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Ago Y, Van C, Condro MC, Hrncir H, Diep AL, Rajbhandari AK, Fanselow MS, Hashimoto H, MacKenzie-Graham AJ, Waschek JA. Overexpression of VIPR2 in mice results in microencephaly with paradoxical increased white matter volume. Exp Neurol 2023; 362:114339. [PMID: 36717013 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Large scale studies in populations of European and Han Chinese ancestry found a series of rare gain-of-function microduplications in VIPR2, encoding VPAC2, a receptor that binds vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide with high affinity, that were associated with an up to 13-fold increased risk for schizophrenia. To address how VPAC2 receptor overactivity might affect brain development, we used a well-characterized Nestin-Cre mouse strain and a knock-in approach to overexpress human VPAC2 in the central nervous system. Mice that overexpressed VPAC2 were found to exhibit a significant reduction in brain weight. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis confirmed a decrease in brain size, a specific reduction in the hippocampus grey matter volume and a paradoxical increase in whole-brain white matter volume. Sex-specific changes in behavior such as impaired prepulse inhibition and contextual fear memory were observed in VPAC2 overexpressing mice. The data indicate that the VPAC2 receptor may play a critical role in brain morphogenesis and suggest that overactive VPAC2 signaling during development plays a mechanistic role in some forms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haley Hrncir
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Allan J MacKenzie-Graham
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Asano S, Yamasaka M, Ozasa K, Sakamoto K, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Hashimoto H, Waschek JA, Ago Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide–VIPR2 signaling regulates tumor cell migration. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852358. [PMID: 36237322 PMCID: PMC9550923 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide metabolism is critically involved in human cancer cell migration and metastatic growth. The formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of migrating cells is regulated by metabolism of the inositol phospholipid PI(4,5)P2 into PI(3,4,5)P3. The synthesized PI(3,4,5)P3 promotes the translocation of WASP family verprolin homologous protein 2 (WAVE2) to the plasma membrane and regulates guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rac-mediated actin filament remodeling. Here, we investigated if VIPR2, a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), has a potential role in regulating cell migration via this pathway. We found that silencing of VIPR2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells inhibited VIP-induced cell migration. In contrast, stable expression of exogenous VIPR2 promoted VIP-induced tumor cell migration, an effect that was inhibited by the addition of a PI3-kinase (PI3K)γ inhibitor or a VIPR2-selective antagonist. VIPR2 stably-expressing cells exhibited increased PI3K activity. Membrane localization of PI(3,4,5)P3 was significantly attenuated by VIPR2-silencing. VIPR2-silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells suppressed lamellipodium extension; in VIPR2-overexpressing cells, VIPR2 accumulated in the cell membrane on lamellipodia and co-localized with WAVE2. Conversely, VIPR2-silencing reduced WAVE2 level on the cell membrane and inhibited the interaction between WAVE2, actin-related protein 3, and actin. These findings suggest that VIP–VIPR2 signaling controls cancer migration by regulating WAVE2-mediated actin nucleation and elongation for lamellipodium formation through the synthesis of PI(3,4,5)P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoshi Asano, ; Yukio Ago,
| | - Misa Yamasaka
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kairi Ozasa
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sakamoto
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Company Limited, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - James A. Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoshi Asano, ; Yukio Ago,
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Ericsson AC, Bains M, McAdams Z, Daniels J, Busi SB, Waschek JA, Dorsam GP. