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Méndez LR, Rodríguez-Cornejo T, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Al-Hussinee L, Velázquez J, Campbell JH, Carpio Y, Estrada MP, Dixon B. PACAP sequence modifications modulate the peptide antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens affecting aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109512. [PMID: 38499216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The global aquaculture industry has significant losses each year due to disease outbreaks. Antibiotics are one of the common methods to treat fish infections, but prolonged use can lead to the emergence of resistant strains. Aeromonas spp. Infections are a common and problematic disease in fish, and members of this genera can produce antibiotic resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as an alternative method to treat and prevent infections and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a prominent member of this family. The objective of this research was to study PACAP's direct antimicrobial activity and its toxicity in fish cells. Four synthetic variants of the natural PACAP from Clarias gariepinus were tested in addition to the natural variant. The experimental results show a different antimicrobial activity against A. salmonicida and A. hydrophila of each PACAP variant, and for the first time show dependence on the culture broth used. Furthermore, the results suggest that the underlying mechanism of PACAP antimicrobial activity includes a bacterial membrane permeabilizing effect, classifying PACAP as a membrane disruptive AMP. This study also demonstrated that the five PACAP variants evaluated showed low toxicity in vitro, at concentrations relevant for in vivo applications. Therefore, PACAP could be a promising alternative to antibiotics in the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rivera Méndez
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lowia Al-Hussinee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada; Animal Health Laboratory, OVC, Guelph University, Canada
| | - Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - James Hugh Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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2
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Tóth D, Simon G, Reglődi D. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Potential Model for Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15063. [PMID: 37894743 PMCID: PMC10606572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) represents a significant cause of post-neonatal mortality, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The triple-risk model of SIDS proposes that intrinsic vulnerability, exogenous triggers, and a critical developmental period are required for SIDS to occur. Although case-control studies have identified potential risk factors, no in vivo model fully reflects the complexities observed in human studies. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a highly conserved neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions, including metabolic and thermal regulation, cardiovascular adaptation, breathing control, stress responses, sleep-wake regulation and immunohomeostasis, has been subject to early animal studies, which revealed that the absence of PACAP or its specific receptor (PAC1 receptor: PAC1R) correlates with increased neonatal mortality similar to the susceptible period for SIDS in humans. Recent human investigations have further implicated PACAP and PAC1R genes as plausible contributors to the pathomechanism of SIDS. This mini-review comprehensively synthesizes all PACAP-related research from the perspective of SIDS and proposes that PACAP deficiency might offer a promising avenue for studying SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Simon
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REG-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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3
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Rajbhandari AK, Barson JR, Gilmartin MR, Hammack SE, Chen BK. The functional heterogeneity of PACAP: Stress, learning, and pathology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 203:107792. [PMID: 37369343 PMCID: PMC10527199 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved and widely expressed neuropeptide that has emerged as a key regulator of multiple neural and behavioral processes. PACAP systems, including the various PACAP receptor subtypes, have been implicated in neural circuits of learning and memory, stress, emotion, feeding, and pain. Dysregulation within these PACAP systems may play key roles in the etiology of pathological states associated with these circuits, and PACAP function has been implicated in stress-related psychopathology, feeding and metabolic disorders, and migraine. Accordingly, central PACAP systems may represent important therapeutic targets; however, substantial heterogeneity in PACAP systems related to the distribution of multiple PACAP isoforms across multiple brain regions, as well as multiple receptor subtypes with several isoforms, signaling pathways, and brain distributions, provides both challenges and opportunities for the development of new clinically-relevant strategies to target the PACAP system in health and disease. Here we review the heterogeneity of central PACAP systems, as well as the data implicating PACAP systems in clinically-relevant behavioral processes, with a particular focus on the considerable evidence implicating a role of PACAP in stress responding and learning and memory. We also review data suggesting that there are sex differences in PACAP function and its interactions with sex hormones. Finally, we discuss both the challenges and promise of harnessing the PACAP system in the development of new therapeutic avenues and highlight PACAP systems for their critical role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marieke R Gilmartin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Briana K Chen
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH) / New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Effect of PACAP on Heat Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043992. [PMID: 36835411 PMCID: PMC9963701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stroke is a life-threatening illness caused by exposure to high ambient temperatures and relative humidity. The incidence of heat stroke is expected to increase due to climate change. Although pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in thermoregulation, the role of PACAP on heat stress remains unclear. PACAP knockout (KO) and wild-type ICR mice were subjected to heat exposure at an ambient temperature of 36 °C and relative humidity of 99% for 30-150 min. After heat exposure, the PACAP KO mice had a greater survival rate and maintained a lower body temperature than the wild-type mice. Moreover, the gene expression and immunoreaction of c-Fos in the ventromedially preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which is known to harbor temperature-sensitive neurons, were significantly lower in PACAP KO mice than those in wild-type mice. In addition, differences were observed in the brown adipose tissue, the primary site of heat production, between PACAP KO and wild-type mice. These results suggest that PACAP KO mice are resistant to heat exposure. The heat production mechanism differs between PACAP KO and wild-type mice.
