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Tarabet M, Muñoz NR, Scanlon MD, Herzog G, Dossot M. Potential-Modulated Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Tolmetin at Gold Nanoparticle Film Functionalized Polarizable Liquid-Liquid Interfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:7936-7947. [PMID: 38774155 PMCID: PMC11103698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
An aqueous colloidal suspension of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may be condensed into a thin fractal film at the polarizable liquid-liquid interface formed between two immiscible electrolyte solutions upon injection of millimolar concentrations of sodium chloride to the aqueous phase. By adjusting the interfacial polarization conditions (negative, intermediate, and positive open-circuit potentials), the morphology of the film is modified, resulting in unique surface plasmon properties of the film, which enable in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Intense SERS signals are observed at the polarizable liquid-liquid interface when micromolar concentrations of tolmetin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are entrapped in the AuNP fractal film. The change in the signal intensity, averaged over multiple spectra, with respect to the concentration of tolmetin, depends on the polarization conditions and suggests the presence of chemical-induced damping effects on the surface plasmons of the gold film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjid Tarabet
- Université
de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Nataly Rey Muñoz
- The
Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Micheál D. Scanlon
- The
Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | | | - Manuel Dossot
- Université
de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Ferrah N, Merghache D, Meftah S, Benbellil S. A new alternative of a green polymeric matrix chitosan/alginate-polyethyleniminemethylene phosphonic acid for pharmaceutical residues adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13675-13687. [PMID: 34595701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of a green polymeric matrix, chitosan/alginate-polyethyleniminemethylene phosphonic acid (CHIT/ALG-PEIMPA) was examined in comparative study of adsorption and preconcentration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diclofenac and ibuprofen. The influences of experimental parameters like pH, time reaction, initial concentration, ionic strength were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed heterogeneous morphology with different particle sizes of agglomerates from few micrometers to a hundred micrometers and irregular particles shape, before pharmaceuticals products adsorption. However, after adsorption, SEM micrograph reveals a smooth surface structure of agglomerate, and even in this smaller magnification, it was possible to observe the formation of homogenous and regular surface of CHIT/ALG-PEIMPA. Elementary analysis (EDX) reveals that the phosphonic acid (PEIMPA) was successfully cross-linked onto chitosan/alginate. The maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 222 mg.g-1, and 122 mg.g-1 under optimum conditions for diclofenac and ibuprofen respectively. The kinetic modeling followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression for both pharmaceutical drugs. Thermodynamics data leads to an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes (∆H = -34.32 KJ mol-1; ∆H =-21.59 KJ mol-1), respectively for diclofenac and ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer Ferrah
- University Center Salhi Ahmed, Naâma, BP 66, 45000, Naâma, DZA, Algeria.
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Tlemcen University, Box 119, Tlemcen, Algeria.
| | - Djamila Merghache
- Antibiotics, Antifungal, Physico-Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life Sciences of the Earth and the Universe, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sara Meftah
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Tlemcen University, Box 119, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Souheyla Benbellil
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Tlemcen University, Box 119, Tlemcen, Algeria
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3
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Erarpat S, Bodur S, Ayyıldız MF, Günkara ÖT, Erulaş F, Chormey DS, Turak F, Budak TB, Bakırdere S. Accurate and simple determination of oxcarbazepine in human plasma and urine samples using switchable-hydrophilicity solvent in GC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4915. [PMID: 32529647 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a sensitive and rapid analytical method for the determination of oxcarbazepine in human plasma and urine samples. A vortex-assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (VA-SHS-LPME) was used to preconcentrate oxcarbazepine from the samples before the determination by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The switchable hydrophilicity solvent was synthesized by protonating N,N-dimethylbenzylamine with carbon dioxide to make it totally miscible with an equivalent volume of water. Parameters of the VA-SHS-LPME method including volume of switchable hydrophilicity solvent, concentration/volume of sodium hydroxide and vortex period were systematically optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity ranging from 27.03 to 353.47 μg/kg was obtained for the analyte. Limit of detection and quantitation values were found to be 6.2 and 21 μg/kg (mass base), respectively. The relative standard deviation was calculated as 6.9% for six replicate measurements of the lowest concentration of the calibration plot. Satisfactory recovery results were calculated in the range of 97-100% for human plasma and urine samples spiked at five different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat Ayyıldız
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Erulaş
- Siirt University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Turak
