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Arputharaj E, Singh S, Huang YH, Wu YR, Perumal K, Periyasami G, Chao YY, Dahms HU, Huang YL. Switchable metal extractant integrated miniaturized 3D-printed device: A semi-online multi-metal separation system for matrix-free ICP-MS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1310:342672. [PMID: 38811131 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tackles the critical challenges in metal analysis by presenting an innovative miniaturized metal extraction device prototype. This device features a functional nanocomposite (FNC) enhanced 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) metal extractant (FNC@3D PLA). The research is motivated by the constraints of traditional solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods, specifically their limitations in handling competitive metal ion environments and matrix interference during inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The designed prototype aims to overcome these challenges and enhance the extraction efficiency of diverse metals. RESULTS The FNC, designed to incorporate various functional groups critical for metal ion extraction efficiency, was meticulously engineered through the reaction of acid-treated and delaminated graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (Thiol-gCN NSs) with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS). The competitive metal ion extraction efficiency of FNC@3D PLA was demonstrated, showcasing notable limit of detection values of 3.2 ± 0.7 ng mL-1 and 8.57 ± 3.05 ng mL-1 for Cu and Ag, respectively. Furthermore, the miniaturized 3D-printed metal-preconcentration setup incorporating FNC@3D PLA exhibited favorable intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) percentage (%) values ranging from 1.23 to 8.6 for both Cu and Ag. Interday RSD % between 1.41 and 8.14 were observed under spiked real urine sample conditions. The sustainability and robustness of the proposed approach were underscored by substantial recovery % values exhibited by FNC@3D PLA, even after eight consecutive regeneration processes. SIGNIFICANCE This study significantly contributes to the advancement of analytical methodologies by providing a reliable and efficient platform for metal extraction and preconcentration in practical metal analysis applications. Developed FNC@3D PLA system demonstrates its potential to address the challenges associated with SPE in metal analysis, especially in complex sample matrices. We believe implications of this research can be extended to various fields, from environmental monitoring to clinical diagnostics, where accurate and reliable metal analysis is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuvel Arputharaj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shivangi Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Rong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 170A CBEC, 151 Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Govindasami Periyasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Ying Chao
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yeou-Lih Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Guo D, Muhammad N, Yu S, Wang J, Huang S, Zhu Y. Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Functionalized Water-Stable Metal-Organic Frameworks for Sensitive Fluorescent Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3444. [PMID: 37631501 PMCID: PMC10458630 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, polyamidoamine (PAMAM)-functionalized water-stable Al-based metal-organic frameworks (MIL-53(Al)-NH2) were proposed with enhanced fluorescence intensity, and used for the sensitive detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. The size and morphology of MIL-53(Al)-NH2 were effectively optimized by regulating the component of the reaction solvents. PAMAM dendrimers were subsequently grafted onto the surface with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. It was found that the size and morphology of MIL-53(Al)-NH2 have great influence on their fluorescence properties, and PAMAM grafting could distinctly further improve their fluorescence intensity. With higher fluorescence intensity, the PAMAM-grafted MIL-53(Al)-NH2 showed good linearity (R2 = 0.9925-0.9990) and satisfactory sensitivity (LOD = 1.1-8.6 μmol) in heavy metal ions determination. Fluorescence enhancement and heavy metal ions detection mechanisms were discussed following the experimental results. Furthermore, analogous water-stable Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL) metal-organic frameworks such as MIL-53(Fe)-NH2 were also proved to have similar fluorescence enhancement performance after PAMAM modification, which demonstrates the universality of the method and the great application prospects in the design of PAMAM-functionalized high-sensitivity fluorescence sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shuxin Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Khan S, Muhammad M, Kamran AW, Al-Saidi HM, Alharthi SS, Algethami JS. An ultrasensitive colorimetric and fluorescent "turn-on" chemosensor based on Schiff base for the detection of Cu 2+ in the aqueous medium. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:633. [PMID: 37131087 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a fluorescent "turn-on" and colorimetric chemosensor ((E)-1-((p-tolylimino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol) SB. The structure of the synthesized chemosensor was investigated by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and fluorescence spectroscopy, and its sensing properties were studied toward Mn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Na+, Ni2+, Al3+, K+, Ag+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Hg2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. SB showed an excellent colorimetric (yellow to yellowish brown) in MeOH and fluorescence "turn-on" sensing response to Cu2+ in MeOH/Water (10/90, v/v) media. The sensing mechanism of SB toward Cu2+ was investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR titration, DFT studies, and Job's plot analysis. The detection limit was calculated to be very low 0.0025 µg mL-1 (0.0025 ppm). Furthermore, the test strip containing SB also showed excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward Cu2+ in a solution medium and when supported on a solid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mian Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Waheed Kamran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hamed M Al-Saidi
- Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman S Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jari S Algethami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
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Huang P, Xiong Y, Ge Y, Wen Y, Zeng X, Zhang J, Wang P, Wang Z, Chen S. Magnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles decorated phosphorus-doped biochar-attapulgite/bismuth film electrode for smartphone-operated wireless portable sensing of ultra-trace multiple heavy metal ions. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:94. [PMID: 36806986 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Pollution caused by both forestry wastes and heavy metals has increasingly drawn attention owing to environmental safety concerns. After essential oil is extracted from Cinnamomum camphoras (L.), the branches are used as forestry wastes to prepare a phosphorus-doped biochar-attapulgite/bismuth film electrode decorated with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MBA-BiFE). The smartphone-operated wireless portable sensor is employed for the simultaneous ultratrace voltammetric detection of multiple heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+). Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ exhibit excellent electrochemical responses in linear ranges of 0.1 nM-5 μM, 0.01 nM-7 μM, and 0.1 nM-3 μM with limits of detection equal to 0.036, 0.003, and 0.011 nM, respectively. The recoveries of MBA-BiFE for Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ are 93.6-109.9%, 86.0-107.5%, and 94.8-104.6%, respectively, and the RSD values for repeated measurements of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ are 4.2%, 2.8%, and 3.3%, respectively. A machine learning model based on an artificial neural network algorithm is constructed to enable a smart determination of ultratrace hazardous multiple metal ions. The portable sensor based on the screen-printed integrated three-electrode sensor modified using MBA-BiFE demonstrates advantages and practicability in outdoor detection, compared with conventional sensors based on MBA-BiFE. This study provides a smartphone-operated wireless portable sensing technique for high-potential applications in environmetallomics or agrometallomics using forestry waste-derived biochar as substrate for electrode preparation. HIGHLIGHTS: • Fe3O4 decorated phosphorus-doped biochar-attapulgite/bismuth film electrode. • A smartphone-operated sensor for analysis of multiple heavy metal ions. • An Artificial neural network model for smart analysis of Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, 330045, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Enhancing of detection resolution via designing of a multi-functional 3D connector between sampling and detection zones in distance-based microfluidic paper-based analytical device: multi-channel design for multiplex analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Yin J, Zhai H, Wang Y, Wang B, Chu G, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Sun X, Guo Y, Zhang Y. COF/MWCNTs/CLS-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jalali Sarvestani MR, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Ultra-trace levels voltammetric determination of Pb 2+ in the presence of Bi 3+ at food samples by a Fe 3O 4@Schiff base Network 1 modified glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 2022; 250:123716. [PMID: 35792444 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb2+ at ultra-trace levels. A Glassy carbon electrode was modified with an in-situ electroplated bismuth film and the nanocomposite of a recently synthesized melamine based covalent organic framework (schiff base network1 (SNW1)) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SNW1). The obtained results exhibit clearly that combination of Fe3O4@SNW1 and in-situ electroplated bismuth film enhances the sensitivity of the modified electrode towards Pb2+ remarkably. A Plackett-Burman design was implemented for screening experimental factors to specify the significant variables influencing the sensitivity of the electroanalytical method. Afterward, the effective factors were optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD). Under optimized conditions, the proposed electrode showed a linear response towards Pb2+ in the concentration range of 0.003-0.3 μmol L-1 with the detection limit of 0.95 nmol L-1. The selectivity of the fabricated electrode towards different ionic species were checked out and no serious interference was observed. At the end, the application of the designed sensor in the determination of Pb2+ at 10 different edible specimens were investigated and the obtained recovery values were in the range of (95.56-106.64%) indicating the successful performance of the designed sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