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5
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Wang Z, Liu J, Huang Y, Liu Q, Chen M, Ji C, Feng J, Ma Y. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide (PACAP) -derived Peptide MPAPO Stimulates Adipogenic Differentiation by Regulating the Early Stage of Adipogenesis and ERK Signaling Pathway. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:516-530. [PMID: 36112309 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have delivered new healing possibilities to the treatment of soft tissue defects, but the selection of seed cells is critical for treatment. Adipose-derived stem cells have perpetually been a preferred candidate for seed cells due to their wealthy sources, simple access, high plasticity, and powerful value-added capabilities. How to improve the efficiency of adipogenic differentiation is the key to the treatment. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, as a biologically active peptide secreted by the pituitary, is widely involved in regulating the body's sugar metabolism and lipid metabolism. However, the effects of MPAPO in ADSCs adipogenic differentiation remain unknown. Our results reveal that MPAPO treatment improves the adipogenic differentiation efficiency of ADSCs, including promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets and triglycerides, and the expression of adipocyte protein biomarkers PPARγ and C/EBPa. Additionally, the mechanism studies showed that the effective window of MPAPO-induced adipogenesis was the first 3 days during ADSCs differentiation. MPAPO selectively binds to the PAC1 receptor and promotes adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs by activating the ERK signaling pathway and elevating cell proliferation during postconfluent mitosis stage. Altogether, we demonstrate that MPAPO plays a crucial role in ADSCs adipogenesis, providing experimental basis and data for exploring therapeutic options in tissue defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Zhao S, Li B, Sun J, Liu L. Therapeutic applications and potential mechanisms of acupuncture in migraine: A literature review and perspectives. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1022455. [PMID: 36340786 PMCID: PMC9630645 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1022455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is commonly used as a treatment for migraines. Animal studies have suggested that acupuncture can decrease neuropeptides, immune cells, and proinflammatory and excitatory neurotransmitters, which are associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In addition, acupuncture participates in the development of peripheral and central sensitization through modulation of the release of neuronal-sensitization-related mediators (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutamate), endocannabinoid system, and serotonin system activation. Clinical studies have demonstrated that acupuncture may be a beneficial migraine treatment, particularly in decreasing pain intensity, duration, emotional comorbidity, and days of acute medication intake. However, specific clinical effectiveness has not been substantiated, and the mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain obscure. With the development of biomedical and neuroimaging techniques, the neural mechanism of acupuncture in migraine has gained increasing attention. Neuroimaging studies have indicated that acupuncture may alter the abnormal functional activity and connectivity of the descending pain modulatory system, default mode network, thalamus, frontal-parietal network, occipital-temporal network, and cerebellum. Acupuncture may reduce neuroinflammation, regulate peripheral and central sensitization, and normalize abnormal brain activity, thereby preventing pain signal transmission. To summarize the effects and neural mechanisms of acupuncture in migraine, we performed a systematic review of literature about migraine and acupuncture. We summarized the characteristics of current clinical studies, including the types of participants, study designs, and clinical outcomes. The published findings from basic neuroimaging studies support the hypothesis that acupuncture alters abnormal neuroplasticity and brain activity. The benefits of acupuncture require further investigation through basic and clinical studies.
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7
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Duesman SJ, Shetty S, Patel S, Ogale N, Mohamed F, Sparman N, Rajbhandari P, Rajbhandari AK. Sexually dimorphic role of the locus coeruleus PAC1 receptors in regulating acute stress-associated energy metabolism. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:995573. [PMID: 36275856 PMCID: PMC9580361 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.995573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe stress leads to alterations in energy metabolism with sexually dimorphic onset or severity. The locus coeruleus (LC) in the brainstem that mediates fight-or-flight-or-freeze response to stress is sexually dimorphic in morphology, plays a key role in interactions between diet and severe stressors, and has neuronal input to the brown adipose tissue (BAT)-a thermogenic organ important for energy balance. Yet, little is known on how LC coordinates stress-related metabolic adaptations. LC expresses receptors for the neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide) and PACAP signaling through PAC1 (PACAP receptor) are critical regulators of various types of stressors and energy metabolism. We hypothesized that LC-PAC1 axis is a sex-specific central "gatekeeper" of severe acute stress-driven behavior and energy metabolism. Selective ablation of PAC1 receptors from the LC did not alter stress response in mice of either sex, but enhanced food intake in females and was associated with increased energy expenditure and BAT thermogenesis in male mice. These results show a sexually dimorphic role of the LC-PAC1 in regulating acute stress-related energy metabolism. Thus, by disrupting LC-PAC1 signaling, our studies show a unique and previously unexplored role of LC in adaptive energy metabolism in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Duesman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanutha Shetty
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanil Patel
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Neha Ogale
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Farzanna Mohamed
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Njeri Sparman
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Abha Karki Rajbhandari
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Abha Karki Rajbhandari,
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8
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Luo W, Dai J, Liu J, Huang Y, Zheng Z, Xu P, Ma Y. PACAP attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through the FAIM/AMPK/IRβ axis during overnutrition. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101584. [PMID: 36055580 PMCID: PMC9478455 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was reported to attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation in overnutrition-related metabolic disorder, mediated by up-regulation of fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM). However, how PACAP regulates FAIM in metabolic tissues remains to be addressed. Here we investigated the underlying mechanism on the role of PACAP in ameliorating metabolic disorder and examined the potential therapeutic effects of PACAP in preventing the progression of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Methods Mouse models with MAFLD induced by high-fat diet were employed. Different doses of PACAP were intraperitoneally administrated. Western blot, luciferase assay, lentiviral-mediated gene manipulations and animal metabolic phenotyping analysis were performed to explore the signaling pathway involved in PACAP function. Results PACAP ameliorated the excessive hepatic lipid accumulation and inhibited lipogenesis in HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice. Mechanistically, PACAP activated the FAIM-AMPK-IRβ axis to inhibit the expression of lipid synthesis genes, and FAIM mediated the effects of PACAP. FAIM suppression via lentiviral-mediated shRNA inhibited the activation of AMPK, whereas FAIM overexpression promoted AMPK activation. PACAP increased the promoter activity of FAIM gene through activating PKA-CREB signaling pathway. Conclusion Our work demonstrated that the administration of PACAP represented a feasible approach for treating hepatic lipid accumulation in MAFLD. The findings reveal the molecular mechanism that PACAP increase FAIM expression and activates the FAIM/AMPK/IRβ signaling axis, thus inhibits lipogenesis to mediate its beneficial effects. PACAP ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation through the AMPK pathway. AMPK is a downstream mediator of FAIM. FAIM is transcriptionally activated by CREB and regulated by PACAP. PACAP regulates the FAIM-AMPK-IRβ axis to treat fatty liver phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Dai