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türkan Börklü Budak
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Gutiérrez-Noya VM, Gómez-Oliván LM, Ramírez-Montero MDC, Islas-Flores H, Galar-Martínez M, Dublán-García O, Romero R. Ibuprofen at environmentally relevant concentrations alters embryonic development, induces teratogenesis and oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136327. [PMID: 31923683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) that is used in various conditions. The prescriptions and the global consumption of this drug are very high and its annual production oscillates in millions of tons, this generates that the IBU is present in many waterbodies because it is discharged through the municipal, hospital and industrial effluents. For the above, the purpose of this work was to determine if IBU at environmentally relevant concentrations was capable of inducing alterations to embryonic development, teratogenic effects and oxidative stress in oocytes and embryos of Cyprinus carpio. Oocytes of common carp were exposed to IBU concentrations between 1.5 and 11.5 μg L-1 (environmentally relevant). LC50 and EC50 of malformations were determined to calculate the teratogenic index (TI). Also, main alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects were evaluated. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidation using the same concentrations at 72 and 96 hpf in embryos of Cyprinus carpio. The results showed a LC50 of 4.17 μg L-1, EC50 of 1.39 μg L-1 and TI of 3.0. The main embryonic development disorders and teratogenic effects were delayed hatching, hypopigmentation, pericardial edema, yolk deformation, and developmental delay. Biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidants were increased with respect to the control in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of the study allow us to conclude that IBU at environmentally relevant concentrations is capable of inducing embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in a fish of commercial interest like Cyprinus carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Margarita Gutiérrez-Noya
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - María Del Carmen Ramírez-Montero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rubi Romero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, CP 50200 Toluca, Mexico
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5
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de Souza dos Santos GE, Ide AH, Duarte JLS, McKay G, Silva AOS, Meili L. Adsorption of anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac by MgAl/layered double hydroxide supported on Syagrus coronata biochar. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Khan NA, Khan SU, Ahmed S, Farooqi IH, Yousefi M, Mohammadi AA, Changani F. Recent trends in disposal and treatment technologies of emerging-pollutants- A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Kumirska J, Łukaszewicz P, Caban M, Migowska N, Plenis A, Białk-Bielińska A, Czerwicka M, Qi F, Piotr S. Determination of twenty pharmaceutical contaminants in soil using ultrasound-assisted extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:232-242. [PMID: 31154184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of twenty pharmaceuticals (eight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, five oestrogenic hormones, two antiepileptic drugs, two β-blockers, and three antidepressants) in soils was developed. The optimal method included ultrasound-assisted extraction, a clean-up step on a silica gel column, derivatization using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) in pyridine and ethyl acetate (2:1:1, v/v/v) for 30 min at 60 °C, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry working in the selected ion monitoring mode. This affords good resolution, high sensitivity and reproducibility, and freedom from interferences even from complex matrices such as soils. The method detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 1.7 ng g-1, the intra-day precision represented as RSDs ranged from 1.1 to 10.0%, and the intra-day accuracy from 81.3 to 119.7%. The absolute recoveries of the target compounds were above 80%, except for valproic acid and diethylstilbestrol. The developed method was successfully applied in the analysis of the target compounds in soils collected in Poland. Among the 20 pharmaceuticals, 12 compounds were detected at least once in the soils. The determination of antiepileptic drugs, β-blockers, and antidepressants was also performed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kumirska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Łukaszewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Migowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Czerwicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Stepnowski Piotr
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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8
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Le Coadou L, Le Ménach K, Labadie P, Dévier MH, Pardon P, Augagneur S, Budzinski H. Quality survey of natural mineral water and spring water sold in France: Monitoring of hormones, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, phthalates, and alkylphenols at the ultra-trace level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:651-662. [PMID: 28343692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study, one of the most complete ever performed in France, was to carry out an extensive survey on the potential presence of a large amount of emerging contaminants in 40 French bottled waters, including parent compounds and metabolites. The studied samples represented 70% of the French bottled water market in volume. Six classes of compounds were investigated, most of them being unregulated in bottled waters: pesticides and their transformation products (118), pharmaceutical substances (172), hormones (11), alkylphenols (APs) (8), phthalates (11) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (10). One of the objectives of this