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor, VPAC1, Mediates Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Dependent Functional Homeostasis of the Gut Microbiota. Gastro Hep Adv 2022; 1:253-264. [PMID: 36910129 PMCID: PMC9997614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and circadian rhythms, metabolism, and immunity. Previous studies revealed the homeostatic effects of VIP signaling on the gut microbiota. VIP-deficient mice demonstrate a gut microbiota dysbiosis characterized by reduced α-diversity and decreased relative abundance (RA) of Gram-positive Firmicutes. However, the mechanism by which VIP signaling affects changes in the microbiota is unknown. METHODS To investigate the role of the 2 cognate G protein-coupled receptors for VIP (VPAC1 and VPAC2) in VIP-mediated homeostasis of the microbiota, fecal samples from VPAC1- and VPAC2-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermate mice were assessed via targeted amplicon sequencing. Their microbiota profiles were additionally compared with microbiota from VIP-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermates, where genotype-dependent changes in the composition and predicted function of each cohort were compared. RESULTS While wild-type mice in each line differed in α-diversity and β-diversity, consistent changes in both metrics were observed in VIP-deficient and VPAC1-deficient mice. This includes a dramatic reduction in α-diversity, increased RA of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and decreased RA of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae. Specific amplicon sequence variants and predicted functions found to differ significantly based on VIP or VPAC1 genotype were concordant in their directions of change. Multiplatform predicted functional profiling suggested a defective VIP-VPAC1 axis was associated with reduced amino acid degradation along with reduced quinol and quinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, alterations in predicted functions include increased sugar degradation, nitrate reduction, and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways, among other changes. CONCLUSION We conclude that VIP signaling through VPAC1 is critical for the maintenance of normal function of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Manpreet Bains
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Zachary McAdams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Justin Daniels
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Susheel B. Busi
- Department of Systems Ecology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - James A. Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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Yu HB, Yang H, Allaire JM, Ma C, Graef FA, Mortha A, Liang Q, Bosman ES, Reid GS, Waschek JA, Osborne LC, Sokol H, Vallance BA, Jacobson K. Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes host defense against enteric pathogens by modulating the recruitment of group 3 innate lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106634118. [PMID: 34625492 PMCID: PMC8521691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106634118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) control the formation of intestinal lymphoid tissues and play key roles in intestinal defense. They express neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor 2 (VPAC2), through which VIP modulates their function, but whether VIP exerts other effects on ILC3 remains unclear. We show that VIP promotes ILC3 recruitment to the intestine through VPAC1 independent of the microbiota or adaptive immunity. VIP is also required for postnatal formation of lymphoid tissues as well as the maintenance of local populations of retinoic acid (RA)-producing dendritic cells, with RA up-regulating gut-homing receptor CCR9 expression by ILC3s. Correspondingly, mice deficient in VIP or VPAC1 suffer a paucity of intestinal ILC3s along with impaired production of the cytokine IL-22, rendering them highly susceptible to the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium This heightened susceptibility to C. rodentium infection was ameliorated by RA supplementation, adoptive transfer of ILC3s, or by recombinant IL-22. Thus, VIP regulates the recruitment of intestinal ILC3s and formation of postnatal intestinal lymphoid tissues, offering protection against enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bing Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - Hyungjun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Joannie M Allaire
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Caixia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Franziska A Graef
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Qiaochu Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Else S Bosman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - James A Waschek
- The Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Harry Sokol
- Gastroenterology Department, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, F-75012, France
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Micalis Institute and AgroParisTech, Jouy en Josas, F-78350, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédérations Hospitalo-universitaires, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada;