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiong Zheng
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Barra T, Falanga A, Bellavita R, Laforgia V, Prisco M, Galdiero S, Valiante S. gH625-liposomes deliver PACAP through a dynamic in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier. Front Physiol 2022; 13:932099. [PMID: 36060696 PMCID: PMC9437923 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.932099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) selectively protects the central nervous system (CNS) from external insults, but its function can represent a limit for the passage of therapeutic molecules. Numerous in vitro models of the BBB have been realized in order to study the passage of drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, but these in vitro models are not very representative of the physiological conditions because of a limited supply of oxygen and nutrients due to static conditions. To avoid this phenomenon, we used a millifluidic bioreactor model that ensures a circulation of the medium and, therefore, of the nutrients, thanks to the continuous laminar flow. This dynamic model consists of a double-culture chamber separated by a membrane on which brain endothelial cells are cultured in order to evaluate the passage of the drug. Furthermore, in the lower chamber, SH-SY5Y were seeded as 3D spheroids to evaluate the drug passage through these cells. As nanodelivery system, we used liposomes functionalized with viral fusion peptide to evaluate the passage of a neuroprotective agent, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), through the dynamic in vitro model of the BBB. We showed that our nanodelivery system, made of functionalized liposomes and loaded with specific molecules, efficiently crosses the in vitro fluid-dynamic model of the BBB. Our findings represent an important step for further experimental investigations on PACAP administration as a therapeutic agent by an enhanced drug delivery system. Our results can improve the diffusion of good practice in neuroscience laboratories, helping to spread the 3R rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Barra
- Deparment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Teresa Barra,
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Bellavita
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Deparment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Prisco
- Deparment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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Sonkodi B, Resch MD, Hortobágyi T. Is the Sex Difference a Clue to the Pathomechanism of Dry Eye Disease? Watch out for the NGF-TrkA-Piezo2 Signaling Axis and the Piezo2 Channelopathy. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1598-1608. [PMID: 35507012 PMCID: PMC9374789 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder with recognized pathology, but not entirely known pathomechanism. It is suggested to represent a continuum with neuropathic corneal pain with the paradox that DED is a pain-free disease in most cases, although it is regarded as a pain condition. The current paper puts into perspective that one gateway from physiology to pathophysiology could be a Piezo2 channelopathy, opening the pathway to a potentially quad-phasic non-contact injury mechanism on a multifactorial basis and with a heterogeneous clinical picture. The primary non-contact injury phase could be the pain-free microinjury of the Piezo2 ion channel at the corneal somatosensory nerve terminal. The secondary non-contact injury phase involves harsher corneal tissue damage with C-fiber contribution due to the lost or inadequate intimate cross-talk between somatosensory Piezo2 and peripheral Piezo1. The third injury phase of this non-contact injury is the neuronal sensitization process with underlying repeated re-injury of the Piezo2, leading to the proposed chronic channelopathy. Notably, sensitization may evolve in certain cases in the absence of the second injury phase. Finally, the quadric injury phase is the lingering low-grade neuroinflammation associated with aging, called inflammaging. This quadric phase could clinically initiate or augment DED, explaining why increasing age is a risk factor. We highlight the potential role of the NGF-TrkA axis as a signaling mechanism that could further promote the microinjury of the corneal Piezo2 in a stress-derived hyperexcited state. The NGF-TrkA-Piezo2 axis might explain why female sex represents a risk factor for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Miklós D Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Insitute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Center for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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11
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de Almeida Miranda D, Araripe J, de Morais Magalhães NG, de Siqueira LS, de Abreu CC, Pereira PDC, Henrique EP, da Silva Chira PAC, de Melo MAD, do Rêgo PS, Diniz DG, Sherry DF, Diniz CWP, Guerreiro-Diniz C. Shorebirds' Longer Migratory Distances Are Associated With Larger ADCYAP1 Microsatellites and Greater Morphological Complexity of Hippocampal Astrocytes. Front Psychol 2022; 12:784372. [PMID: 35185684 PMCID: PMC8855117 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the epic journey of autumn migration, long-distance migratory birds use innate and learned information and follow strict schedules imposed by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, the details of which remain largely unknown. In addition, bird migration requires integrated action of different multisensory systems for learning and memory, and the hippocampus appears to be the integration center for this task. In previous studies we found that contrasting long-distance migratory flights differentially affected the morphological complexity of two types of hippocampus astrocytes. Recently, a significant association was found between the latitude of the reproductive site and the size of the ADCYAP1 allele in long distance migratory birds. We tested for correlations between astrocyte morphological complexity, migratory distances, and size of the ADCYAP1 allele in three long-distance migrant species of shorebird and one non-migrant. Significant differences among species were found in the number and morphological complexity of the astrocytes, as well as in the size of the microsatellites of the ADCYAP1 gene. We found significant associations between the size of the ADCYAP1 microsatellites, the migratory distances, and the degree of morphological complexity of the astrocytes. We suggest that associations between astrocyte number and morphological complexity, ADCYAP1 microsatellite size, and migratory behavior may be part of the adaptive response to the migratory process of shorebirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de Almeida Miranda
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genética e Conservação, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Juliana Araripe
- Laboratório de Genética e Conservação, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Nara G de Morais Magalhães
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva de Siqueira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Cintya Castro de Abreu