work was to achieve low and reliable limits of quantification (LOQs) (87% of the LOQs were below 10ng/L) using advanced analytical technologies and reliable sample preparation methodologies, including stringent quality controls. Among the 14,000 analyses performed, 99.7% of the results were below the LOQs. None of the hormones, pharmaceutical substances and phthalates were quantified. Nineteen compounds out of the 330 investigated were quantified in 11 samples. Eleven were pesticides including 7 metabolites, 6 were PFAS and 2 were APs. As regards pesticides, their sum was at least twice lower than the quality standards applicable for bottled waters in France. The presence of a majority of pesticide metabolites suggested a former use in the recharge areas of the exploited aquifers. The quantification of a few unregulated emerging compounds at the nano-trace level, such as PFAS, raised the issue of their potential sources, including long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. This study confirmed that the groundwater aquifers exploited for bottling were well-preserved from chemicals, as compared to less geologically protected groundwaters, and also underlined the need to pursue the protection policies implemented in recharge areas in order to limit the anthropogenic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Le Coadou
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Karyn Le Ménach
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Patrick Pardon
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Sylvie Augagneur
- Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
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Causanilles A, Baz-Lomba JA, Burgard DA, Emke E, González-Mariño I, Krizman-Matasic I, Li A, Löve AS, McCall AK, Montes R, van Nuijs AL, Ort C, Quintana JB, Senta I, Terzic S, Hernandez F, de Voogt P, Bijlsma L. Improving wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate cannabis use: focus on the initial aspects of the analytical procedure. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 988:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Česen M, Heath E. Disk-based solid phase extraction for the determination of diclofenac and steroidal estrogens E1, E2 and EE2 listed in the WFD watch list by GC-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:832-837. [PMID: 28284637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for determining estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol and diclofenac in whole surface water samples at or below the limits of quantification as set out in Decision 2015/495/EU. The method is based on solid-phase extraction using Atlantic® HLB disks in a semi-automated system (SPE-DEX® 4790). The method involved extracting 10L of whole surface water samples followed by derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drying the disks overnight at 25°C followed by elution with ethyl acetate resulted in extraction recoveries between 75.9% and 120% and limits of quantification of 0.290ngL-1 for estrone, 1.37ngL-1 for 17β-estradiol, 0.724ngL-1 for 17α-ethynyl estradiol and 0.119ngL-1 for diclofenac. Despite extracting 10L of sample, obtained limits of quantification for 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethynyl estradiol were above those set in the Decision 2015/495/EU, while limits of quantification for estrone and diclofenac were lower. The method was applied to six Slovene surface waters, among which four contained detectable concentrations of only diclofenac (0.313ngL-1-5.69ngL-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a large volume solid-phase extraction using disks for the determination of estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol and diclofenac in whole surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Česen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Batt AL, Furlong ET, Mash HE, Glassmeyer ST, Kolpin DW. The importance of quality control in validating concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern in source and treated drinking water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1618-1628. [PMID: 28040193 PMCID: PMC6145083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A national-scale survey of 247 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including organic and inorganic chemical compounds, and microbial contaminants, was conducted in source and treated drinking water samples from 25 treatment plants across the United States. Multiple methods were used to determine these CECs, including six analytical methods to measure 174 pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides. A three-component quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program was designed for the subset of 174 CECs which allowed us to assess and compare performances of the methods used. The three components included: 1) a common field QA/QC protocol and sample design, 2) individual investigator-developed method-specific QA/QC protocols, and 3) a suite of 46 method comparison analytes that were determined in two or more analytical methods. Overall method performance for the 174 organic chemical CECs was assessed by comparing spiked recoveries in reagent, source, and treated water over a two-year period. In addition to the 247 CECs reported in the larger drinking water study, another 48 pharmaceutical compounds measured did not consistently meet predetermined quality standards. Methodologies that did not seem suitable for these analytes are overviewed. The need to exclude analytes based on method performance demonstrates the importance of additional QA/QC protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Batt
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Edward T Furlong
- USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, Bldg 95, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
| | - Heath E Mash
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Susan T Glassmeyer
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- USGS, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States.