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Karunia J, Niaz A, Mandwie M, Thomas Broome S, Keay KA, Waschek JA, Al-Badri G, Castorina A. PACAP and VIP Modulate LPS-Induced Microglial Activation and Trigger Distinct Phenotypic Changes in Murine BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010947. [PMID: 34681607 PMCID: PMC8535941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally related immunosuppressive peptides. However, the underlying mechanisms through which these peptides regulate microglial activity are not fully understood. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory challenge, we tested whether PACAP or VIP differentially affected microglial activation, morphology and cell migration. We found that both peptides attenuated LPS-induced expression of the microglial activation markers Iba1 and iNOS (### p < 0.001), as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, Itgam and CD68 (### p < 0.001). In contrast, treatment with PACAP or VIP exerted distinct effects on microglial morphology and migration. PACAP reversed LPS-induced soma enlargement and increased the percentage of small-sized, rounded cells (54.09% vs. 12.05% in LPS-treated cells), whereas VIP promoted a phenotypic shift towards cell subpopulations with mid-sized, spindle-shaped somata (48.41% vs. 31.36% in LPS-treated cells). Additionally, PACAP was more efficient than VIP in restoring LPS-induced impairment of cell migration and the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in BV2 cells compared with VIP. These results suggest that whilst both PACAP and VIP exert similar immunosuppressive effects in activated BV2 microglia, each peptide triggers distinctive shifts towards phenotypes of differing morphologies and with differing migration capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Karunia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Aram Niaz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Kevin A. Keay
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Centre, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour/Neuropsychiatric Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ghaith Al-Badri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Van C, Condro MC, Ko HH, Hoang AQ, Zhu R, Lov K, Ricaflanca PT, Diep AL, Nguyen NNM, Lipshutz GS, MacKenzie-Graham A, Waschek JA. Targeted deletion of PAC1 receptors in retinal neurons enhances neuron loss and axonopathy in a model of multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105524. [PMID: 34610465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation drives synaptic loss in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is also commonly observed in other neurodegenerative diseases. Clinically approved treatments for MS provide symptomatic relief but fail to halt neurodegeneration and neurological decline. Studies in animal disease models have demonstrated that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, ADCYAP1) exhibits anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and regenerative properties. Anti-inflammatory actions appear to be mediated primarily by two receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, which also bind vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Pharmacological experiments indicate that another receptor, PAC1 (ADCYAP1R1), which is highly selective for PACAP, provides protection to neurons, although genetic evidence and other mechanistic information is lacking. To determine if PAC1 receptors protect neurons in a cell-autonomous manner, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV2) to deliver Cre recombinase to the retina of mice harboring floxed PAC1 alleles. Mice were then subjected to chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model that recapitulates major clinical and pathological features of MS and associated optic neuritis. Unexpectedly, deletion of PAC1 in naïve mice resulted in a deficit of retinal ganglionic neurons (RGNs) and their dendrites, suggesting a homeostatic role of PAC1. Moreover, deletion of PAC1 resulted in increased EAE-induced loss of a subpopulation of RGNs purported to be vulnerable in animal models of glaucoma. Increased axonal pathology and increased secondary presence of microglia/macrophages was also prominently seen in the optic nerve. These findings demonstrate that neuronal PAC1 receptors play a homeostatic role in protecting RGNs and directly protects neurons and their axons against neuroinflammatory challenge. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic inflammation is a major component of neurodegenerative diseases and plays a central role in multiple sclerosis (MS). Current treatments for MS do not prevent neurodegeneration and/or neurological decline. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and regenerative properties but the cell type- and receptor-specific mechanisms are not clear. To test whether the protective effects of PACAP are direct on the PAC1 receptor subtype on neurons, we delete PAC1 receptors from neurons and investigate neuropathologigical changes in an animal model of MS. The findings demonstrate that PAC1 receptors on neurons play a homeostatic role in maintaining neuron health and can directly protect neurons and their axons during neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Nhat N M Nguyen
- Calabasas High School, Calabasas, CA 91302, United States of America.
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America; Departments of Surgery, Medical Pharmacology, Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - Allan MacKenzie-Graham
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America.
