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Hu Q, Zhang L, Yang R, Tang J, Dong G. Quaternary ammonium biocides promote conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance gene in structure- and species-dependent manner. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108812. [PMID: 38878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The linkage between biocides and antibiotic resistance has been widely suggested in laboratories and various environments. However, the action mechanism of biocides on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spread is still unclear. Thus, 6 quaternary ammonium biocides (QACs) with different bonded substituents or alkyl chain lengths were selected to assess their effects on the conjugation transfer of ARGs in this study. Two conjugation models with the same donor (E. coli DH5α (RP4)) into two receptors, E. coli MG1655 and pathogenic S. sonnei SE6-1, were constructed. All QACs were found to significantly promote intra- and inter-genus conjugative transfer of ARGs, and the frequency was highly impacted by their structure and receptors. At the same environmental exposure level (4 × 10-1 mg/L), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC (C10)) promoted the most frequency of conjugative transfer, while benzathine chloride (BEC) promoted the least. With the same donor, the enhanced frequency of QACs of intra-transfer is higher than inter-transfer. Then, the acquisition mechanisms of two receptors were further determined using biochemical combined with transcriptome analysis. For the recipient E. coli, the promotion of the intragenus conjugative transfer may be associated with increased cell membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and proton motive force (PMF)-induced enhancement of flagellar motility. Whereas, the increase of cell membrane permeability and decreased flagellar motility due to PMF disruption but encouraged biofilm formation, maybe the main reasons for promoting intergenus conjugative transfer in the recipient S. sonnei. As one pathogenic bacterium, S. sonnei was first found to acquire ARGs by biocide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jialin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Guoliang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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2
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Tao MT, Sun X, Ding TT, Xu YQ, Liu SS. Screening for frequently detected quaternary ammonium mixture systems in waters based on frequent itemset mining and prediction of their toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116581. [PMID: 38875820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Screening and prioritizing research on frequently detected mixture systems in the environment is of great significance, as conducting toxicity testing on all mixtures is impractical. Therefore, the frequent itemset mining (FIM) was introduced and applied in this paper to identify variables that commonly co-occur in a dataset. Based on the dataset of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in the water environment, the four frequent QAC mixture systems with detection rate ≥ 35 % were found, including [BDMM]+Cl--[BTMM]+Cl- (M1), [BDMM]+Cl--[BHMM]+Cl- (M2), [BTMM]+Cl- -[BHMM]+Cl- (M3), and [BDMM]+Cl--[BTMM]+Cl--[BHMM]+Cl- (M4). [BDMM]+Cl-, [BTMM]+Cl-, and [BHMM]+Cl- are benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, benzyl tetradecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and benzyl hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, respectively. Then, the toxicity of the representative mixture rays and components for the four frequently detected mixture systems was tested using Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) as a luminescent indicator organism at 0.25 and 12 h. The toxicity of the mixtures was predicted using concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. It was shown that both the components and the representative mixture rays for the four frequently detected mixture systems exhibited obvious acute and chronic toxicity to Q67, and their median effective concentrations (EC50) were below 7 mg/L. Both CA and IA models predicted the toxicity of the four mixture systems well. However, the CA model had a better predictive ability for the toxicity of the M3 and M4 mixtures than IA at 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Tao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Monteil-Rivera F, Locke S, Ye M, Smyth SA, Sullivan K, Okonski A, Jagla M, Gutzman D. Quantification of quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Minimizing losses from the field to the laboratory. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1723:464905. [PMID: 38640882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are widely used in household, medical and industrial settings. As a consequence, they are ubiquitously found in the environment. Although significant efforts have been put into the development of sensitive and reproducible analytical methods, much less effort has been dedicated to the monitoring of QACs upon sample storage and sample preparation. Here we studied the effect of storage, concentration, and extraction procedures on the concentrations of QACs in samples. Thirteen QACs selected amongst benzalkonium compounds (BACs), dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMACs) and alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMACs) were quantified in aqueous and solid samples using LC-MS/MS. Most QACs adsorbed on container walls could be recovered using a short washing step with MeOH containing 2 % v/v formic acid. Concentrations of QACs from aqueous solutions using solid phase extraction (SPE) with Strata-X cartridges and elution with acidified MeOH utilized to wash the emptied containers gave highly satisfactory recoveries (101-111 %). Good recoveries (89-116 %) were also obtained when extracting a spiked organic-rich synthetic soil using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with acidified MeOH at low solid/solvent ratio (0.4 g/20 mL). Applying the recommended methodologies to real samples collected from a Canadian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) gave QAC concentrations in the ranges of 0.01-30 µg/L, < 1.2 µg/L, and 0.05-27 mg/kg for the influent, effluent and biosolids samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monteil-Rivera
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
| | - Steven Locke
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Mengwei Ye