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12
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Lucas D, Barceló D, Rodriguez-Mozaz S. Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater by fungal treatment and reduction of hazard quotients. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:909-915. [PMID: 27436780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of 81 pharmaceuticals (PhACs) by means of a biological treatment based on the fungus Trametes versicolor was evaluated in this work. PhAC removal studied in different types of wastewaters (urban, reverse osmosis concentrate, hospital, and veterinary hospital wastewaters) were reviewed and compared with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. In addition, hazard indexes were calculated based on the exposure levels and ecotoxicity for each compound and used for the evaluation of the contaminants removal. PhAC elimination achieved with the fungal treatment (mean value 76%) was similar or slightly worse than the elimination achieved in the CAS treatment (85%). However, the fungal reactor was superior in removing more hazardous compounds (antibiotics and psychiatric drugs) than the conventional activated sludge in terms of environmental risk reduction (93% and 53% of reduction respectively). Fungal treatment can thus be considered as a good alternative to conventional treatment technologies for the elimination of PhACs from wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lucas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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13
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Boukhalfa N, Boutahala M, Djebri N. Synthesis and characterization of ZnAl-layered double hydroxide and organo-K10 montmorillonite for the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solution. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0263617416666548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Boukhalfa
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Chimiques (L.G.P.C), Département de Génie des Procédés, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif-1, Sétif, Algérie
| | - Mokhtar Boutahala
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Chimiques (L.G.P.C), Département de Génie des Procédés, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif-1, Sétif, Algérie
| | - Nassima Djebri
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Chimiques (L.G.P.C), Département de Génie des Procédés, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif-1, Sétif, Algérie
- Laboratoire de Matériaux et Systèmes Electroniques (LMSE), Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université de B.B.Arreridj-Route d'El Annasser, Algérie
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14
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Heath E, Česen M, Negreira N, de Alda ML, Ferrando-Climent L, Blahova L, Nguyen TV, Adahchour M, Ruebel A, Llewellyn N, Ščančar J, Novaković S, Mislej V, Stražar M, Barceló D, Kosjek T. First inter-laboratory comparison exercise for the determination of anticancer drugs in aqueous samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14692-14704. [PMID: 26169820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The results of an inter-laboratory comparison exercise to determine cytostatic anticancer drug residues in surface water, hospital wastewater and wastewater treatment plant effluent are reported. To obtain a critical number of participants, an invitation was sent out to potential laboratories identified to have the necessary knowledge and instrumentation. Nine laboratories worldwide confirmed their participation in the exercise. The compounds selected (based on the extent of use and laboratories capabilities) included cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, etoposide, methotrexate and cisplatinum. Samples of spiked waste (hospital and wastewater treatment plant effluent) and surface water, and additional non-spiked hospital wastewater, were prepared by the organising laboratory (Jožef Stefan Institute) and sent out to each participant partner for analysis. All analytical methods included solid phase extraction (SPE) and the use of surrogate/internal standards for quantification. Chemical analysis was performed using either liquid or gas chromatography mass (MS) or tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry. Cisplatinum was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A required minimum contribution of five laboratories meant that only cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate and etoposide could be included in the statistical evaluation. z-score and Q test revealed 3 and 4 outliers using classical and robust approach, respectively. The smallest absolute differences between the spiked values and the measured values were observed in the surface water matrix. The highest within-laboratory repeatability was observed for methotrexate in all three matrices (CV ≤ 12 %). Overall, inter-laboratory reproducibility was poor for all compounds and matrices (CV 27-143 %) with the only exception being methotrexate measured in the spiked hospital wastewater (CV = 8 %). Random and total errors were identified by means of Youden plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjeta Česen
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren Lopez de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ferrando-Climent
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lucie Blahova
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tung Viet Nguyen
- National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohamed Adahchour
- Eurofins Omegam, H.J.E. Wenckebachweg 120, 1114 AD, Amsterdam-Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Achim Ruebel
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Muelheim, Germany
| | - Neville Llewellyn
- CEH Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Srdjan Novaković
- Institute of Oncology, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Mislej
- Central Wastewater Treatment Plant Ljubljana VO-KA, Cesta v prod 100, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Stražar
- Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik, Študljanska cesta 91, 1230, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Białk-Bielińska A, Kumirska J, Borecka M, Caban M, Paszkiewicz M, Pazdro K, Stepnowski P. Selected analytical challenges in the determination of pharmaceuticals in drinking/marine waters and soil/sediment samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:271-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Evaluation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to monitor emerging polar contaminants by polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) in rivers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1067-78. [PMID: 26637214 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a method combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was assessed for the determination of two corrosion inhibitors (benzotriazole and methylbenzotriazole), seven pesticides (atrazine, diuron, isoproturon, linuron, metolachlor, penconazole, terbuthylazine), and four pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, metformin, sulfamethoxazole) in river water. As a first step, two POCIS sorbents, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and Strata X-CW, were compared. The comparison of the uptake profiles of the studied compounds showed that the HLB sorbent provides better uptake (higher sampled amount and better linearity) than Strata X-CW except for the basic compound metformin. Since the sampling rate (R s) of POCIS depends on environmental factors, seven compounds were evaluated as potential performance reference compounds (PRCs) through kinetic experiments. Deisopropylatrazine-d5 (DIA-d5) and, as far as we know, for the first time 4-methylbenzotriazole-d3 showed suitable desorption. The efficiency of both compounds to correct for the effect of water velocity was shown using a channel system in which POCIS were exposed to 2 and 50 cm s(-1). Finally, POCIS were deployed upstream and downstream of agricultural wine-growing and tree-growing areas in the Lienne River and the Uvrier Canal (Switzerland). The impact of the studied areas on both streams could be demonstrated.