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7
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Ago Y, Asano S, Hashimoto H, Waschek JA. Probing the VIPR2 Microduplication Linkage to Schizophrenia in Animal and Cellular Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:717490. [PMID: 34366784 PMCID: PMC8339898 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.717490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name ADCYAP1) is a multifunctional neuropeptide involved in brain development and synaptic plasticity. With respect to PACAP function, most attention has been given to that mediated by its specific receptor PAC1 (ADCYAP1R1). However, PACAP also binds tightly to the high affinity receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, VIP), called VPAC1 and VPAC2 (VIPR1 and VIPR2, respectively). Depending on innervation patterns, PACAP can thus interact physiologically with any of these receptors. VPAC2 receptors, the focus of this review, are known to have a pivotal role in regulating circadian rhythms and to affect multiple other processes in the brain, including those involved in fear cognition. Accumulating evidence in human genetics indicates that microduplications at 7q36.3, containing VIPR2 gene, are linked to schizophrenia and possibly autism spectrum disorder. Although detailed molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, recent studies in animal models suggest that overactivation of the VPAC2 receptor disrupts cortical circuit maturation. The VIPR2 linkage can thus be potentially explained by inappropriate control of receptor signaling at a time when neural circuits involved in cognition and social behavior are being established. Alternatively, or in addition, VPAC2 receptor overactivity may disrupt ongoing synaptic plasticity during processes of learning and memory. Finally, in vitro data indicate that PACAP and VIP have differential activities on the maturation of neurons via their distinct signaling pathways. Thus perturbations in the balance of VPAC2, VPAC1, and PAC1 receptors and their ligands may have important consequences in brain development and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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8
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Takeuchi S, Kawanai T, Yamauchi R, Chen L, Miyaoka T, Yamada M, Asano S, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Yano K, Horiguchi N, Nakagawa S, Takuma K, Waschek JA, Hashimoto H, Ago Y. Activation of the VPAC2 Receptor Impairs Axon Outgrowth and Decreases Dendritic Arborization in Mouse Cortical Neurons by a PKA-Dependent Mechanism. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:521. [PMID: 32581681 PMCID: PMC7287155 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that microduplications at 7q36.3, containing VIPR2, confer significant risk for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). VIPR2 gene encodes the VPAC2 receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Lymphocytes from patients with these mutations exhibited higher VIPR2 gene expression and VIP-induced cAMP responsiveness, but mechanisms by which overactive VPAC2 signaling may lead to these psychiatric disorders are unknown. We have previously found that repeated administration of a selective VPAC2 receptor agonist Ro25-1553 in the mouse during early postnatal development caused synaptic alterations in the prefrontal cortex and sensorimotor gating deficits. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of VPAC2 receptor activation on neurite outgrowth in cultured primary mouse cortical neurons. Ro25-1553 and VIP caused reductions in total numbers and lengths of both neuronal dendrites and axons, while PACAP38 facilitated elongation of dendrites, but not axons. These effects of Ro25-1553 and VIP were blocked by a VPAC2 receptor antagonist PG99-465 and abolished in VPAC2 receptor-deficient mice. Additionally, Ro25-1553-induced decreases in axon and dendritic outgrowth in wild-type mice were blocked by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89, but not by a PKC inhibitor GF109203X or a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126. PACAP38- induced facilitation of dendritic outgrowth was blocked by U0126. These results suggest that activation of the VPAC2 receptor impairs neurite outgrowth and decreases branching of cortical neurons by a PKA-dependent mechanism. These findings also imply that the VIPR2-linkage to mental health disorders may be due in part to deficits in neuronal maturation induced by VPAC2 receptor overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuto Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawanai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Lu Chen
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Miyaoka
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mei Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koji Yano
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Naotaka Horiguchi
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Laboratory of Innovative Food Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takuma
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory of Innovative Food Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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9