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Regulatory Operations, Policy and Emerging Science Division, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Katrina Sullivan
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Alexander Okonski
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Magdalena Jagla
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Don Gutzman
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Substance Prioritization, Assessment and Coordination Division, 351St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, QC, K1A 0H3, Canada
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Volta TT, Walters SN, Martin CR. Effect of Organic Cation Adsorption on Ion-Transport Selectivity in a Cation-Permselective Nanopore Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10825-10833. [PMID: 38700247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A key knowledge gap in the emerging field of nanofluidics concerns how the ionic composition and ion-transport properties of a nanoconfined solution differ from those of a contacting bulk solution. We and others have been using potentiometric concentration cells, where a nanopore or nanotube membrane separates salt solutions of differing concentrations to explore this issue. The membranes studied contained a fixed pore/tube wall anionic charge, which ideally would prohibit anions and salt from entering the pore/tube-confined solution. We have been investigating experimental conditions that allow for this ideally permselective cation state to be achieved. Results of potentiometric investigations of a polymeric nanopore membrane (10 ± 2 nm-diameter pores) with anionic charge due to carbonate are presented here. While studies of this type have been reported using alkaline metal and alkaline earth cations, there have been no analogous studies using organic cations. This paper uses a homologous series of tetraalkylammonium ions to address this knowledge gap. The key result is that, in contrast to the inorganic cations, the ideal cation-permselective state could not be obtained under any experimental conditions for the organic cations. We propose that this is because these hydrophobic cations adsorb onto the polymeric pore walls. This makes ideality impossible because each adsorbed alkylammonium must bring a charge-balancing anion, Cl-, with it into the nanopore solution. The alkylammonium adsorption that occurred was confirmed and quantified by using surface contact angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Volta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Stevie N Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Charles R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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5
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Larsson Y, Mongelli A, Kisielius V, Bester K. Microbial biofilm metabolization of benzalkonium compounds (benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium & benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132834. [PMID: 37918070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATs) that are used as biocides. The degradation of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants is essential to reduce their spread into the environment and thus prevent the development of QUAT-resistant genes. The biodegradation of two BACs (BAC-12 and BAC-14) was investigated in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). Degradation half-lives of 12 and 20 h for BAC-12 and - 14, respectively, were detected as well as the formation of 42 metabolites. Two new degradation pathways for the BACs were identified in this study: 1) one involving an ω-oxidation, followed by β-oxidation and 2) one via an ω-oxidation followed by an α-oxidation that was succeeded by β-oxidation. Similar metabolites were detected for both BAC-12 and BAC-14. Additional metabolites were detected in the study, that could not be assigned to the above-mentioned pathways, revealing even more metabolic pathways in the MBBR which is probably due to the complexity of the microbial community in the biofilm. Interestingly, both TP194 (Benzyl-(carboxymethyl)-dimethylazanium) and TP208B (Benzyl-(2-carboxyethyl)-dimethylazanium) were identified as end products of the ω/β-pathway and the α/β-pathway. TP208B, TP152 and TP250 that were identified in this study, as well as the known BDMA were discovered in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrsa Larsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Andrea Mongelli
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Vaidotas Kisielius
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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Liao M, Wei S, Zhao J, Wang J, Fan G. Risks of benzalkonium chlorides as emerging contaminants in the environment and possible control strategies from the perspective of ecopharmacovigilance. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115613. [PMID: 37862750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented increase in the use of disinfection products triggered by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is resulting in aggravating environmental loads of disinfectants as emerging contaminants, which has been considered a cause for worldwide secondary disasters. This review analyzed the literature published in the last decade about occurrence, bioaccumulation, and possible environmental risks of benzalkonium chlorides (BKCs) as emerging contaminants. Results indicated that BKCs globally occurred in municipal wastewater, surface water, groundwater, reclaimed water, sludge, sediment, soil, roof runoff, and residential dust samples across 13 countries. The maximum residual levels of 30 mg/L and 421 μg/g were reported in water and solid environmental samples, respectively. Emerging evidences suggested possible bioaccumulation of BKCs in plants, even perhaps humans. Environmentally relevant concentrations of BKCs exert potential adverse impacts on aquatic and terrestrial species, including genotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, behavioural effects and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment, phytotoxicity, etc. Given the intrinsic biocidal and preservative properties of disinfectants, the inductive effects of residual BKCs in environment in terms of resistance and imbalance of microorganisms have been paid special attention. Considering the similarities of disinfectants to pharmaceuticals, from the perspective of ecopharmacovigilance (EPV), a well-established strategy for pharmaceutical emerging contaminants, we use the control of BKC pollution as a case, and provide some recommendations for employing the EPV measures to manage environmental risks posed by disinfectant emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Liao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Songyi Wei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jinru Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Guangquan Fan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