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17
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Orias F, Bony S, Devaux A, Durrieu C, Aubrat M, Hombert T, Wigh A, Perrodin Y. Tamoxifen ecotoxicity and resulting risks for aquatic ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:79-84. [PMID: 25666175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a drug used to treat cancer, is regularly found in hydrosystems at concentrations of several hundred ng L(-1). To characterize its ecotoxicity, we implemented a battery of bioassays on organisms belonging to 3 different trophic levels: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, for primary producers, Daphnia magna (immobilization, grazing and reproduction) for primary consumers, and Danio rerio for secondary consumers (embryotoxicity test). In view of the results obtained and the ecotoxicity values of tamoxifen available in the literature, we established a PNEC (Predictive No Effect Concentration) equal to 81 ng L(-1) for continental water. This PNEC allowed us to calculate Risk Quotients (RQ) for 4 continental hydrosystems in 4 different countries in which measures of tamoxifen had already been performed on surface waters. In two of the situations studied, RQs were higher than 1, reaching a maximum of 2.6. These results show the need to deepen the characterization of ecotoxicological risks linked to the discharge of tamoxifen in surface waters. In addition, we propose applying this approach to other drug residues detected in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Orias
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Sylvie Bony
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France; INRA, USC IGH 1369, ENTPE, F-69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Alain Devaux
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France; INRA, USC IGH 1369, ENTPE, F-69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Claude Durrieu
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Marion Aubrat
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Thibault Hombert
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Adriana Wigh
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Yves Perrodin
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
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18
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Frédéric O, Yves P. Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater: their ecotoxicity and contribution to the environmental hazard of the effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 115:31-9. [PMID: 24502927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, pharmaceuticals are found in every compartment of the environment. Hospitals are one of the main sources of these pollutant emissions sent to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that are poorly equipped to treat these types of compounds efficiently. In this work, for each pharmaceutical compound found in hospital wastewater (HWW), we have calculated a hazard quotient (HQ) corresponding to the highest concentration measured in HWW divided by its predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). Thus we have assessed the contribution of each compound to the ecotoxicological threat of HWW taken as a whole. Fifteen compounds are identified as particularly hazardous in HWW. In future more attention should be given to their analysis and replacement in hospitals, and to their elimination in WWTPs. This work also highlights the lack of knowledge of the ecotoxicity of certain pharmaceutical compounds found in HWW at high concentrations (mgL(-1)). In order to extend this study, it is now necessary to investigate ecotoxic risks linked to various emission scenarios, focusing in particular on dilution in the aquatic environment and the production of metabolites, especially during transit inside WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orias Frédéric
- University of Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
| | - Perrodin Yves
- University of Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
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19
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Bayen S, Yi X, Segovia E, Zhou Z, Kelly BC. Analysis of selected antibiotics in surface freshwater and seawater using direct injection in liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1338:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Loos R, Carvalho R, António DC, Comero S, Locoro G, Tavazzi S, Paracchini B, Ghiani M, Lettieri T, Blaha L, Jarosova B, Voorspoels S, Servaes K, Haglund P, Fick J, Lindberg RH, Schwesig D, Gawlik BM. EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6475-87. [PMID: 24091184 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the year 2010, effluents from 90 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for 156 polar organic chemical contaminants. The analyses were complemented by effect-based monitoring approaches aiming at estrogenicity and dioxin-like toxicity analyzed by in vitro reporter gene bioassays, and yeast and diatom culture acute toxicity optical bioassays. Analyses of organic substances were performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) or gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Target microcontaminants were pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), veterinary (antibiotic) drugs, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphate ester flame retardants, pesticides (and some metabolites), industrial chemicals such as benzotriazoles (corrosion inhibitors), iodinated x-ray contrast agents, and gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging agents; in addition biological endpoints were measured. The obtained results show the presence of 125 substances (80% of the target compounds) in European wastewater effluents, in concentrations ranging from low nanograms to milligrams per liter. These results allow for an estimation to be made of a European median level for the chemicals investigated in WWTP effluents. The most relevant compounds in the effluent waters with the highest median concentration levels were the artificial sweeteners acesulfame and sucralose, benzotriazoles (corrosion inhibitors), several organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (e.g. tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate; TCPP), pharmaceutical compounds such as carbamazepine, tramadol, telmisartan, venlafaxine, irbesartan, fluconazole, oxazepam, fexofenadine, diclofenac, citalopram, codeine, bisoprolol, eprosartan, the antibiotics trimethoprim, ciprofloxacine, sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycine, the insect repellent N,N'-diethyltoluamide (DEET), the pesticides MCPA and mecoprop, perfluoroalkyl substances (such as PFOS and PFOA), caffeine, and gadolinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Loos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Enrico Fermi, 21020 Ispra, Italy.
