Study of silica-structured materials as sorbents for organophosphorus pesticides determination in environmental water samples

Magnetic functionalized graphene oxide combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for trace detection of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in food

In this study, an efficient, sensitive, and convenient magnetic solid-phase extraction method combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MSPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 19 succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide residues in six different food matrices The synthesized tetraethylenepentamine magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite showed the advantages of good dispersibility, large specific surface area (113.93 m2 /g) and large pore volume (0.25 cm3 /g), making it an ideal succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor pretreatment adsorbent. The MSPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method showed linearity in the range of 5.0-800.0 μg/kg, with a correlation coefficient (R2 ) > 0.99, and a limit of quantification of 5 μg/kg. The recovery of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides was in the range of 71.2%-119.4%. The MSPE method is simple, rapid, and efficient, making it an ideal alternative to sample pretreatment in the determination of trace succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in complex matrices.

Effects of Recycled Sponge Iron on Phosphorus Recovery from Polluted Water

Phosphorus in water not only degrades water quality but also leads to a waste of resources. In this study, adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics were used to study the effect of sponge iron on phosphorus removal, and a filtration bed was used to simulate the phosphorus removal in polluted water. The results showed that the maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of the modified sponge iron was increased from 4.17 mg/g to 18.18 mg/g. After desorption with 18.18 mol/L of sodium hydroxide and reactivation with 6% (w%) sulfuric acid, the activation rate of modified sponge iron can reach 98%. In a continuous operation experiment run for approximately 200 days, the sponge iron phosphorus removal percolation bed showed a good phosphorus removal ability. Under the condition of TP = 10 mg/L, HRT = 1 H, the comprehensive phosphorus removal rate was 30–89%, and the accumulated phosphorus adsorption per unit volume was 6.95 kg/m3. Wastewater from the regeneration of the sponge iron base can be used to recover guano stone. The optimum conditions were pH = 10, n (Mg2+):n (PO43−):n (NH4+) = 1.3:1:1.1. Under the optimum conditions, the phosphorus recovery rate could reach 97.8%. The method provided in this study has theoretical and practical significance for the removal and recycling of phosphorus in polluted water.

Recent progress in organic-inorganic hybrid materials as absorbents in sample pretreatment for pesticide detection

Sample pretreatment is essential for trace analysis of pesticides in complex food and environment matrices. Recently, organic-inorganic hybrid materials have gained increasing attention in pesticide extraction and preconcentration. This review highlighted the common organic-inorganic hybrid materials used as absorbents in sample pretreatment for pesticide detection. Furthermore, the preparation and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials were summarized. To obtain a deep understanding of adsorption toward target analytes, the adsorption mechanism and absorption evaluation were discussed. Finally, the applications of organic-inorganic hybrid materials in sample pretreatment techniques and perspectives in the future are also discussed.

Recent advances of ordered mesoporous silica materials for solid-phase extraction

This review mainly focuses on the development and application of ordered mesoporous silica materials for solid-phase extraction in recent years. It overviews not only bare mesoporous silica but also the functionalized mesoporous silica with organic groups, molecularly imprinted polymers, and magnetic materials. These mesoporous silica materials were used as the extraction adsorbents in cartridge solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, micro-solid-phase extraction and matrix solid phase dispersion. Coupled with atomic emission spectrometry, chromatography or other detection methods, these techniques efficiently extracted and sensitively determined various targets, such as metal ions, perfluorocarboxylic acids, pesticides, drugs, endocrine disruptors, phenols, flavanones, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, parabens and so on. Based on unique advantages of mesoporous silica materials, the developed analytical method successfully analyzed different matrix samples, like environmental water samples, soil samples, food samples, biological samples and cosmetics. In addition, the prospects of these materials in solid-phase extraction are presented, which can offer an outlook for the further development and applications.