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Ediely Pereira Henrique
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Pedro Arthur Campos da Silva Chira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Mauro A D de Melo
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Péricles Sena do Rêgo
- Laboratório de Genética e Conservação, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros (IECOS), Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
| | - David Francis Sherry
- Department of Psychology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cristovam W P Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Bragança, Brazil
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12
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Riser M, Norrholm SD. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: From Bench to Bedside. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:861606. [PMID: 35865299 PMCID: PMC9295898 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.861606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with isoforms consisting of either 27 or 38 amino acids. PACAP is encoded by the adenylate cyclase activating peptide gene, ADCYAP1, in humans and the highly conserved corresponding rodent gene, Adcyap1. PACAP is known to regulate cellular stress responses in mammals. PACAP is robustly expressed in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. The activity of PACAP and its selective receptor, PAC1-R, has been characterized within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system, two critical neurobiological systems mediating responses to stressors and threats. Findings from previous translational, empirical studies imply PACAP regulation in autonomic functions and high expressions of PACAP and PAC1 receptor in hypothalamic and limbic structures, underlying its critical role in learning and memory, as well as emotion and fear processing. The current review summarizes recent findings supporting a role of PACAP/PAC1-R regulation in key brain areas that mediate adaptive behavioral and neurobiological responses to environmental stressors and maladaptive reactions to stress including the development of fear and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manessa Riser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Neuroscience Center for Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Seth Davin Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Neuroscience Center for Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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13
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Le N, Sayers S, Mata-Pacheco V, Wagner EJ. The PACAP Paradox: Dynamic and Surprisingly Pleiotropic Actions in the Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:877647. [PMID: 35721722 PMCID: PMC9198406 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.877647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP), a pleiotropic neuropeptide, is widely distributed throughout the body. The abundance of PACAP expression in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and years of accompanying experimental evidence, indicates that PACAP plays crucial roles in diverse biological processes ranging from autonomic regulation to neuroprotection. In addition, PACAP is also abundantly expressed in the hypothalamic areas like the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei (VMN and ARC, respectively), as well as other brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) - suggesting that PACAP is capable of regulating energy homeostasis via both the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries. The evidence gathered over the years has increased our appreciation for its function in controlling energy balance. Therefore, this review aims to further probe how the pleiotropic actions of PACAP in regulating energy homeostasis is influenced by sex and dynamic changes in energy status. We start with a general overview of energy homeostasis, and then introduce the integral components of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries. Next, we discuss sex differences inherent to the regulation of energy homeostasis via these two circuitries, as well as the activational effects of sex steroid hormones that bring about these intrinsic disparities between males and females. Finally, we explore the multifaceted role of PACAP in regulating homeostatic and hedonic feeding through its actions in regions like the NAc, BNST, and in particular the ARC, VMN and VTA that occur in sex- and energy status-dependent ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Mata-Pacheco
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward J. Wagner, ; www.westernu.edu
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14
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Le N, Hernandez J, Gastelum C, Perez L, Vahrson I, Sayers S, Wagner EJ. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Inhibits A 10 Dopamine Neurons and Suppresses the Binge-like Consumption of Palatable Food. Neuroscience 2021; 478:49-64. [PMID: 34597709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) binds to PACAP-specific (PAC1) receptors in multiple hypothalamic areas, especially those regulating energy balance. PACAP neurons in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) exert anorexigenic effects within the homeostatic energy balance circuitry. Since PACAP can also reduce the consumption of palatable food, we tested the hypothesis that VMN PACAP neurons project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to inhibit A10 dopamine neurons via PAC1 receptors and KATP channels, and thereby suppress binge-like consumption. We performed electrophysiological recordings in mesencephalic slices from male PACAP-Cre and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre mice. Initially, we injected PACAP (30 pmol) into the VTA, where it suppressed binge intake in wildtype male but not female mice. Subsequent tract tracing studies uncovered projections of VMN PACAP neurons to the VTA. Optogenetic stimulation of VMN PACAP neurons in voltage clamp induced an outward current and increase in conductance in VTA neurons, and a hyperpolarization and decrease in firing in current clamp. These effects were markedly attenuated by the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide (100 μM) and PAC1 receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 (200 nM). In recordings from A10 dopamine neurons in TH-Cre mice, we replicated the outward current by perfusing PACAP1-38 (100 nM). This response was again completely blocked by tolbutamide and PACAP6-38, and associated with a hyperpolarization and decrease in firing. These findings demonstrate that PACAP activates PAC1 receptors and KATP channels to inhibit A10 dopamine neurons and sex-dependently suppress binge-like consumption. Accordingly, they advance our understanding of how PACAP regulates energy homeostasis via the hedonic energy balance circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Gastelum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Lynnea Perez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Isabella Vahrson
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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15