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21
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Chemometric optimization of derivatization reactions prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:164-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Mompelat S, Jaffrezic A, Jardé E, Le Bot B. Storage of natural water samples and preservation techniques for pharmaceutical quantification. Talanta 2013; 109:31-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Zhang H, Du Z, Ji Y, Mei M. Simultaneous trace determination of acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in purified water, tap water, juice, soda and energy drink by hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 109:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Dévier MH, Le Menach K, Viglino L, Di Gioia L, Lachassagne P, Budzinski H. Ultra-trace analysis of hormones, pharmaceutical substances, alkylphenols and phthalates in two French natural mineral waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:621-632. [PMID: 23220754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the potential presence of a broad range of organic compounds, such as hormones, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates, as well as pharmaceutical substances in two brands of bottled natural mineral waters (Evian and Volvic, Danone). The phthalates were determined by solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and the other compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after solid-phase extraction. The potential migration of alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles was also investigated under standardized test conditions. Evian and Volvic natural mineral waters contain none of the around 120 targeted organic compounds. Traces of 3 pharmaceuticals (ketoprofen, salicylic acid, and caffeine), 3 alkylphenols (4-nonylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol diethoxylate), and some phthalates including di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were detected in the samples, but they were also present in the procedural blanks at similar levels. The additional test procedures demonstrated that the few detected compounds originated from the background laboratory contamination. Analytical procedures have been designed both in the bottling factory and in the laboratory in order to investigate the sources of DEHP and to minimize to the maximum this unavoidable laboratory contamination. It was evidenced that no migration of the targeted compounds from bottles occurred under the test conditions. The results obtained in this study underline the complexity of reaching a reliable measure to qualify the contamination of a sample at ultra-trace level, in the field of very pure matrices. The analytical procedures involving glassware, equipment, hoods, and rooms specifically dedicated to trace analysis allowed us to reach reliable procedural limits of quantification at the ng/L level, by lowering the background laboratory contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Dévier
- Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'Environnement (LPTC), Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, France
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25
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Hughes SR, Kay P, Brown LE. Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:661-77. [PMID: 23227929 PMCID: PMC3636779 DOI: 10.1021/es3030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have emerged as a major group of environmental contaminants over the past decade but relatively little is known about their occurrence in freshwaters compared to other pollutants. We present a global-scale analysis of the presence of 203 pharmaceuticals across 41 countries and show that contamination is extensive due to widespread consumption and subsequent disposal to rivers. There are clear regional biases in current understanding with little work outside North America, Europe, and China, and no work within Africa. Within individual countries, research is biased around a small number of populated provinces/states and the majority of research effort has focused upon just 14 compounds. Most research has adopted sampling techniques that are unlikely to provide reliable and representative data. This analysis highlights locations where concentrations of antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, painkillers, contrast media, and antiepileptic drugs have been recorded well above thresholds known to cause toxic effects in aquatic biota. Studies of pharmaceutical occurrence and effects need to be seen as a global research priority due to increasing consumption, particularly among societies with aging populations. Researchers in all fields of environmental management need to work together more effectively to identify high risk compounds, improve the reliability and coverage of future monitoring studies, and develop new mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hughes
- School of Geography/water@leeds, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK.