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Vonnie JM, Jing Ting B, Rovina K, Erna KH, Felicia WXL, Nur ‘Aqilah NM, Abdul Wahab R. Development of Aloe Vera-Green Banana Saba-Curcumin Composite Film for Colorimetric Detection of Ferrum (II). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122353. [PMID: 35745929 PMCID: PMC9227415 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to develop and characterize a bio-film composed of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), green banana Saba (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), and curcumin for the detection of Fe2+ ions. Cross-linking interaction between banana starch-aloe vera gel and banana starch-curcumin enhanced l the sensing performance of the composite film towards divalent metal ions of Fe2+. The morphological structure of the Aloe vera-banana starch-curcumin composite revealed a smooth and compact surface without cracks and some heterogeneity when observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The thickness, density, color property, opacity, biodegradation, moisture content, water-solubility, water absorption, swelling degree, and water vapor permeability of bio-films were measured. The incorporation of aloe vera gel and curcumin particles onto the banana starch film has successfully improved the film properties. The formation of the curcumin-ferrum (II) complex has triggered the film to transform color from yellow to greenish-brown after interaction with Fe2+ ions that exhibit an accuracy of 101.11% within a swift reaction time. Good linearity (R2 = 0.9845) of response on colorimetric analysis was also obtained in Fe2+ ions concentration that ranges from 0 to 100 ppm, with a limit of detection and quantification found at 27.84 ppm and 92.81 ppm, respectively. In this context, the film was highly selective towards Fe2+ ions because no changes of color occur through naked eye observation when films interact with other metal ions, including Fe3+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+. Thus, these findings encourage curcumin-based starch films as sensing materials to detect Fe2+ ions in the field of food and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Merillyn Vonnie
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (B.J.T.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (N.M.N.‘A.)
| | - Bong Jing Ting
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (B.J.T.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (N.M.N.‘A.)
| | - Kobun Rovina
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (B.J.T.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (N.M.N.‘A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0060-88-320000 (ext. 8713); Fax: +0060-88-320993
| | - Kana Husna Erna
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (B.J.T.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (N.M.N.‘A.)
| | - Wen Xia Ling Felicia
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (B.J.T.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (N.M.N.‘A.)
| | - Nasir Md Nur ‘Aqilah
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (B.J.T.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (N.M.N.‘A.)
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
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Mishra AK, Hwang JH, Min JH, Park J, Lee E. Metal scavenging resin tethered with catechol or gallol binders via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Li J, Ji Z, Sun H, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Chen L. PVDF/SiO 2-g-CDs blended membrane for fluorescence detection and adsorption of metal ions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:1648-1661. [PMID: 33136522 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1845820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The preparation method of PVDF/SiO2-g-CDs blended membrane was that the silanized modified carbon dots (CDs) were grafted onto the PVDF/SiO2 blended membrane surface. The surface composition, morphology, hydrophilicity, fluorescence performance and metal ions adsorption performance of PVDF/SiO2-g-CDs blended membrane were studied. The fluorescence quenching effect of the membrane with Hg2+ and Fe3+ was obvious. The quenching mechanism was the complexation of metal ions with the functional groups of CDs including -NH2, -OH and -COOH. The optical detection limits of PVDF/SiO2-g-CDs blended membrane for Hg2+ was 1.6 nM in the linear range of 0.0025-20 μM, and the optical detection limits for Fe3+ was 2.1 μM in the linear range of 0.5-5000 μM. The maximum adsorption capacity of PVDF/SiO2-g-CDs blended membrane for Fe3+ was 47.04 mg·g-1. The adsorption of the membrane conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langumir model, and belonged to monolayer chemical adsorption on the membrane surface. Through adsorption thermodynamic analysis, adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. The recovery rate of fluorescence and adsorption capacity could still be maintained above 82% after five cycles. The PVDF/SiO2-g-CDs blended membrane had the ability to regenerate. In summary, the PVDF/SiO2-g-CDs blended membrane had the dual functions of detecting and adsorbing metal ions, and had broad application prospects in sewage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research On Separation Membranes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research On Separation Membranes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research On Separation Membranes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research On Separation Membranes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research On Separation Membranes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research On Separation Membranes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Ding X, Teng X, She Z, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Wang C. Preparation of chitosan-coated polystyrene microspheres for the analysis of trace Pb( ii) ions in salt by GF-AAS assisted with solid-phase extraction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32526-32533. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04968f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-coated polystyrene solid-phase extraction fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Ding
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Teng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhuxin She