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Nöthling J, Abrahams N, Toikumo S, Suderman M, Mhlongo S, Lombard C, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Genome-wide differentially methylated genes associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and longitudinal change in methylation in rape survivors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:594. [PMID: 34799556 PMCID: PMC8604994 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rape is associated with a high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DNA methylation changes may confer risk or protection for PTSD following rape by regulating the expression of genes implicated in pathways affected by PTSD. We aimed to: (1) identify epigenome-wide differences in methylation profiles between rape-exposed women with and without PTSD at 3-months post-rape, in a demographically and ethnically similar group, drawn from a low-income setting; (2) validate and replicate the findings of the epigenome-wide analysis in selected genes (BRSK2 and ADCYAP1); and (3) investigate baseline and longitudinal changes in BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 methylation over six months in relation to change in PTSD symptom scores over 6 months, in the combined discovery/validation and replication samples (n = 96). Rape-exposed women (n = 852) were recruited from rape clinics in the Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation (RICE) umbrella study. Epigenome-wide differentially methylated CpG sites between rape-exposed women with (n = 24) and without (n = 24) PTSD at 3-months post-rape were investigated using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip in a discovery cohort (n = 48). Validation (n = 47) and replication (n = 49) of BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 methylation findings were investigated using EpiTYPER technology. Longitudinal change in BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 was also investigated using EpiTYPER technology in the combined sample (n = 96). In the discovery sample, after adjustment for multiple comparisons, one differentially methylated CpG site (chr10: 61385771/ cg01700569, p = 0.049) and thirty-four differentially methylated regions were associated with PTSD status at 3-months post-rape. Decreased BRSK2 and ADCYAP1 methylation at 3-months and 6-months post-rape were associated with increased PTSD scores at the same time points, but these findings did not remain significant in adjusted models. In conclusion, decreased methylation of BRSK2 may result in abnormal neuronal polarization, synaptic development, vesicle formation, and disrupted neurotransmission in individuals with PTSD. PTSD symptoms may also be mediated by differential methylation of the ADCYAP1 gene which is involved in stress regulation. Replication of these findings is required to determine whether ADCYAP1 and BRSK2 are biomarkers of PTSD and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Nöthling
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Naeemah Abrahams
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sylvanus Toikumo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shibe Mhlongo
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Yamamoto Y, Otsuka A, Ishida Y, Wong LS, Seidel JA, Nonomura Y, Nakashima C, Nakajima S, Kitoh A, Nomura T, Dainichi T, Honda T, Amano W, Konishi N, Hayashi M, Matsushita M, Kabashima K. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide promotes cutaneous dendritic cell functions in contact hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:858-866. [PMID: 33609627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory nerves regulate cutaneous local inflammation indirectly through induction of pruritus and directly by acting on local immune cells. The underlying mechanisms for how sensory nerves influence cutaneous acquired immune responses remain to be clarified. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effect of peripheral nerves on cutaneous immune cells in cutaneous acquired immune responses. METHODS We analyzed contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses as a murine model of delayed-type hypersensitivity in absence or presence of resiniferatoxin-induced sensory nerve denervation. We conducted ear thickness measurements, flow cytometric analyses, and mRNA expression analyses in CHS. RESULTS CHS responses were attenuated in mice that were denervated during the sensitization phase of CHS. By screening neuropeptides, we found that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) mRNA expression was decreased in the dorsal root ganglia after denervation. Administration of PACAP restored attenuated CHS response in resiniferatoxin-treated mice, and pharmacological inhibition of PACAP suppressed CHS. Flow cytometric analysis of skin-draining lymph nodes showed that cutaneous dendritic cell migration and maturation were reduced in both denervated mice and PACAP antagonist-treated mice. The expression of chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR4 of dendritic cell s was enhanced by addition of PACAP in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that a neuropeptide PACAP promotes the development of CHS responses by inducing cutaneous dendritic cell functions during the sensitization phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Translational Research Department for Skin and Brain Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ishida
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lai San Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Judith A Seidel
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Amano
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Mikio Hayashi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network and Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore.
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Gastelum C, Perez L, Hernandez J, Le N, Vahrson I, Sayers S, Wagner EJ. Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2728. [PMID: 33800452 PMCID: PMC7962960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is regulated in coordinate fashion by the brain-gut axis, the homeostatic energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and the hedonic energy balance circuitry comprising the mesolimbcortical A10 dopamine pathway. Collectively, these systems convey and integrate information regarding nutrient status and the rewarding properties of ingested food, and formulate it into a behavioral response that attempts to balance fluctuations in consumption and food-seeking behavior. In this review we start with a functional overview of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries; identifying the salient neural, hormonal and humoral components involved. We then delve into how the function of these circuits differs in males and females. Finally, we turn our attention to the ever-emerging roles of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-two neuropeptides that have garnered increased recognition for their regulatory impact in energy homeostasis-to further probe how the imposed regulation of energy balance circuitry by these peptides is affected by sex and altered under positive (e.g., obesity) and negative (e.g., fasting) energy balance states. It is hoped that this work will impart a newfound appreciation for the intricate regulatory processes that govern energy homeostasis, as well as how recent insights into the N/OFQ and PACAP systems can be leveraged in the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Gastelum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Lynnea Perez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Isabella Vahrson
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Potent Therapeutic Agent in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030354. [PMID: 33653014 PMCID: PMC7996859 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening condition that is characterized by secondary cell death processes that occur after the initial disruption of blood flow to the brain. The inability of endogenous repair mechanisms to sufficiently support functional recovery in stroke patients and the inadequate treatment options available are cause for concern. The pathology behind oxidative stress in stroke is of particular interest due to its detrimental effects on the brain. The oxidative stress caused by ischemic stroke overwhelms the neutralization capacity of the body's endogenous antioxidant system, which leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and eventually results in cell death. The overproduction of ROS compromises the functional and structural integrity of brain tissue. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress to help obtain adequate treatment options for stroke. Here, we focus on the latest preclinical research that details the mechanisms behind secondary cell death processes that cause many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, as well as research that relates to how the neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAPs) could make these molecules an ideal candidate for the treatment of stroke.