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7
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Wei S, Hu X, Hu X, Wan Y, Fan G, Wang J. In vitro evaluation for estrogenic mechanisms of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride as an emerging contaminant. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12784. [PMID: 37493774 PMCID: PMC10361637 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the possible mechanisms underlying the estrogenic potential of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as a disinfectant emerging contaminant. Effects of BAC at the environmentally-relevant concentrations on estrogen synthesis and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling were assessed using the H295R steroidogenesis assay and the MCF-7 proliferation assay, respectively. Results showed that exposure to BAC at concentrations of 1.0-1.5 mg/L for 48 h significantly increased estradiol production of H295R cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcription of steroidogenic genes 3β-HSD2, 17β-HSD1, 17β-HSD4, and CYP19A were significantly enhanced by BAC. In ER-positive MCF-7 cells, exposure to 0.5-1.5 mg/L BAC for 48 h significantly promoted cell proliferation and increased the expressions of ERα and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 0.5-1.5 mg/L BAC significantly decreased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, increased the percentage in S phase, and BAC at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L increased the G2/M phase cells. Findings of the study suggested that BAC at environmentally-relevant concentrations might act as a xenoestrogen through its inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis and ER-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Wei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianmin Hu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yisheng Wan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangquan Fan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chukwu KB, Abafe OA, Amoako DG, Essack SY, Abia ALK. Antibiotic, Heavy Metal, and Biocide Concentrations in a Wastewater Treatment Plant and Its Receiving Water Body Exceed PNEC Limits: Potential for Antimicrobial Resistance Selective Pressure. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1166. [PMID: 37508262 PMCID: PMC10376008 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the rise in antimicrobial resistance has been attributed mainly to the extensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials such as antibiotics and biocides in humans, animals and on plants, studies investigating the impact of this use on water environments in Africa are minimal. This study quantified selected antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and its receiving water body in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, in the context of the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) for the selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Water samples were collected from the WWTP effluent discharge point and upstream and downstream from this point. Heavy metals were identified and quantified using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method 200.7. Biocides and antibiotic residues were determined using validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based methods. The overall highest mean antibiotic, metal and biocide concentrations were observed for sulfamethoxazole (286.180 µg/L), neodymium (Nd; 27.734 mg/L), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC 12) (7.805 µg/L), respectively. In decreasing order per sampling site, the pollutant concentrations were effluent > downstream > upstream. This implies that the WWTP significantly contributed to the observed pollution in the receiving water. Furthermore, most of the pollutants measured recorded values exceeding the recommended predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values, suggesting that the microbes in such water environments were at risk of developing resistance due to the selection pressure exerted by these antimicrobials. Further studies are required to establish such a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi B Chukwu
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Residue Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Campus, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa
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Wang H, Li H, Zhu L, Yang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang D. Effect and mechanism of benzalkonium bromide on short chain fatty acid production from anaerobic sludge fermentation process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118203. [PMID: 37235988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) was frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants and leads to potential toxicity to the related biological processes. In this study, the effect of benzalkonium bromide (BK) on anaerobic sludge fermentation process for short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production was investigated. Batch experiments indicated that BK exposure significantly enhanced the SCFAs production from anaerobic fermentation sludge and the maximum concentration of total SCFAs increased from 474.40 ± 12.35 mg/L to 916.42 ± 20.35 mg/L with BK increasing from 0 to 8.69 mg/g VSS. Mechanism exploration exhibited that the presence of BK enhanced much more bioavailable organic matters release, little affected on hydrolysis, acidification, but seriously inhibited methanogenesis. Microbial community investigation revealed that BK exposure importantly enhanced the relative abundances of hydrolytic-acidifying bacteria and also improved the metabolic pathways and functional genes for sludge lysis. This work further supplement the information for environmental toxicity of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; Institute of Xiong'an New Area, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China
| | - Hang Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; Institute of Xiong'an New Area, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; Institute of Xiong'an New Area, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China