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Gallino L, Hauk V, Fernández L, Soczewski E, Gori S, Grasso E, Calo G, Saraco N, Berensztein E, Waschek JA, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R. VIP Promotes Recruitment of Tregs to the Uterine-Placental Interface During the Peri-Implantation Period to Sustain a Tolerogenic Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2907. [PMID: 31969877 PMCID: PMC6960177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine receptivity and embryo implantation are two main processes that need a finely regulated balance between pro-inflammatory and tolerogenic mediators to allow a successful pregnancy. The neuroimmune peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a key regulator, and it is involved in the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are crucial in both processes. Here, we analyzed the ability of endogenous and exogenous VIP to sustain a tolerogenic microenvironment during the peri-implantation period, particularly focusing on Treg recruitment. Wild-type (WT) and VIP-deficient mice [heterozygous (HT, +/-), knockout (KO, -/-)], and FOXP3-knock-in-GFP mice either pregnant or in estrus were used. During the day of estrus, we found significant histological differences between the uterus of WT mice vs. VIP-deficient mice, with the latter exhibiting undetectable levels of FOXP3 expression, decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)c, and increased gene expression of the Th17 proinflammatory transcription factor RORγt. To study the implantation window, we mated WT and VIP (+/-) females with WT males and observed altered FOXP3, VEGFc, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)β gene expression at the implantation sites at day 5.5 (d5.5), demonstrating a more inflammatory environment in VIP (+/-) vs. VIP (+/+) females. A similar molecular profile was observed at implantation sites of WT × WT mice treated with VIP antagonist at d3.5. We then examined the ability GFP-sorted CD4+ cells from FOXP3-GFP females to migrate toward conditioned media (CM) obtained from d5.5 implantation sites cultured in the absence/presence of VIP or VIP antagonist. VIP treatment increased CD4+FOXP3+ and decreased CD4+ total cell migration towards implantation sites, and VIP antagonist prevented these effects. Finally, we performed adoptive cell transfer of Tregs (sorted from FOXP3-GFP females) in VIP-deficient-mice, and we observed that FOXP3-GFP cells were mainly recruited into the uterus/implantation sites compared to all other tested tissues. In addition, after Treg transfer, we found an increase in IL-10 expression and VEGFc in HT females and allowed embryo implantation in KO females. In conclusion, VIP contributes to a local tolerogenic response necessary for successful pregnancy, preventing the development of a hostile uterine microenvironment for implantation by the selective recruitment of Tregs during the peri-implantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Gallino
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernández
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Soczewski
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Gori
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Grasso
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Calo
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Saraco
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esperanza Berensztein
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Bains M, Laney C, Wolfe AE, Orr M, Waschek JA, Ericsson AC, Dorsam GP. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Deficiency Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota Communities in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2689. [PMID: 31849864 PMCID: PMC6900961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is crucial for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health. VIP sustains GIT homeostasis through maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory mediator that contributes to gut bacterial tolerance. Based on these biological functions by VIP, we hypothesized that its deficiency would alter gut microbial ecology. To this end, fecal samples from male and female VIP+/+, VIP+/-, and VIP-/- littermates (n = 47) were collected and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted. Our data revealed significant changes in bacterial composition, biodiversity, and weight loss from VIP-/- mice compared to VIP+/+ and VIP+/- littermates, irrespective of sex. The gut bacteria compositional changes observed in VIP-/- mice was consistent with gut microbial structure changes reported for certain inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, predicted functional changes by PICRUSt software suggested an energy surplus within the altered microbiota from VIP-/- mice. These data support that VIP plays an important role in maintaining microbiota balance, biodiversity, and GIT function, and its genetic removal results in significant gut microbiota restructuring and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bains
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Caleb Laney
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Annie E. Wolfe
- Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Megan Orr
- Department of Statistics, College of Science and Math, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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11
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Yu H, Yang H, Ma C, Liang Q, Bosman ES, Graef FA, Reid GS, Waschek JA, Osborne L, Vallance B, Jacobson K. A17 THE NEUROPEPTIDE VIP REGULATES INTESTINAL IMMUNITY THROUGH MODULATING THE ACTIVATION AND RECRUITMENT OF GROUP 3 INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Yu
- Paediatrics, Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Yang