Iron-Doped Bimodal Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials as Sorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Environmental Water Samples

In this work, sorbets based on UVM-7 mesoporous silica doped with Fe were synthesized and applied to solid-phase extraction of perfluoroalkyl substances from environmental water samples. These emerging pollutants were then determined by liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry detector. Thus, Fe-UVM-7 mesoporous silica materials with different contents of iron, as well as different pore sizes (by using alkyltrimethilamonium bromide surfactants with different organic tail lengths) were synthesized, and their structure was confirmed for the first time by transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. After comparison, Fe50-UVM-7-C₁₂ was selected as the best material for analyte retention, and several extraction parameters were optimized regarding the loading and elution step. Once the method was developed and applied to real matrices, extraction efficiencies in the range of 61–110% were obtained for analytes with C₈–C₁₄ chain length, both perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates. Likewise, limits of detection in the range of 3.0–8.1 ng L⁻¹ were obtained for all target analytes. In the analysis of real well-water samples, no target compounds were detected. Spiked samples were analyzed in comparison to Oasis WAX cartridges, and statistically comparable results were achieved.

Ionic-liquid-based effervescence-enhanced magnetic solid-phase extraction for organophosphorus pesticide detection in water samples

Herein, an ionic-liquid-based effervescence-enhanced magnetic solid-phase extraction (ILE-MSPE) approach for the extraction/concentration of organophosphorus pesticides in waters is reported with high stability and portability for rapid sample pretreatment in the field. The ionic-liquid-based magnetic effervescent tablet, composed of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) as an alkaline source, and an ionic liquid ([C₆MIM][PF₆]), played triple functions: extractant, dispersant, and retrieving agent. Based on the one-factor-at-a-time method, the important variables for the ILE-MSPE approach were optimized as follows: as an extractant, 70 μL of [C₆MIM][PF₆]; molar ratio of alkaline to acidic sources (Na₂CO₃ : H₂C₄H₄O₆) as 1 : 1; and mass of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of 30 mg. By integrating HPLC-DAD detection, the ILE-MSPE approach offered the limits of detection of 0.14-0.22 μg L^-1 and fortified recoveries of 81.4-97.6% for three representative species (methamidophos, phoxim, and parathion) in water samples. The relative standard deviations were lower than 4.9% for both the intra-day and inter-day precision. Overall, the newly developed method is environmentally benign, time-saving, and feasible for outdoor application.

Chromatographic techniques for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides with their extraction approach: a review (2015-2020)

In agriculture, a wide range of OPPs has been employed to boost crop yield, quality, and storage life. However, due to the ever-increasing population and rapid urbanization, pesticide use has surged in recent years. These compounds are exceedingly poisonous to humans, and despite the fact that specific legislation prohibits their use, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal incidents, as well as current statistics, suggest that they are currently accessible. As a result, determining the exposure to these substances as well as their detection (and that of their metabolites) in different types of exposed samples has become a hot issue in terms of quality and safety concerns. However, developing tools for the evaluation of these substances is a critical challenge for laboratories. Various chromatographic-based methods reported in the period of 2015-2020 have been developed, which are summarized and critically reviewed in this article, including the extraction of the target OPPs from different kinds of matrices. A comparison among the extraction and analysis techniques has been made in the current review article.

Mesoporous silica sorbent with gold nanoparticles for solid-phase extraction of organochlorine pesticides in water samples

In this work, a novel sorbent, based on UVM-7 mesoporous silica doped with Au, has been proposed for organochlorine pesticides extraction. Cartridges containing this material have been applied to the preconcentration of 20 pesticides from water samples, through a solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol, with their later determination by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. First, UVM-7 materials were properly characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption-desorption, electron microscopy techniques, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, thus confirming their structure and Au incorporation. After optimization of main extraction parameters, recoveries in the range of 80-110% were obtained for most of the analytes, with enrichment factors comprised between 275 and 430. The obtained sensitivity was comparable with other reported methods, with limits of quantification in the range of 0.3-20 ng L^-1, thus allowing the determination of these compounds according to European legislation. The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of real spiked samples in comparison with a reference method, thus being this sorbent an alternative for organochlorine pesticide enrichment, through a simple, reusable, cheap, and environmentally friendly SPE procedure.