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19
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Chang R, Hernandez J, Gastelum C, Guadagno K, Perez L, Wagner EJ. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Excites Proopiomelanocortin Neurons: Implications for the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:45-69. [PMID: 32028278 DOI: 10.1159/000506367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) excites proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons via PAC1 receptor mediation and transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channel activation. METHODS Electrophysiological recordings were done in slices from both intact male and ovariectomized (OVX) female PACAP-Cre mice and eGFP-POMC mice. RESULTS In recordings from POMC neurons in eGFP-POMC mice, PACAP induced a robust inward current and increase in conductance in voltage clamp, and a depolarization and increase in firing in current clamp. These postsynaptic actions were abolished by inhibitors of the PAC1 receptor, TRPC channels, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and protein kinase C. Estradiol augmented the PACAP-induced inward current, depolarization, and increased firing, which was abrogated by estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists. In optogenetic recordings from POMC neurons in PACAP-Cre mice, high-frequency photostimulation induced inward currents, depolarizations, and increased firing that were significantly enhanced by Gq-coupled membrane ER signaling in an ER antagonist-sensitive manner. Importantly, the PACAP-induced excitation of POMC neurons was notably reduced in obese, high-fat (HFD)-fed males. In vivo experiments revealed that intra-arcuate nucleus (ARC) PACAP as well as chemogenetic and optogenetic stimulation of ventromedial nucleus (VMN) PACAP neurons produced a significant decrease in energy intake accompanied by an increase in energy expenditure, effects blunted by HFD in males and partially potentiated by estradiol in OVX females. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that the PACAP-induced activation of PAC1 receptor and TRPC5 channels at VMN PACAP/ARC POMC synapses is potentiated by estradiol and attenuated under conditions of diet-induced obesity/insulin resistance. As such, they advance our understanding of how PACAP regulates the homeostatic energy balance circuitry under normal and pathophysiological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Chang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Gastelum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Guadagno
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Lynnea Perez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA,
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA,
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20
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Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Steiner J. The implications of hypothalamic abnormalities for schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:107-120. [PMID: 34266587 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Until a few years ago, the hypothalamus was believed to play only a marginal role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. However, recent findings show that this rather small brain region involved in many pathways found disrupted-in schizophrenia. Gross anatomic abnormalities (volume changes of the third ventricle, the hypothalamus, and its individual nuclei) as well as alterations at the cellular level (circumscribed loss of neurons) can be observed. Further, increased or decreased expression of hypothalamic peptides such as oxytocin, vasopressin, several factors involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, endogenous opiates, products of schizophrenia susceptibility genes as well as of enzymes involved in neurotransmitter and neuropeptide metabolism have been reported in schizophrenia and/or animal models of the disease. Remarkably, although profound disturbances of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis are typical signs of schizophrenia, there is currently no evidence for alterations in the expression of hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting factors that control these hormonal axes. Finally, the implications of hypothalamus for disease-related disturbances of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and neuroimmune dysfunctions in schizophrenia are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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McMillan TR, Forster MAM, Short LI, Rudecki AP, Cline DL, Gray SL. Melanotan II, a melanocortin agonist, partially rescues the impaired thermogenic capacity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide deficient mice. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:427-437. [PMID: 33332767 DOI: 10.1113/ep088838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can chronic treatment of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) deficient mice with the melanocortin agonist melanotan II during cold acclimation rescue the impaired thermogenic capacity previously observed in PACAP deficient mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Using a genetic model of PACAP deficiency, this study provides evidence that PACAP acts upstream of the melanocortin system in regulating sympathetic nerve activity to brown adipose tissue in mice. ABSTRACT Impaired adipose tissue function in obesity, including reduced thermogenic potential, has detrimental consequences for metabolic health. Hormonal regulation of adaptive thermogenesis is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for human obesity. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed in nuclei of the hypothalamus known to regulate energy expenditure, and functional studies reveal a role for PACAP in the central regulation of thermogenesis, although mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized that PACAP acts upstream of the melanocortin system to regulate sympathetic nerve activity to stimulate thermogenesis. To assess this, female PACAP-/- and PACAP+/+ mice were given daily peripheral injections of a melanocortin receptor agonist, melanotan II (MTII), for 3 weeks during cold acclimation, and the effect of MTII on thermogenic capacity and adipose tissue remodelling was examined by physiological and histological analyses. MTII partially rescued the impaired thermogenic capacity in PACAP-/- mice as compared to PACAP+/+ mice as determined by measuring noradrenaline-induced metabolic rate. In addition, MTII treatment during cold acclimation corrected the previously identified deficit in lipid utilization in response to adrenergic stimulation in PACAP-/- null mice, suggesting impaired lipid mobilization may contribute to the impaired thermogenic capacity of PACAP-/- mice. Results presented here provide physiological evidence to suggest that PACAP acts upstream of melanocortin receptors to facilitate sympathetically induced mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis in response to cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thecla Rae McMillan
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maeghan A M Forster
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Landon I Short
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander P Rudecki
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah L Gray
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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Fang Y, Ren R, Shi H, Huang L, Lenahan C, Lu Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang JH. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Promising Neuroprotective Peptide in Stroke. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1496-1512. [PMID: 33269103 PMCID: PMC7673855 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for viable, effective treatments for acute stroke continues to be a global priority due to the high mortality and morbidity. Current therapeutic treatments have limited effects, making the search for new treatments imperative. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-established cytoprotective neuropeptide that participates in diverse neural physiological and pathological activities, such as neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as neuroprotection. It is considered a promising treatment in numerous neurological diseases. Thus, PACAP bears potential as a new therapeutic strategy for stroke treatment. Herein, we provide an overview pertaining to the current knowledge of PACAP, its receptors, and its potential neuroprotective role in the setting of stroke, as well as various mechanisms of neuroprotection involving ionic homeostasis, excitotoxicity, cell edema, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, as well as the route of PACAP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shi
