human induced pluripotent stem cells colonies together with in frame and out of frame CAPN1 mutations in one or both alleles. We did not identify off-targets in edited cell lines. The entire process, from blood collection to mutated hiPSC took approximately 5 weeks, a much shorter period than standard multi-step methodologies using fibroblasts. Noteworthy, blood drawing is a less invasive procedure than a skin biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uirá Souto Melo
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Souza Leite
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Silvia Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Wen W, Cheng X, Fu Y, Meng F, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Li XL, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhang F, Botimer GD, Yuan W, Sun C, Cheng T, Zhang XB. High-Level Precise Knockin of iPSCs by Simultaneous Reprogramming and Genome Editing of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1821-1834. [PMID: 29754960 PMCID: PMC5989814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an improved episomal vector system for efficient generation of integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. More recently, we reported that the use of an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 system together with a double-cut donor increases homology-directed repair-mediated precise gene knockin efficiency by 5- to 10-fold. Here, we report the integration of blood cell reprogramming and genome editing in a single step. We found that expression of Cas9 and KLF4 using a single vector significantly increases genome editing efficiency, and addition of SV40LT further enhances knockin efficiency. After these optimizations, genome editing efficiency of up to 40% in the bulk iPSC population can be achieved without any selection. Most of the edited cells show characteristics of iPSCs and genome integrity. Our improved approach, which integrates reprogramming and genome editing, should expedite both basic research and clinical applications of precision and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Feiying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Gary D Botimer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
| | - Changkai Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Research Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China; Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China; Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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28
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Grover H, Spatarelu CP, De'De' K, Zhao S, Yang K, Shrike Zhang Y, Chen Z. Vascularization in 3D printed tissues: emerging technologies to overcome longstanding obstacles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/celltissue.2018.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Tidball AM, Swaminathan P, Dang LT, Parent JM. Generating Loss-of-function iPSC Lines with Combined CRISPR Indel Formation and Reprogramming from Human Fibroblasts. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2794. [PMID: 30320153 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For both disease and basic science research, loss-of-function (LOF) mutations are vitally important. Herein, we provide a simple stream-lined protocol for generating LOF iPSC lines that circumvents the technical challenges of traditional gene-editing and cloning of established iPSC lines by combining the introduction of the CRISPR vector concurrently with episomal reprogramming plasmids into fibroblasts. Our experiments have produced nearly even numbers of all 3 genotypes in autosomal genes. In addition, we provide a detailed approach for maintaining and genotyping 96-well plates of iPSC clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tidball
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Preethi Swaminathan
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Louis T Dang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,VA Ann Arbor HealthCare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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