- Paediatrics, Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Ma
- Paediatrics, Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Q Liang
- Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - E S Bosman
- Experimental medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - F A Graef
- Medicine, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G S Reid
- Paediatrics, Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J A Waschek
- The Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA
| | - L Osborne
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Vallance
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Jacobson
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Van C, Condro MC, Lov K, Zhu R, Ricaflanca PT, Ko HH, Diep AL, Hoang AQ, Pisegna J, Rohrer H, Waschek JA. Correction to: PACAP/PAC1 Regulation of Inflammation via Catecholaminergic Neurons in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:452. [PMID: 30362069 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. The captured article title and corresponding author were incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Van C, Condro MC, Lov K, Zhu R, Ricaflanca PT, Ko HH, Diep AL, Hoang AQ, Pisegna J, Rohrer H, Waschek JA. PACAP/PAC1 Regulation of Inflammation via Catecholaminergic Neurons in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:439-451. [PMID: 30058008 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) serves to maintain homeostasis of vital organ systems throughout the body, and its dysfunction plays a major role in human disease. The SNS also links the central nervous system to the immune system during different types of stress via innervation of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Previous studies have shown that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name adcyap1) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Because PACAP is known to regulate SNS function, we hypothesized that part of the immunoprotective action of PACAP is due to its neuromodulatory effects on sympathetic neurons. To examine this, we used an inducible, targeted approach to conditionally disrupt not only the PACAP-preferring PAC1 receptor gene (adcyap1r1) in dopamine β-hydroxylase-expressing cells, which includes postganglionic sympathetic neurons, but also catecholaminergic neurons in the brain and adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. In contrast to our previous EAE studies using PACAP global knockout mice which developed severe and prolonged EAE, we found that mice with conditional loss of PAC1 receptors in catecholaminergic cells developed a delayed time course of EAE with reduced helper T cell type 1 (Th1) and Th17 and enhanced Th2 cell polarization. At later time points, similar to mice with global PACAP loss, mice with conditional loss of PAC1 exhibited more severe clinical disease than controls. The latter was associated with a reduction in the abundance of thymic regulatory T cells (Tregs). These studies indicate that PAC1 receptor signaling acts in catecholaminergic cells in a time-dependent manner. At early stages of disease development, it enhances the ability of the SNS to polarize the Th response towards a more inflammatory state. Then, after disease is established, it enhances the ability of the SNS to dampen the inflammatory response via Tregs. The lack of concordance in results between global PACAP KO mice and mice with the PAC1 deletion targeted to catecholaminergic cells during early EAE may be explained by the fact that PACAP acts to regulate inflammation via multiple receptor subtypes and multiple targets, including inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenny Lov
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ricaflanca
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henly H Ko
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna L Diep
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anh Q Hoang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE): Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The discovery that intravenous (IV) infusions of the neuropeptide PACAP-38 (pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide-38) induced delayed migraine-like headaches in a large majority of migraine patients has resulted in considerable excitement in headache research. In addition to suggesting potential therapeutic targets for migraine, the finding provides an opportunity to better understand the pathological events from early events (aura) to the headache itself. Although PACAP-38 and the closely related peptide VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) are well-known as vasoactive molecules, the dilation of cranial blood vessels per se is no longer felt to underlie migraine headaches. Thus, more recent research has focused on other possible PACAP-mediated mechanisms, and has raised some important questions. For example, (1) are endogenous sources of PACAP (or VIP) involved in the triggering and/or propagation of migraine headaches?; (2) which receptor subtypes are involved in migraine pathophysiology?; (3) can we identify specific anatomical circuit(s) where PACAP signaling is involved in the features of migraine? The purpose of this review is to discuss the possibility, and supportive evidence, that PACAP acts to induce migraine-like symptoms not only by directly modulating nociceptive neural circuits, but also by indirectly regulating the production of inflammatory mediators. We focus here primarily on postulated extra-dural sites because potential mechanisms of PACAP action in the dura are discussed in detail elsewhere (see X, this edition).