Clean-up Strategy for Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Determination in Soybean by GC-ITD-MS and GC-PFPD: Method Development and Validation

Food matrices consist of many components with different physical and chemical properties that may influence instrumental robustness. The soybean contains fatty coextractives which may have a deleterious effect on the gas chromatography (GC) system. In this study, the efficiencies of PSA, C18OH, C18, silica, aluminum oxide, and Florisil, as dSPE clean-up sorbents, were evaluated by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) diode-array detector and evaporative light-scattering detector analysis. The dithiocarbamates in soybean samples are determined as CS2 using acidic hydrolysis and isooctane partitioning, followed by GC-PFPD and GC-ITD-MS analyses. The linearity of the analytical curves, the instrument limit of detection matrix effects, the trueness and precision, and the method limit of quantification (LOQ) were assessed in the validation study. Milled soybean was spiked with thiram solution at three concentration levels (corresponding to 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg CS2 kg-1) for recovery determination. Silica appeared to be an effective and cheap sorbent to remove coextracted matrix components without causing any CS2 losses. Recoveries were in the range of 68-91%, with relative standard deviations ≤ 8.7%. The method LOQ was 0.05 mg CS2 kg-1, and both GC-ITD-MS and GC-PFPD systems appeared to be appropriate and complementary to determine dithiocarbamate residues in soybean extracts.

Analytical Extraction Methods and Sorbents' Development for Simultaneous Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides' Residues in Food and Water Samples: A Review

Extensive use of organophosphorus pesticides in agriculture leads to adverse effects to the environment and human health. Sample preparation is compulsory to enrich target analytes prior to detection as they often exist at trace levels and this step is critical as it determines the concentration of pollutants present in samples. The selection of a suitable extraction method is of great importance. The analytical performance of the extraction methods is influenced by the selection of sorbents as sorbents play a vital role in the sensitivity and selectivity of an analytical method. To date, numerous sorbent materials have been developed to cater to the needs of selective and sensitive pesticides' detection. Comprehensive details pertaining to extraction methods, developed sorbents, and analytical performance are provided. This review intended to provide a general overview on different extraction techniques and sorbents that have been developed in the last 10 years for organophosphorus pesticides' determinations in food and water samples.

Multiple Roles of Mesoporous Silica in Safe Pesticide Application by Nanotechnology: A Review

Pollution related to pesticides has become a global problem due to their low utilization and non-targeting application, and nanotechnology has shown great potential in promoting sustainable agriculture. Nowadays, mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials have garnered immense attention for improving the efficacy and safety of pesticides due to their distinctive advantages of low toxicity, high thermal and chemical stability, and particularly size tunability and versatile functionality. Based on the introduction of the structure and synthesis of different types of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), the multiple roles of mesoporous silica in safe pesticide application using nanotechnology are discussed in this Review: (i) as nanocarrier for sustained/controlled delivery of pesticides, (ii) as adsorbent for enrichment or removal of pesticides in aqueous media, (iii) as support of catalysts for degradation of pesticide contaminants, and (iv) as support of sensors for detection of pesticides. Several scientific issues, strategies, and mechanisms regarding the application of MSNs in the pesticide field are presented, with their future directions discussed in terms of their environmental risk assessment, in-depth mechanism exploration, and cost-benefit consideration for their continuous development. This Review will provide critical information to related researchers and may open up their minds to develop new advances in pesticide application.