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, ChengXian College, Southeast University, Nanjing 210088, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhuang
- Nanjing Station of National Light Industry Food Quality Supervision and Inspection, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chaochao Wang
- Nanjing Station of National Light Industry Food Quality Supervision and Inspection, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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Perin M, Dallegrave A, Suchecki Barnet L, Zanchetti Meneghini L, de Araújo Gomes A, Pizzolato TM. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides and metals/metalloids in Lake Guaíba in Southern Brazil: Spatial and temporal evaluation and a chemometrics approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148561. [PMID: 34175608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compiling and reporting data related to the presence of pharmaceuticals and pesticides are crucial means of assessing the risk those chemicals pose to human health and environment. Data sets from different sources were combined using a data fusion approach to produce a spatial and temporal variation of contaminants presents in water from Lake Guaíba (29°55'-30°24' S; 51°01'-51°20' W). Lake Guaíba is a 496 km2 water body situated in the geological depression of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil; that is fed by several rivers from the metropolitan area, the 5th largest metro area in Brazil, with approximately 5 million inhabitants. Analytical methodology to quantify pharmaceuticals and pesticides by LC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS/MS was validated for 41 pharmaceutical and 62 pesticides. Furthermore, 27 chemical elements were analyzed by ICP-MS, and physical chemical parameters were determined using established methodologies. All validation parameters were in accordance with the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality. Thirty-five water samples were analyzed from January to August 2019, and 15 pharmaceuticals and 25 pesticides were present in concentrations ranging from 6.00 ng L-1 to 580.00 ng L-1. Twenty-seven elements were analyzed during the same period, and 18 were present in concentrations ranging from 0.2 μg L-1 to 7060 μg L-1. Samples were tagged according to the points and months of collection to identify temporal and spatial patterns. The main findings show that the compounds are distributed throughout the studied area without an apparent regular pattern, suggesting that events in a specific point affect the entire ecosystem. Conversely, temporal variations were well defined, as samples were grouped according to the climatic conditions of the months of collection. Considering the calculated quotient risks, atrazine, cyproconazole, diuron, and simazine showed the highest risk levels for algae; acetaminophen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen showed the highest risk levels for aquatics invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Perin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Dallegrave
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Suchecki Barnet
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil, Estrada da Ponta Grossa 3036, 91780-580 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Zanchetti Meneghini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano de Araújo Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tânia Mara Pizzolato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Issarangkura Na Ayutthaya P, Yeerum C, Kesonkan K, Kiwfo K, Grudpan K, Teshima N, Murakami H, Vongboot M. Lead Assays with Smartphone Detection Using a Monolithic Rod with 4-(2-Pyridylazo) Resorcinol. Molecules 2021; 26:5720. [PMID: 34577191 PMCID: PMC8466971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A monolithic rod of polyurethane foam-[4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol] (PUF-PAR) as a simple chemical sensor for lead assays with smartphone detection and image processing was developed. With readily available simple apparatus such as a plastic cup and a stirrer rod, the monolithic PUF rod was synthesized in a glass tube. The monolithic PUF-PAR rod could be directly loaded by standard/sample solution without sample preparation. A one-shot image in G/B value from a profile plot in ImageJ for a sample with triplicate results via a single standard calibration approach was obtained. A linear single standard calibration was: [G/B value] = -0.038[µg Pb2+] + 2.827, R2 = 0.95 for 10-30 µg Pb2+ with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 33 µg L-1. The precision was lower than 15% RSD. The proposed method was tested by an assay for Pb2+ contents in drinking water samples from Bangkok. The results obtained by the proposed method agree with those of ICP-OES and with 100-120% recovery, demonstrating that the method is useful for screening on-site water monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanat Issarangkura Na Ayutthaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (P.I.N.A.); (C.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Chonnipa Yeerum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (P.I.N.A.); (C.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Kullapon Kesonkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (P.I.N.A.); (C.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Kanokwan Kiwfo
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kate Grudpan
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Norio Teshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan; (N.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Hiroya Murakami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan; (N.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Monnapat Vongboot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; (P.I.N.A.); (C.Y.); (K.K.)