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,5Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihui Tang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - John H Zhang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Fang Y, Shi H, Ren R, Huang L, Okada T, Lenahan C, Gamdzyk M, Travis ZD, Lu Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Zhou K, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang JH. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Attenuates Brain Edema by Protecting Blood-Brain Barrier and Glymphatic System After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1954-1972. [PMID: 32918234 PMCID: PMC7851266 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a vital contributor to early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is responsible for prolonged hospitalization and poor outcomes. Pharmacological therapeutic targets on edema formation have been the focus of research for decades. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to participate in neural development and brain injury. Here, we used PACAP knockout CRISPR to demonstrate that endogenous PACAP plays an endogenous neuroprotective role against brain edema formation after SAH in rats. The exogenous PACAP treatment provided both short- and long-term neurological benefits by preserving the function of the blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system after SAH. Pretreatment of inhibitors of PACAP receptors showed that the PACAP-involved anti-edema effect and neuroprotection after SAH was facilitated by the selective PACAP receptor (PAC1). Further administration of adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor and sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) CRISPR activator suggested that the AC-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) axis participated in PACAP signaling after SAH, which inhibited the expression of edema-related proteins, SUR1 and aquaporin-4 (AQP4), through SUR1 phosphorylation. Thus, PACAP may serve as a potential clinical treatment to alleviate brain edema in patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Reng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Takeshi Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, California, 92354, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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Lovejoy DA, Hogg DW. Information Processing in Affective Disorders: Did an Ancient Peptide Regulating Intercellular Metabolism Become Co‐Opted for Noxious Stress Sensing? Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000039. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H4 Canada
| | - David W. Hogg
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H4 Canada
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Is Responsible for Food Intake Behavior by Modulating the Expression of Agouti-Related Peptide in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2101-2114. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Pleiotropic pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP): Novel insights into the role of PACAP in eating and drug intake. Brain Res 2019; 1729:146626. [PMID: 31883848 PMCID: PMC6953419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was discovered thirty years ago, but its role in eating and drug use disorders has only recently begun to be investigated. The present review develops the hypothesis that, although PACAP normally functions to tightly regulate intake, inhibiting it through negative feedback, this relationship can become dysregulated with the development of dependence, such that PACAP instead acts through positive feedback to promote excessive intake. We propose that repeated exposure to palatable food and drugs of abuse can alter the downstream responses of specific populations of neurons to stimulation by PACAP, leading to the perpetuation of the addiction cycle. Thus, this review will first describe published literature on homeostatic food intake, which shows that PACAP suppresses food intake, while its levels are themselves increased by overfeeding. Next, it will present literature on palatable food, cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine, which overall demonstrates that PACAP in specific limbic brain regions can promote their seeking and intake and itself is stimulated by their intake. Then, it will present literature on affective behavior, which shows that chronic stress increases levels of PACAP, which then promotes anxiety and depression, factors that can trigger substance seeking. Finally, the review will address mechanisms through which chronic substance exposure may dysregulate the PACAP system, proposing that it alters expression of PACAP receptor splice variants. While many questions remain to be addressed, the current evidence suggests that PACAP could be a viable medication target for the treatment of binge eating and drug and alcohol use disorders.
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A Molecular Dynamics Study of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1 and the Basis of Its Therapeutic Antagonism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184348. [PMID: 31491880 PMCID: PMC6770453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) is a member of a secretin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its endogenous neuropeptide (VIP), secreted by neurons and immune cells, modulates various physiological functions such as exocrine and endocrine secretions, immune response, smooth muscles relaxation, vasodilation, and fetal development. As a drug target, VPAC1 has been selected for therapy of inflammatory diseases but drug discovery is still hampered by lack of its crystal structure. In this study we presented the homology model of this receptor constructed with the well-known web service GPCRM. The VPAC1 model is composed of extracellular and transmembrane domains that form a complex with an endogenous hormone VIP. Using the homology model of VPAC1 the mechanism of action of potential drug candidates for VPAC1 was described. Only two series of small-molecule antagonists of confirmed biological activity for VPAC1 have been described thus far. Molecular docking and a series of molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate their binding to VPAC1 and resulting antagonist effect. The presented work provides the basis for the possible binding mode of VPAC1 antagonists and determinants of their molecular recognition in the context of other class B GPCRs. Until the crystal structure of VPAC1 will be released, the presented homology model of VPAC1 can serve as a scaffold for drug discovery studies and is available from the author upon request.
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28
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Jansson L, Carlsson PO. Pancreatic Blood Flow with Special Emphasis on Blood Perfusion of the Islets of Langerhans. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:799-837. [PMID: 30892693 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets are more richly vascularized than the exocrine pancreas, and possess a 5- to 10-fold higher basal and stimulated blood flow, which is separately regulated. This is reflected in the vascular anatomy of the pancreas where islets have separate arterioles. There is also an insulo-acinar portal system, where numerous venules connect each islet to the acinar capillaries. Both islets and acini possess strong metabolic regulation of their blood perfusion. Of particular importance, especially in the islets, is adenosine and ATP/ADP. Basal and stimulated blood flow is modified by local endothelial mediators, the nervous system as well as gastrointestinal hormones. Normally the responses to the nervous system, especially the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, are fairly similar in endocrine and exocrine parts. The islets seem to be more sensitive to the effects of endothelial mediators, especially nitric oxide, which is a permissive factor to maintain the high basal islet blood flow. The gastrointestinal hormones with pancreatic effects mainly influence the exocrine pancreatic blood flow, whereas islets are less affected. A notable exception is incretin hormones and adipokines, which preferentially affect islet vasculature. Islet hormones can influence both exocrine and endocrine blood vessels, and these complex effects are discussed. Secondary changes in pancreatic and islet blood flow occur during several conditions. To what extent changes in blood perfusion may affect the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases is discussed. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute pancreatitis are conditions where we think there is evidence that blood flow may contribute to disease manifestations. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:799-837, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Jansson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging-induced impairments. In the long list of neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a highly effective cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue-damaging stimuli. PACAP has neuro- and general cytoprotective effects due to anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. As PACAP is also a part of the endogenous protective machinery, it can be hypothesized that the decreased protective effects in lack of endogenous PACAP would accelerate age-related degeneration and PACAP knockout mice would display age-related degenerative signs earlier. Recent results support this hypothesis showing that PACAP deficiency mimics aspects of age-related pathophysiological changes including increased neuronal vulnerability and systemic degeneration accompanied by increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Decrease in PACAP expression has been shown in different species from invertebrates to humans. PACAP-deficient mice display numerous pathological alterations mimicking early aging, such as retinal changes, corneal keratinization and blurring, and systemic amyloidosis. In the present review, we summarize these findings and propose that PACAP deficiency could be a good model of premature aging.