Organophosphorus pesticides extraction with polyvinyl alcohol coated magnetic graphene oxide particles and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Application to apple juice and environmental water

In this study, we synthesized, characterized the magnetic graphene oxide coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA@MGO), and used it as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) residue in the apple juice and environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Effective factors on the extraction efficiency, including the adsorbent dosage, desorption conditions, sample pH, extraction and desorption time, and ionic strength were optimized. The dynamic range of the MSPE-GC-MS method was obtained in the concentration range of 0.07-500 ng mL^-1 OPPs with the limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 20-80 pg mL^-1. Also, the intra- and inter-day precisions were determined to be in the range of 3.3-5.7% and 5.9-8.2%. The relative recoveries of pesticides for spiked real water samples and apple juice were in the range of 94.5 and 107.1%, with relative standard deviations between 2.6 and 6.5%. These results propose that the PVA@MGO is appropriate for simultaneous determination and high throughput analysis of OPPs residues.

New frontiers and prospects of metal-organic frameworks for removal, determination, and sensing of pesticides

Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture to control, reduce, and kill insects. Humans are also being using pesticides to control insidious animals in daily life. By these practices, a huge volume of pesticides is introduced to the environment. Despite broad-spectrum applicability, pesticides also have hazardous effects on both humans and animals at high and low concentrations. Long-term exposure to pesticides can cause different diseases, like leukemia, lymphoma, and cancers of the brain, breasts, prostate, testis, and ovaries. Reproductive disorders from pesticides include birth defects, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, sterility, and infertility. Therefore, the application of determination and treatment methods for pre-concentration and removal of these toxic materials from the environment appears a vital concern. To date, different materials and approaches have been employed for these purposes. Among these approaches, multifunctional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-assisted adsorption and determination processes have always been in the spotlight. These facts are due to exclusive properties of MOFs in terms of the crystallinity, large surface area, high chemical, and physical stability, and controllable structure as well as unique features of adsorption and determination process in terms of simple, easy, cheap, available method and ability to use in large and industrial scales. In the present work, we illustrate the exceptional features of MOFs as well as the possible mechanism for the adsorption of pesticides by MOFs. The use of these fantastic materials for pre-concentration and removal of pesticides are extensively explored. In addition, the performance of MOFs was compared with other adsorbents. Finally, the new frontiers and prospects of MOFs for the determination, sensing, and removal of pesticides are presented.

Nanoparticles Based Extraction Strategies for Accurate and Sensitive Determination of Different Pesticides

Sample preparation methods have become indispensable steps in analytical measurements not only to lower the detection limit but also to eliminate the matrix effect although more sophisticated instruments are being commonly used in routine analyses. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is one of the main extraction/preconcentration methods used to extract and purify target analytes along with simple and rapid procedures but some limitations have led to seek for an easy, sensitive and fast extraction methods with analyte-selective sorbents. Nanoparticles with different modifications have been used as spotlight to enhance extraction efficiency of target pesticides from complicated matrices. Carbon-based, metal and metal oxides, silica and polymer-based nanoparticles have been explored as promising sorbents for pesticide extraction. In this review, different types of nanoparticles used in the preconcentration of pesticides in various samples are outlined and examined. Latest studies in the literature are discussed in terms of their instrumental detection, sample matrix and limit of detection values. Novel strategies and future directions of nanoparticles used in the extraction and preconcentration of pesticides are also discussed.

Enhancing extraction performance of organophosphorus flame retardants in water samples using titanium hierarchical porous silica materials as sorbents

A sorbent for the extraction of organophosphorus flame retardants has been proposed, based on UVM-7 (University of Valencia Materials) mesoporous silica doped with titanium. Designed cartridges have been applied to the extraction and preconcentration of flame retardants in water samples, followed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector. Firstly, UVM-7 materials with different contents of titanium were synthesized and characterized by several techniques, thus confirming the proper mesoporous architecture. The potential of these materials was assessed in comparison with their morphological properties, resulting Ti50-UVM-7 the best solid phase. Several extraction parameters were also optimized. Analytical parameters were also evaluated, and limits of detection from 0.019 to 0.21 ng mL^-1 were obtained, as well as intra-day relative standard deviation below 11% for all analytes. Extraction efficiencies above 80% in water samples were achieved. The reusability of the material was also proved. Finally, the designed protocol was applied for the analysis of real water samples, and quantifiable concentrations of tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were obtained in some samples. The method was compared with a United States Environmental Protection Agency general method with C18 cartridges.