| | - Xianglong Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; Institute of Xiong'an New Area, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China
| | - Qiushuo Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; Institute of Xiong'an New Area, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Close-to-Nature Restoration Technology of Wetlands, School of Eco-Environment, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China; Institute of Xiong'an New Area, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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10
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Sakač N, Madunić-Čačić D, Marković D, Ventura BD, Velotta R, Ptiček Siročić A, Matasović B, Sermek N, Đurin B, Šarkanj B, Jozanović M. The 1,3-Dioctadecyl-1 H-imidazol-3-ium Based Potentiometric Surfactant Sensor for Detecting Cationic Surfactants in Commercial Products. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9141. [PMID: 36501843 PMCID: PMC9739083 DOI: 10.3390/s22239141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost and fast potentiometric surfactant sensor for cationic surfactants, based on the new ion-pair 1,3-dioctadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-tetraphenylborate (DODI-TPB), is presented. The new cationic surfactant DODI-Br was synthesized and characterized by NMR, LC-MS, and elemental analysis, and was used for synthesis of the DODI-TPB ionophore. The DODI-TPB surfactant sensor was obtained by implementation of the ionophore in PVC. The sensor showed excellent response characteristics with near-Nernstian slopes to the cationic surfactants DMIC, CPC, CTAB, and Hyamine 1622. The highest voltage responses were obtained for DMIC and CPC (58.7 mV/decade of activity). DMIC had the lowest detection limit (0.9 × 10-6 M) and the broadest useful linear concentration range (1.8 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-4 M). An interference study showed remarkable stability. Potentiometric titration curves for the titration of cationic surfactants (DMIC, CPC, CTAB, and Hyamine 1622), with DDS and TPB used as titrants, showed sigmoidal curves with well-defined inflexion points and a broad signal change. The standard addition method was successfully applied with recovery rates from 98.9 to 101.2 at two concentrations. The amount of cationic surfactant found in disinfectants and antiseptics was in good agreement with the referent two-phase titration method and the surfactant sensor on the market. This new surfactant sensor represents a low-cost alternative to existing methods for cationic surfactant detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sakač
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Madunić-Čačić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
- Saponia Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Foodstuff Industry, Inc., 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dean Marković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Raffaele Velotta
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, Università Di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anita Ptiček Siročić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | | | - Nikolina Sermek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Bojan Đurin
- Department of Civil Engineering, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Marija Jozanović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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11
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Xiao ZY, Huang N, Wang Q, Wang WL, Wu QY, Hu HY. Advanced oxidation of dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride by VUV/UV/chlorine: Synergistic effect, radicals, and degradation pathway. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Gomes RDS, Thesing A, Santos JFL, Fernandes AN. Self-supported 3D reduced graphene oxide for solid-phase extraction: An efficient and low-cost sorbent for environmental contaminants in aqueous solution. Talanta 2021; 235:122750. [PMID: 34517618 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 3D reduced graphene oxide (3D-rGO), a self-supported, efficient, and low-cost sorbent, was synthesised and employed in a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. As a proof of concept, it was applied to remove diclofenac from aqueous solution. After applying statistical methods to systematically investigate key parameters for optimizing the 3D-rGO cartridge performance, it reached removal and elution efficiencies of 100 % and 90 %, respectively. This SPE cartridge presented advantages compared to traditional ones as the smaller amount of material into the cartridge (mass twenty times smaller), in addition to the ability of eliminating sorbent preconditioning, reducing the use of solvents, and making the process environmentally friendly with a faster operation. Also, it presented improved reproducibility after several cycles of reuse, and finally a lower cost of production unveiled by a cost-benefit analysis. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode suggested that the 3D framework morphology with a high content of carbon at the surface and some residual oxygen-containing groups are the protagonists in this performance. Therefore, 3D-rGO has the potential to be a highly efficient sorbent in analytical procedures using SPE for environmental contaminants in water and effluent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimara de Souza Gomes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Anderson Thesing
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Ferreira Leite Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Neves Fernandes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
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13