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30
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Adipose Tissue Expression of PACAP, VIP, and Their Receptors in Response to Cold Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:427-438. [PMID: 29982965 PMCID: PMC6581916 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity arises from disrupted energy balance and is caused by chronically higher energy intake compared to expenditure via basal metabolic rate, exercise, and thermogenesis. The brown adipose tissue (BAT), the primary thermogenic organ, has received considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target due to its ability to burn lipids in the production of heat. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been identified as a key regulator of the physiological stress response both centrally and peripherally. While PACAP has been shown to increase thermogenesis by acting at the hypothalamus to increase sympathetic output to BAT, a peripheral role for PACAP-activated thermogenesis has not been studied. We identified PACAP receptor (PAC1, VPAC1/2) expression for the first time in murine BAT and confirmed their expression in white adipose tissues. PAC1 receptor expression was significantly altered in all three adipose tissues studied in response to 3.5-week cold acclimation, with expression patterns differing by depot type. In primary cell culture, VPAC1 was increased in differentiated compared to non-differentiated brown adipocytes, and the same trend was observed for the PACAP-specific receptor PAC1 in gonadal white fat primary cultures. The primary PAC1R mRNA splice variant in interscapular BAT was determined as isoform 2 by RNA-Seq. These results show that PACAP receptors are present in adipose tissues and may have important functional roles in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, or adipose sensitization to sympathetic signaling in response to thermogenic stimuli.
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Waschek JA, Baca SM, Akerman S. PACAP and migraine headache: immunomodulation of neural circuits in autonomic ganglia and brain parenchyma. J Headache Pain 2018. [PMID: 29536279 PMCID: PMC5849772 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that intravenous (IV) infusions of the neuropeptide PACAP-38 (pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide-38) induced delayed migraine-like headaches in a large majority of migraine patients has resulted in considerable excitement in headache research. In addition to suggesting potential therapeutic targets for migraine, the finding provides an opportunity to better understand the pathological events from early events (aura) to the headache itself. Although PACAP-38 and the closely related peptide VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) are well-known as vasoactive molecules, the dilation of cranial blood vessels per se is no longer felt to underlie migraine headaches. Thus, more recent research has focused on other possible PACAP-mediated mechanisms, and has raised some important questions. For example, (1) are endogenous sources of PACAP (or VIP) involved in the triggering and/or propagation of migraine headaches?; (2) which receptor subtypes are involved in migraine pathophysiology?; (3) can we identify specific anatomical circuit(s) where PACAP signaling is involved in the features of migraine? The purpose of this review is to discuss the possibility, and supportive evidence, that PACAP acts to induce migraine-like symptoms not only by directly modulating nociceptive neural circuits, but also by indirectly regulating the production of inflammatory mediators. We focus here primarily on postulated extra-dural sites because potential mechanisms of PACAP action in the dura are discussed in detail elsewhere (see X, this edition).
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Serapio M Baca
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Simon Akerman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA. .,Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Little AG. Local Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Eneman B, Elmonem MA, van den Heuvel LP, Khodaparast L, Khodaparast L, van Geet C, Freson K, Levtchenko E. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in zebrafish models of nephrotic syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182100. [PMID: 28759637 PMCID: PMC5536324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an inhibitor of megakaryopoiesis and platelet function. Recently, PACAP deficiency was observed in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS), associated with increased platelet count and aggregability and increased risk of thrombosis. To further study PACAP deficiency in NS, we used transgenic Tg(cd41:EGFP) zebrafish with GFP-labeled thrombocytes. We generated two models for congenital NS, a morpholino injected model targeting nphs1 (nephrin), which is mutated in the Finnish-type congenital NS. The second model was induced by exposure to the nephrotoxic compound adriamycin. Nephrin RNA expression was quantified and zebrafish embryos were live-screened for proteinuria and pericardial edema as evidence of renal impairment. Protein levels of PACAP and its binding-protein ceruloplasmin were measured and GFP-labeled thrombocytes were quantified. We also evaluated the effects of PACAP morpholino injection and the rescue effects of PACAP-38 peptide in both congenital NS models. Nephrin downregulation and pericardial edema were observed in both nephrin morpholino injected and adriamycin exposed congenital NS models. However, PACAP deficiency was demonstrated only in the adriamycin exposed condition. Ceruloplasmin levels and the number of GFP-labeled thrombocytes remained unchanged in both models. PACAP morpholino injections worsened survival rates and the edema phenotype in both congenital NS models while injection with human PACAP-38 could only rescue the adriamycin exposed model. We hereby report, for the first time, PACAP deficiency in a NS zebrafish model as a consequence of adriamycin exposure. However, distinct from the human congenital NS, both zebrafish models retained normal levels of ceruloplasmin and thrombocytes. We further extend the renoprotective effects of the PACAP-38 peptide against adriamycin toxicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Eneman
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lambertus P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Laleh Khodaparast
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Switch Laboratory, VIB, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ladan Khodaparast
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Switch Laboratory, VIB, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Sekar R, Wang L, Chow BKC. Central Control of Feeding Behavior by the Secretin, PACAP, and Glucagon Family of Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28223965 PMCID: PMC5293785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituting a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides, secretin (SCT), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and glucagon (GCG) family of peptide hormones exert their functions via interactions with the class B1 G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, the roles of these peptides in neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior have been a specific area of research focus for development of potential therapeutic drug targets to combat obesity and metabolic disorders. As a result, some members in the family and their analogs have already been utilized as therapeutic agents in clinical application. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding on the important role of SCT, PACAP, and GCG family of peptides in central control of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Currie KPM. NaV-igating the MAP from PACAP to excitement. Focus on "Activation of MEK/ERK signaling contributes to the PACAP-induced increase in guinea pig cardiac neuron excitability". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C641-C642. [PMID: 27653986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00270.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P M Currie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Affiliation(s)
- Iphigenia Tzameli
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cell Press, 50 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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