Application of magnetic nanomaterials in magnetic in-tube solid-phase microextraction

Development of magnetic nanomaterials has greatly promoted the innovation of in-tube solid-phase microextraction. This review article gives an insight into recent advances in the modifications and applications of magnetic nanomaterials for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Also, different magnetic nanomaterials which have recently been utilized as in-tube solid-phase microextraction sorbents are classified. This study shows that magnetic nanomaterials have gained significant attention owing to large specific surface area, selective absorption, and surface modification. Magnetic in-tube solid-phase microextraction has been applied for the analysis of food samples, biological, and environmental. However, for full development of magnetic in-tube SPME, effort is still needed to overcome limitations, such as mechanical stability, selectivity and low extraction efficiency. To achieve these objectives, research on magnetic in-tube SPME is mainly focused in the preparation of new extractive phases.

Cyclodextrins as a Key Piece in Nanostructured Materials: Quantitation and Remediation of Pollutants

Separation and pre-concentration of trace pollutants from their matrix by reversible formation of inclusion complexes has turned into a widely studied field, especially for the benefits provided to different areas. Cyclodextrins are non-toxic oligosaccharides that are well known for their host–guest chemistry, low prices, and negligible environmental impact. Therefore, they have been widely used as chiral selectors and delivery systems in the pharmaceutical and food industry over time. However, their use for extraction purposes is hampered by their high solubility in water. This difficulty is being overcome with a variety of investigations in materials science. The setting-up of novel solid sorbents with improved properties thanks to the presence of cyclodextrins at their structure is still an open research area. Some properties they can offer, such as an increased selectivity or a good distribution along the surface of a solid support, which provides better accessibility for guest molecules, are characteristics of great interest. This systematic review reports the most significant uses of cyclodextrins for the adsorption of pollutants in different-origin samples based on the works reported in the literature in the last years. The study has been carried out indistinctly for quantitation and remediation purposes.

Facile extraction and determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables via magnetic functionalized covalent organic framework nanocomposites

Facile enrichment and determination of trace organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in foods has been a constantly pursuing goal in food safety field. Herein, Zr⁴⁺-immobilized covalent organic frameworks (Fe₃O₄@COF@Zr⁴⁺) have been first constructed and utilized as the powerful adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of OPPs. Owing to the π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding and Zr⁴⁺-phosphate coordination reaction, the composites exhibited excellent selectivity and superior affinity to OPPs. Under optimized conditions, the proposed MSPE method coupled with GC-FPD showed good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9990) and yielded low limits of detection (0.7-3.0 μg kg^-1) for OPPs. Moreover, the developed method was successfully employed for the quantitation of OPPs in spiked vegetable samples and obtained satisfactory recoveries in the range of 87-121% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 8.9%. These results demonstrated that the prepared nanoparticles hold unique advantages for trace OPPs analysis in foodstuffs.

Sol-gel fabrication and performance evaluation of graphene-based hydrophobic solid-phase microextraction fibers for multi-residue analysis of pesticides in water samples