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Sakač N, Marković D, Šarkanj B, Madunić-Čačić D, Hajdek K, Smoljan B, Jozanović M. Direct Potentiometric Study of Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants in Disinfectants and Personal Care Products by New Surfactant Sensor Based on 1,3-Dihexadecyl-1 H-benzo[ d]imidazol-3-ium. Molecules 2021; 26:1366. [PMID: 33806643 PMCID: PMC7961908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, simple, low-cost, and user-friendly potentiometric surfactant sensor based on the new 1,3-dihexadecyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium-tetraphenylborate (DHBI-TPB) ion-pair for the detection of cationic surfactants in personal care products and disinfectants is presented here. The new cationic surfactant DHBI-Br was successfully synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and elemental analysis and was further employed for DHBI-TPB ion-pair preparation. The sensor gave excellent response characteristics for CTAB, CPC and Hyamine with a Nernstian slope (57.1 to 59.1 mV/decade) whereas the lowest limit of detection (LOD) value was measured for CTAB (0.3 × 10-6 M). The sensor exhibited a fast dynamic response to dodecyl sulfate (DDS) and TPB. High sensor performances stayed intact regardless of the employment of inorganic and organic cations and in a broad pH range (2-11). Titration of cationic and etoxylated (EO)-nonionic surfactant (NSs) (in Ba2+) mixtures with TPB revealed the first inflexion point for a cationic surfactant and the second for an EO-nonionic surfactant. The increased concentration of EO-nonionic surfactants and the number of EO groups had a negative influence on titration curves and signal change. The sensor was successfully applied for the quantification of technical-grade cationic surfactants and in 12 personal care products and disinfectants. The results showed good agreement with the measurements obtained by a commercial surfactant sensor and by a two-phase titration. A good recovery for the standard addition method (98-102%) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sakač
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia;
| | - Dean Marković
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Dubravka Madunić-Čačić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia;
- Saponia Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Foodstuff Industry, Inc., 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Hajdek
- Department of Packaging, Recycling and Environmental Protection, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia; (K.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Božo Smoljan
- Department of Packaging, Recycling and Environmental Protection, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia; (K.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Marija Jozanović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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14
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Kim S, Ji K, Shin H, Park S, Kho Y, Park K, Kim K, Choi K. Occurrences of benzalkonium chloride in streams near a pharmaceutical manufacturing complex in Korea and associated ecological risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127084. [PMID: 32460158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BKC) is a commonly used preservative in personal care products and pharmaceutical preparations. However, its ecological risks are not well understood because of lack of monitoring data and ecotoxicological information. In the present study, occurrence of BKC was investigated in the waters near a pharmaceutical manufacturing complex of South Korea and its acute and chronic ecotoxicities were evaluated using Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Associated ecological risks were estimated by calculating hazard quotients (HQs). In addition, endocrine disruption potency of BKC was compared with those of other frequently used preservatives using human adrenal (H295R) and rat pituitary (GH3) cells. High concentration of BKC was detected at locations near the pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, i.e., 35.8 μg/L for dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BKC-C12), and 21.6 μg/L tetradecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BKC-C14). In Daphnia, 48 h immobilization EC50 and 21 d reproduction NOEC were determined at 41.1 μg/L and ≥10.8 μg/L, respectively. For O. latipes, 96 h LC50 was determined at 246 μg/L while the growth inhibition NOEC was ≥113.4 μg/L following early life stage exposure. BKC significantly up-regulated vitellogenin gene of juvenile fish, indicating its endocrine disrupting potential in fish. Exposure to BKC increased steroid hormone level in H295R cells, and induced cytotoxicity in GH3 cells. HQ values of BKC were determined at greater than one in the ambient water near pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. Considering high ecological risk and endocrine disrupting potential, long-term consequences of BKC contamination in aquatic ecosystem need to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesoo Shin
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Sciences, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Aly AA, Górecki T. Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:E1719. [PMID: 32283595 PMCID: PMC7180442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A. Aly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate 61519, Egypt
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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16
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Dufour A, Thiébaut D, Ligiero L, Loriau M, Vial J. Chromatographic behavior and characterization of polydisperse surfactants using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography hyphenated to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Zhou C, Wang S, Lin Q, Ni Z, Qiu H, Morel JL, Qiu R. Phytotoxicity and oxidative effects of typical quaternary ammonium compounds on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25985-25999. [PMID: 31273661 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in medicines or disinfectants can lead to their release into the environment, posing a potential risk to organisms. This study examined the effects of three typical QACs, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (DBAC), and didodecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), on hydroponically cultured wheat seedlings. After 14 days of exposure, both hormesis and phytotoxicity were observed in the wheat seedlings. The shoot and root fresh weight gradually increased as QAC concentrations rose from 0.05 to 0.8 mg L-1. However, higher QAC concentrations severely inhibited plant growth by decreasing shoot and root fresh weight, total root length, and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, the increase in malondialdehyde and O2.- contents, as well as root membrane permeability, reflected an oxidative burst and membrane lipid peroxidation caused by QACs. However, the effects of QACs on the levels of these oxidative stress markers were compound-specific, and the changes in superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, and catalase activity were partly related to reactive oxygen species levels. Considering the order of median effective concentration values (EC50) and the levels of oxidative stress induced by the three tested QACs, their phytotoxicities in wheat seedlings increased in the following order: DDAC < DTAC < DBAC, which mainly depended on their characteristics and applied concentrations. These results, which illustrated the complexity of QAC toxicity to plants, could potentially be used to assess the risk posed by these compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqi Lin