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Buckley BT, Buckley R, Doherty CL. Moving toward a Handheld "Plasma" Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand. Molecules 2021; 26:4761. [PMID: 34443348 PMCID: PMC8400342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the current innovations in instrument design have been focused on making them smaller, more rugged, and eventually field transportable. The ultimate application is obvious, carrying the instrument to the field for real time sample analysis without the need for a support laboratory. Real time data are priceless when screening either biological or environmental samples, as mitigation strategies can be initiated immediately upon the discovery that contaminant metals are present in a location they were not intended to be. Additionally, smaller "handheld" instruments generally require less sample for analysis, possibly increasing sensitivity, another advantage to instrument miniaturization. While many other instruments can be made smaller just by using available micro-technologies (e.g., eNose), shrinking an ICP-MS or AES to something someone might carry in a backpack or pocket is now closer to reality than in the past, and can be traced to its origins based on a component-by-component evaluation. While the optical and mass spectrometers continue to shrink in size, the ion/excitation source remains a challenge as a tradeoff exists between excitation capabilities and the power requirements for the plasma's generation. Other supporting elements have only recently become small enough for transport. A systematic review of both where the plasma spectrometer started and the evolution of technologies currently available may provide the roadmap necessary to miniaturize the spectrometer. We identify criteria on a component-by-component basis that need to be addressed in designing a miniaturized device and recognize components (e.g., source) that probably require further optimization. For example, the excitation/ionization source must be energetic enough to take a metal from a solid state to its ionic state. Previously, a plasma required a radio frequency generator or high-power DC source, but excitation can now be accomplished with non-thermal (cold) plasma sources. Sample introduction, for solids, liquids, and gasses, presents challenges for all sources in a field instrument. Next, the interface between source and a mass detector usually requires pressure reduction techniques to get an ion from plasma to the spectrometer. Currently, plasma mass spectrometers are field ready but not necessarily handheld. Optical emission spectrometers are already capable of getting photons to the detector but could eventually be connected to your phone. Inert plasma gas generation is close to field ready if nitrogen generators can be miniaturized. Many of these components are already commercially available or at least have been reported in the literature. Comparisons to other "handheld" elemental analysis devices that employ XRF, LIBS, and electrochemical methods (and their limitations) demonstrate that a "cold" plasma-based spectrometer can be more than competitive. Migrating the cold plasma from an emission only source to a mass spectrometer source, would allow both analyte identification and potentially source apportionment through isotopic fingerprinting, and may be the last major hurdle to overcome. Finally, we offer a possible design to aid in making the cold plasma source more applicable to a field deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Rachel Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Cathleen L. Doherty
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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15
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Trace determination of heavy metals and electrochemical removal of lead from drinking water. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Yang H, Qi D, Chen Z, Cao M, Deng Y, Liu Z, Shao C, Yang L. A Zn-based metal–organic framework as bifunctional chemosensor for the detection of nitrobenzene and Fe3+. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Meng X, Jiang X, Long Y, Chen J, Wang L, Zhang Y. Optical sensing membrane for determination of trace cadmium(II), zinc(II) and copper(II) based on immobilization of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol on polymer inclusion membrane. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Heaton I, Platt M. Multiuse Nanopore Platform with Disposable Paper Analytical Device for the Detection of Heavy Metal Ions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Heaton
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - M. Platt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K
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19
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Development of magnetism-reinforced in-tube solid phase microextraction combined with HPLC for the sensitive quantification of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) in environmental waters. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Stortini AM, Baldo MA, Moro G, Polo F, Moretto LM. Bio- and Biomimetic Receptors for Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6800. [PMID: 33260737 PMCID: PMC7731017 DOI: 10.3390/s20236800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals ions (HMI), if not properly handled, used and disposed, are a hazard for the ecosystem and pose serious risks for human health. They are counted among the most common environmental pollutants, mainly originating from anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural, industrial and/or domestic effluents, atmospheric emissions, etc. To face this issue, it is necessary not only to determine the origin, distribution and the concentration of HMI but also to rapidly (possibly in real-time) monitor their concentration levels in situ. Therefore, portable, low-cost and high performing analytical tools are urgently needed. Even though in the last decades many analytical tools and methodologies have been designed to this aim, there are still several open challenges. Compared with the traditional analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and/or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical or UV-VIS detectors, bio- and biomimetic electrochemical sensors provide high sensitivity, selectivity and rapid responses within portable and user-friendly devices. In this review, the advances in HMI sensing in the last five years (2016-2020) are addressed. Key examples of bio and biomimetic electrochemical, impedimetric and electrochemiluminescence-based sensors for Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Zn2+ and Tl+ are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ligia Maria Moretto
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.A.B.); (G.M.); (F.P.)