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26
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Migowska N, Caban M, Stepnowski P, Kumirska J. Simultaneous analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and estrogenic hormones in water and wastewater samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 441:77-88. [PMID: 23137972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the group of pharmaceuticals that is most often found in the environment, whereas estrogenic hormones are considered to be potent endocrine disruptors. However, the fate and persistence of these compounds in the environment are still unclear. In this study we propose two approaches for determining these compounds in environmental water samples: GC-MS using time windows and operating in selected ion-monitoring mode (SIM) and, for the first time, gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The identification criteria of both methods fulfilled the requirements of Directive 2002/657/EC. The use of time windows improved the sensitivity of GC-MS measurements. In GC-MS analysis the pharmaceuticals were determined as trimethylsilyl, in GC-ECD as pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. The influence of such parameters as the type of reagent, type of solvent, reaction time, reaction temperature and microwave irradiation in a household microwave oven on the efficacy of silylation was investigated. Derivatization using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) in pyridine (1:1, v/v) for 30 min in 60 °C was found to be optimal. Optimization of the solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) confirmed that the application of Oasis HLB cartridges, the acidification of loading samples to pH2 and the use of methanol as eluent gave the best absolute recoveries (ARs) of the target compounds. The following ARs of all the compounds were achieved: 58.2-106.8% in influent wastewater, 77.8-103.4% in effluent wastewater and 81.2-101.9% in surface water samples. Validation of the SPE-GC-MS method enables 13 pharmaceuticals to be determined with MDLs between 3.3 and 343.6 ng/L, depending on the analytes and matrices. GC-ECD analysis enables the determination of 6 pharmaceuticals in surface water samples with MDLs between 0.7 and 5.4 ng/L. The proposed methods were successfully used for analyzing selected pharmaceuticals in wastewaters and river waters in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Migowska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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27
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Maijó I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. DETERMINATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN RIVER WATER BY SWEEPING-MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.629386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maijó
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry , Rovira i Virgili University , Tarragona , Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry , Rovira i Virgili University , Tarragona , Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry , Rovira i Virgili University , Tarragona , Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry , Rovira i Virgili University , Tarragona , Spain
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28
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Roig B, Brogat M, Mompelat S, Leveque J, Cadiere A, Thomas O. Inter-laboratory exercise on antibiotic drugs analysis in aqueous samples. Talanta 2012; 98:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Roig
- Environment and Health Research laboratory (LERES), Advanced School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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29
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Noche GG, Laespada MEF, Pavón JLP, Cordero BM, Lorenzo SM. In situ aqueous derivatization and determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by salting-out-assisted liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Buchberger WW. Current approaches to trace analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:603-18. [PMID: 21067760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A large number of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals and personal care products are continuously released into the environment. Effluents from sewage treatment plants are well known to be the major source for introduction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the aquatic system. In recent years, reliable methods have been established for residue analysis of these pollutants down to low ng/L levels. In this review, the different approaches to their trace determination are reviewed with special attention being paid to sample preparation procedures, state-of-the-art high-performance separation methods hyphenated with mass spectrometry, and immunochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Buchberger
- Johannes-Kepler-University, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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Heath E, Kosjek T, Andersen HR, Holten Lützhøft HC, Adolfson Erici M, Coquery M, Düring RA, Gans O, Guignard C, Karlsson P, Manciot F, Moldovan Z, Patureau D, Cruceru L, Sacher F, Ledin A. Inter-laboratory exercise on steroid estrogens in aqueous samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:658-662. [PMID: 19906476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An inter-laboratory comparison exercise was organized among European laboratories, under the aegis of EU COST Action 636: "Xenobiotics in Urban Water Cycle". The objective was to evaluate the performance of testing laboratories determining "Endocrine Disrupting Compounds" (EDC) in various aqueous matrices. As the main task three steroid estrogens: 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 17beta-estradiol and estrone were determined in four spiked aqueous matrices: tap water, river water and wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Results were compared and discussed according to the analytical techniques applied, the accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical methods and the nature of the sample matrices. Overall, the results obtained in this inter-laboratory exercise reveal a high level of competence among the participating laboratories for the detection of steroid estrogens in water samples indicating that GC-MS as well as LC-MS/MS can equally be employed for the analysis of natural and synthetic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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