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean Louis Morel
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement INRA, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy Cédex, France
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
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18
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Lee MY, Wang WL, Xu ZB, Ye B, Wu QY, Hu HY. The application of UV/PS oxidation for removal of a quaternary ammonium compound of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC): The kinetics and mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1261-1269. [PMID: 30577118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) that is a widespread contaminant in environmental media and therefore of increasing concern. The synergistic effect with UV irradiation and persulfate (UV/PS) was used to degrade DTAC. The removal of DTAC was 91% with the PS dosage of 75.6 μM (UV/PS) and UV fluence of 870 mJ·cm-2. The second-order rate constants of DTAC with HO and SO4- were determined to be kHO, DTAC (4.2 ± 0.18) × 109 M-1 s-1 and kSO4∙-, DTAC (2.5 ± 0.27) × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. The contributions of HO and SO4- to DTAC degradation in the UV/PS were found to be 30% and 62% at pH 7, respectively. The contributions of SO4- and HO were not significantly influenced by acidic medium (pH 3-pH 7), whereas they were significantly affected by basic medium (pH 7-pH 11). The wastewater matrixes of HCO3-, Cl- and humic acid inhibited the DTAC elimination, whereas NO3- and SO42- had no significant impact on its elimination. Moreover, the kobs,DTAC in the reverse osmosis influent (ROI) and reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) were examined to be 0.04 to 0.1 min-1 and 0.02 to 0.05 min-1, respectively, as the PS dosage increased from 18.9 to 113.4 μM. The inhibitive effects of matrix in ROI and ROC was 70% and 81%, respectively. The contribution of radical scavenging effect by matrix ROI and ROC was more significant to DTAC degradation than UV scattering effect in ROI and ROC matrices. A UV fluence of 1305 mJ·cm-2 was necessitated for complete detoxification and DTAC solution by UV/PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yong Lee
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, GuRangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zi-Bin Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, GuRangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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19
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Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection of benzalkonium chloride (BZK) in a forensic autopsy case with survival for 18 days post BZK ingestion. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Yang Y, Wang W. Benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride shifts the proliferation of functional genes and microbial community in natural water from eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:355-365. [PMID: 29414358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylethyl ammonium compounds are pervasive in natural environments and toxic at high concentrations. The changes in functional genes and microbial diversity in eutrophic lake samples exposed to benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BAC) were assessed. BAC exerted negative effects on bacteria abundance, particularly at concentrations of 100 μg L-1 and higher. A significant increase in the number of the quaternary ammonium compound-resistant gene qacA/B was recorded within the 10 μg L-1 treatment after the first day of exposure. Not all antibiotic resistance genes increased in abundance as the concentrations of BAC increased; rather, gene abundances were dependent on the gene type, concentrations of BAC, and contact time. The nitrogen fixation-related gene nifH and ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA were inhibited by high concentrations of BAC after the first day, whereas an increase of the nitrite reductase gene nirK was stimulated by exposure. Microbial communities within higher treatment levels (1000 and 10 000 μg L-1) exhibited significantly different community composition compared to other treatment levels and the control. Selective enrichment of Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas, and Vogesella were found in the higher treatment levels, suggesting that these bacteria have some resistance or degradation capacity to BAC. Genes related with RNA processing and modification, transcription, lipid transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and cell motility of microbial community function were involved in the process exposed to the BAC stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Weibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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21
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Chen M, Zhang X, Wang Z, Liu M, Wang L, Wu Z. Impacts of quaternary ammonium compounds on membrane bioreactor performance: Acute and chronic responses of microorganisms. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:153-161. [PMID: 29426032 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are emerging contaminants with the extensive applications in a variety of fields. However, little is known about their potential impacts on activated sludge and performance of biological wastewater treatment processes. In this work, the effects of benzalkonium chloride (BAC, a kind of QACs) on acute and chronic responses of microorganisms and on MBR performance were systematically investigated. The results showed that a low concentration (0.5-2.0 mg BAC/g SS) caused no significant effects on activated sludge property. In contrast, an elevated concentration of BAC led to severer inhibition on activated sludge and key enzyme activity (e.g., dehydrogenase activity) in both short-term and long-term exposure, thus deteriorating the pollutant removal efficiency. Compared with the control MBR (R1) and the reactor with 0.5 mg/L BAC (R2), the removal efficiency of ammonia in R3 with 5.0 mg/L BAC at identical hydraulic retention time (4.3 h) and sludge retention time (30 d) was decreased, i.e., ammonium removal efficiency in R1∼R3 was 95.4 ± 6.1, 93.4 ± 8.1 and 89.3 ± 17.6%, respectively. Moreover, MBR tests showed that membrane fouling was aggravated in the presence of high-concentration BAC. Long-term exposure to BAC reduced microbial community diversity and enriched the BAC-resistant microbes. For instance, the abundance of Pseudomonas genus in R3 was increased from 0.02% to 14.9% with the increase of operation time. Microbial community structure was changed to resist the environmental stress induced by BAC during long-term exposure, thus decreasing the inhibition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xingran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Mingxian Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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22