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Fan J, Zhang S, Li F, Shi J. Cellulose-based sensors for metal ions detection. CELLULOSE 2020; 27:5477-5507. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-020-03158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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22
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Lazzaroni S, Liosi G, Mariani M, Dondi D. An innovative Fe3+ selective ligand for Fricke-gel dosimeter. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Kagaya S, Saeki Y, Morishima D, Kajiwara T, Kamichatani W, Yanai H, Katoh T, Saito M, Gemmei-Ide M, Inoue Y. Potential of Carboxymethylated Polyallylamine as a Functional Group on Chelating Resin for Solid-Phase Extraction of Trace Elements. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:583-588. [PMID: 32092733 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19sbp10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New chelating resins immobilizing carboxymethylated polyallylamine (CM-PAA) were prepared by immobilizing PAAs with some molecular weights on methacrylate resins and then carboxymethylating a part of amino groups in the PAAs using various amounts of sodium monochloroacetate. The molecular weight of PAA barely affected both the amount of PAA immobilized on the resin and the relationship between the carboxymethylation (CM) rate and the ratio of the amount of monochloroacetate used in the CM step. The selectivity of CM-PAA resin for solid-phase extraction of trace elements was almost the same as that of a resin immobilizing carboxylymethylated polyethyleneimine; 10 elements, namely Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn, could be quantitatively recovered over a wide pH range and alkali and alkaline earth elements were scarcely extracted under acidic and neutral conditions. The CM-PAA resin was applicable to the separation and preconcentration of the elements in a certified reference material (Waste Water, EU-L-1) and a real environmental water sample (ground water).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumi Saeki
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitsuru Saito
- Research and Development Center, Nippon Filcon Co., Ltd
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Li YK, Yang T, Chen ML, Wang JH. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Analysis of Trace Heavy Metals. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:353-372. [PMID: 32182101 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1736505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to achieve high sensitivity analysis methods for ultra-trace levels of heavy metals, numerous new nanomaterials are explored for the application in preconcentration processes and sensing systems. Nanomaterial-based methods have proven to be effective for selective analysis and speciation of heavy metals in combination with spectrometric techniques. This review outlined the different types of nanomaterials applied in the field of heavy metal analysis, and concentrated on the latest developments in various new materials. In particular, the functionalization of traditional materials and the exploitation of bio-functional materials could increase the specificity to target metals. The hybridization of multiple materials could improve material properties, to build novel sensor system or achieve detection-removal integration. Finally, we discussed the future perspectives of nanomaterials in the heavy metal preconcentration and sensor design, as well as their respective advantages and challenges. Despite impressive progress and widespread attention, the development of new nanomaterials and nanotechnology is still hampered by numerous challenges, particularly in the specificity to the target and the anti-interference performance in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Li
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.,Analytical and Testing Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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25
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Wang X, Zhang Q, Kang Q, Zou G, Shen D. A high sensitive single luminophore ratiometric electrochemiluminescence immunosensor in combined with anodic stripping voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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