Widespread use of organophosphorus pesticides poses serious environmental threats, and hence calls for effective analysis methods for these classes of compounds. In this study, a lab-made graphene-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was fabricated by the sol-gel method and combined with a gas chromatography-flame photometry detector (GC-FPD) to realize the detection of trace OPPs in water samples. Compared to the commercial fiber coatings, the new sol-gel graphene fiber coatings showed advantages of good durability and solvent resistance, which were attributed to the hydrophobic and antibacterial properties of the functionalized graphene and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride (QAS). A headspace SPME method in combination with a GC-FPD was established to evaluate the performance of the novel fibers. The proposed method showed a good linear relationship for the eight OPPs (R²≥ 0.9957) in the concentration range of 1 to 1000 μg L^-1, with limits of quantification of 0.11-3.37 μg L^-1 and limits of detection of 0.03-1.01 μg L^-1. Furthermore, the developed method also exhibited good recoveries for the analysis of OPPs both in rainwater and lake water, which demonstrates that this method is an alternative choice for multi-residue analysis of OPPs, and it has the potential for broader applications in the future.

A new proposal for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental water by using host-guest adsorption

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants whose wide industrial use has been banned over the years in most countries due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. In fact, the International Agency for Research on Cancer defined them in 2016 as carcinogenic to humans based on sufficient evidence of an increased risk of cancer, being children and pregnant or lactating women the most vulnerable population subgroups. In this work, a new alternative for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB138, PCB153, and PCB180) in water samples has been developed by using a cyclodextrin-containing silica microparticulated material as an adsorbent in solid-phase extraction. Gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector has been used in the quantification step. The methodology allows quantifying polychlorinated biphenyls at very trace levels, with limits of detection between 0.2 and 1.7 ng L^-1. Other parameters such as the repeatability, with coefficients of variation lower than 11%, were likewise established. To end, real water samples were analyzed, and the results were comparable with those obtained with a reference method. The proposed methodology can be utilized for assessing the presence of these compounds in the environment and can come in handy for evaluation and remediation purposes.

Multi-Residue Screening of Pesticides in Aquaculture Waters through Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Q/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs can lead to several undesirable effects. A simple and high-throughput targeted screening method analyzing multi-residue pesticide in aquaculture water based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbi MS) was developed and validated. In this technique, the peaks of the compound using precursor ions were recorded by the full scan, which was used for rough quantitative analysis with single point matrix matched calibration. The qualitative identification was performed following the stringent confirmation criteria with fragment ions, retention time, and an isotopic pattern. Additionally, solid-phase extraction with an HLB (Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balanced) column was selected to enrich and separate target pesticides from water. The screening detection limit of 33 compounds are less than 2 ng·L−1, while 26 compounds range from 2 ng·L−1 to 10 ng·L−1, 19 compounds are at the range of 10–200 ng·L−1, and the other two compounds are 200 ng·L−1 and 1000 ng·L−1. Most of the recovery results were found to be between 60~130%. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of pesticide residues in 30 water samples from aquaculture environment in Shanghai, indicating its applicability in pesticide screening for environmental monitoring.

Materials for Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Compounds

This review provides an overview of the most recent developments involving materials for solid-phase extraction applied to determine organic contaminants. It mainly concerns polymer-based sorbents that include high-capacity, as well as selective sorbents, inorganic-based sorbents that include those prepared using sol-gel technology along with structured porous materials based on inorganic species, and carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Different types of magnetic nanoparticles coated with these materials are also reviewed. Such materials, together with their main morphological and chemical features, are described, as are some representative examples of their application as solid-phase extraction materials to extract organic compounds from different types of samples, including environmental water, biological fluids, and food.

Monitoring, sampling, and automated analysis

A review of the literature published in 2018 on topics related to monitoring, sampling, and automated analysis is presented. The review includes current developments in monitoring, sampling, and analysis of water, wastewater, and groundwater. This review includes the following sections: brief introduction; sample preparation and extraction techniques; real-time, high-frequency, and/or in situ monitoring (microbiological, inorganic, organic, metals, and others); passive monitoring; and the biosensors. In the end, the authors have discussed future of the topic. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Advances in monitoring, sampling and automated analysis of water and wastewater are summarized. Real-time, high-frequency, and in-situ monitoring and analysis of pollutants are summarized. Topics include sample preparation and extraction and passive monitoring, and biosensors for pollutants.