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Bergé A, Wiest L, Baudot R, Giroud B, Vulliet E. Occurrence of multi-class surfactants in urban wastewater: contribution of a healthcare facility to the pollution transported into the sewerage system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9219-9229. [PMID: 29063400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare facility discharges, by their nature, are often considered as non-domestic effluent, which can provide significant pollution comparatively to other domestic sources. In this context, a total of 12 monthly sampling campaigns were collected from a healthcare facility as well as the output of a sewerage system of Site Pilote de Bellecombe (SIPIBEL) observatory. This study focuses more specifically on 12 surfactants and biocides: four anionics, four cationic, two non-ionic, one zwitterionic, and one dispersive agent, among the most commonly used commercial surfactants. Particular attention was also provided to routine wastewater quality parameters. Both effluents were heavily contaminated by most anionic surfactants; they displayed median concentrations up to 1 to 2 mg/L for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and between 10 and 100 μg/L for other sodium sulfate congeners (lauryl and laureth). Overall, for the majority of surfactants, the healthcare facility contribution to the total flux reaching the wastewater treatment plant ranges between 5 and 9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bergé
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Robert Baudot
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Giroud
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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Di Nica V, Gallet J, Villa S, Mezzanotte V. Toxicity of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) as single compounds and mixtures to aquatic non-target microorganisms: Experimental data and predictive models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:567-577. [PMID: 28494277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of five Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) that are widely used as active ingredients in personal care products were assessed using the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (formerly Vibrio fischeri) (Microtox® test system). The experimental results showed a relevant toxicity for almost all of the single QACs, with IC50 values lower than 1mgL-1. Analysis of the mode of action through the application of the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models indicated an a-specific reactivity for most of the QACs toward A. fischeri. Only hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC-16) behaved as a polar-narcotic, with a low reactivity toward the bacterial cell membrane. The concentration response curves of the different binary and multicomponent mixtures of QACs were also evaluated with respect to the predictions from the Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models. For almost all of the binary and multicomponent mixtures (7 out of 11 mixtures tested), an agreement between the experimental and predicted ICx was observed and confirmed via application of the Model Deviation Ratio (MDR). In four cases, some deviations from the expected behaviour were observed (potential antagonistic and synergistic interactions) at concentrations on the order of hundreds of µgL-1, which could be of environmental concern, especially in the case of synergistic effects. The analysis of aquatic ecotoxicity data and the few available values of the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) from the literature for wastewaters and receiving waterbodies suggest that a potential risk toward aquatic life cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Nica
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - J Gallet
- Unités de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex 73376, France
| | - S Villa
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - V Mezzanotte
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Gao J, Yu H, Zhou L, He Y, Ma L, Jiang Y. Formation of cross-linked nitrile hydratase aggregates in the pores of tannic-acid-templated magnetic mesoporous silica: Characterization and catalytic application. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Alexandre B, Barbara G, Laure W, Bruno D, Adriana GO, Emmanuelle V. Development of a multiple-class analytical method based on the use of synthetic matrices for the simultaneous determination of commonly used commercial surfactants in wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1450:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Dumanli R, Attar A, Erci V, Isildak I. Simultaneous Analysis of Monovalent Anions and Cations with a Sub-Microliter Dead-Volume Flow-Through Potentiometric Detector for Ion Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:598-603. [PMID: 26786906 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A microliter dead-volume flow-through cell as a potentiometric detector is described in this article for sensitive, selective and simultaneous detection of common monovalent anions and cations in single column ion chromatography for the first time. The detection cell consisted of less selective anion- and cation-selective composite membrane electrodes together with a solid-state composite matrix reference electrode. The simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), ammonium (NH4 (+)), chloride (Cl(-)) and nitrate (NO3 (-)) in a single run was achieved by using 98% 1.5 mM MgSO4 and 2% acetonitrile eluent with a mixed-bed ion-exchange separation column without suppressor column system. The separation and simultaneous detection of the anions and cations were completed in 6 min at the eluent flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection limits, at S/N = 3, were ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 µM for the anions and 0.3 to 3.0 µM for the cations, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of monovalent anions and cations in several environmental and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Dumanli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit-Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Azade Attar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
| | - Vildan Erci
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Isildak
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
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Zhang C, Cui F, Zeng GM, Jiang M, Yang ZZ, Yu ZG, Zhu MY, Shen LQ. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): a review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:352-62. [PMID: 25770948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely applied in household and industrial products. Most uses of QACs can be expected to lead to their release to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and then dispersed into various environmental compartments through sewage effluent and sludge land application. Although QACs are considered to be aerobically biodegradable, the degradation is affected by its chemical structures, dissolved oxygen concentration, complexing with anionic surfactants, etc. High abundance of QACs has been detected in sediment and sludge samples due to its strong sorption and resistance to biodegradation under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. QACs are toxic to a lot of aquatic organisms including fish, daphnids, algae, rotifer and microorganisms employed in wastewater treatment systems. And antibiotic resistance has emerged in microorganisms due to excessive use of QACs in household and industrial applications. The occurrence of QACs in the environment is correlated with anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater discharge from WWTPs or single source polluters, and sludge land application. This article also reviews the analytical methods for determination of QACs in environmental compartments including surface water, wastewater, sewage sludge and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fang Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guang-ming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhong-zhu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhi-gang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meng-ying Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liu-qing Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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28
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Sulej AM, Polkowska Z, Wolska L, Cieszynska M, Namieśnik J. Toxicity and chemical analyses of airport runoff waters in Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1083-1093. [PMID: 24668023 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the ecotoxicological effects of various compounds in complex airport effluents using a chemical and ecotoxicological integrated strategy. The present work deals with the determination of sum of PCBs, PAHs, pesticides, cations, anions, phenols, anionic, cationic, non-ionic detergents, formaldehyde and metals--as well as TOC and conductivity--in runoff water samples collected from 2009 to 2011 at several locations on two Polish international airports. Two microbiotests (Vibrio fischeri bacteria and the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus) have been used to determine the ecotoxicity of airport runoff waters. The levels of many compounds exceeded several or even several tens of times the maximum permissible levels. Analysis of the obtained data shows that samples that displayed maximum toxicity towards the bioindicators Vibrio fischeri were not toxic towards Thamnocephalus platyurus. Levels of toxicity towards T. platyurus are strongly correlated with pollutants that originate from the technological operations related to the maintenance of airport infrastructure. The integrated (chemical-ecotoxicological) approach to environmental contamination assessment in and around airports yields extensive information on the quality of the environment. These methodologies can be then used as tools for tracking the environmental fate of these compounds and for assessing the environmental effect of airports. Subsequently, these data will provide a basis for airport infrastructure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Sulej
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Olkowska E, Ruman M, Polkowska Ż. Occurrence of surface active agents in the environment. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:769708. [PMID: 24527257 PMCID: PMC3914419 DOI: 10.1155/2014/769708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the specific structure of surfactants molecules they are applied in different areas of human activity (industry, household). After using and discharging from wastewater treatment plants as effluent stream, surface active agents (SAAs) are emitted to various elements of the environment (atmosphere, waters, and solid phases), where they can undergo numerous physic-chemical processes (e.g., sorption, degradation) and freely migrate. Additionally, SAAs present in the environment can be accumulated in living organisms (bioaccumulation), what can have a negative effect on biotic elements of ecosystems (e.g., toxicity, disturbance of endocrine equilibrium). They also cause increaseing solubility of organic pollutants in aqueous phase, their migration, and accumulation in different environmental compartments. Moreover, surfactants found in aerosols can affect formation and development of clouds, which is associated with cooling effect in the atmosphere and climate changes. The environmental fate of SAAs is still unknown and recognition of this problem will contribute to protection of living organisms as well as preservation of quality and balance of various ecosystems. This work contains basic information about surfactants and overview of pollution of different ecosystems caused by them (their classification and properties, areas of use, their presence, and behavior in the environment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Ruman
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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