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Serapio M Baca
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Simon Akerman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA. .,Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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15
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Abstract
New neurons are born throughout the life of mammals in germinal zones of the brain known as neurogenic niches: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. These niches contain a subpopulation of cells known as adult neural progenitor cells (aNPCs), which self-renew and give rise to new neurons and glia. aNPCs are regulated by many factors present in the niche, including the extracellular matrix (ECM). We show that the neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) affects subventricular zone-derived aNPCs by increasing their surface adhesion. Gene array and reconstitution assays indicate that this effect can be attributed to the regulation of ECM components and ECM-modifying enzymes in aNPCs by PACAP. Our work suggests that PACAP regulates a bidirectional interaction between the aNPCs and their niche: PACAP modifies ECM production and remodeling, in turn the ECM regulates progenitor cell adherence. We speculate that PACAP may in this manner help restrict adult neural progenitors to the stem cell niche in vivo, with potential significance for aNPC function in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Waschek
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Cohen
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gloria C Chi
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tomasz J Proszynski
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Niewiadomski
- 1 Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,3 Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Ago Y, Hayata-Takano A, Kawanai T, Yamauchi R, Takeuchi S, Cushman JD, Rajbhandari AK, Fanselow MS, Hashimoto H, Waschek JA. Impaired extinction of cued fear memory and abnormal dendritic morphology in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in VPAC2 receptor (VIPR2)-deficient mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:222-231. [PMID: 29030297 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The structurally related neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been implicated in stress regulation and learning and memory. Several bodies of research have shown the impact of the PACAP specific receptor PAC1 on fear memory, but the roles of other PACAP receptors in regulating fear stress responses remain to be elucidated. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of genetic deletion of VIPR2 encoding the VPAC2 receptor, which binds both VIP and PACAP, on fear-related memory and on dendritic morphology in the brain regions of the fear circuitry. Male VPAC2 receptor knockout (VPAC2-KO) and littermate wild-type control mice were subjected to Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm. VPAC2-KO mice displayed normal acquisition of fear conditioning, contextual and cued fear memory, but impaired extinction of cued fear memory. Morphological analyses revealed reductions in cell body size and total branch number and length of apical and basal dendrites of prelimbic cortex neurons in VPAC2-KO mice. In addition, Sholl analysis indicated that the amount of dendritic material distal to the soma was decreased, while proximal dendritic material was increased. In the infralimbic cortex, the amount of apical dendritic material proximal to the soma was increased in VPAC2-KO mice, while other indices of morphology did not differ. Finally, there were no differences in dendritic morphology in basolateral amygdala neurons between genotypes. These findings suggest that the VPAC2 receptor plays an important role in the fear extinction processes and the regulation of the dendritic morphology in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Atsuko Hayata-Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawanai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuto Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC 27709, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Abad C, Jayaram B, Becquet L, Wang Y, O'Dorisio MS, Waschek JA, Tan YV. Erratum to: VPAC1 receptor (Vipr1)-deficient mice exhibit ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, with specific deficits in the effector stage. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:157. [PMID: 28778207 PMCID: PMC5544977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Abad
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Inserm U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, Normandy, France
| | - Bhavaani Jayaram
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laurine Becquet
- Inserm U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, Normandy, France
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M Sue O'Dorisio
- Department of Pediatrics and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, RJ and LA Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. .,Inserm U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, Normandy, France.
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18
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Seiriki K, Kasai A, Hashimoto T, Schulze W, Niu M, Yamaguchi S, Nakazawa T, Inoue KI, Uezono S, Takada M, Naka Y, Igarashi H, Tanuma M, Waschek JA, Ago Y, Tanaka KF, Hayata-Takano A, Nagayasu K, Shintani N, Hashimoto R, Kunii Y, Hino M, Matsumoto J, Yabe H, Nagai T, Fujita K, Matsuda T, Takuma K, Baba A, Hashimoto H. High-Speed and Scalable Whole-Brain Imaging in Rodents and Primates. Neuron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Missig G, Mei L, Vizzard MA, Braas KM, Waschek JA, Ressler KJ, Hammack SE, May V. Parabrachial Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Activation of Amygdala Endosomal Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Regulates the Emotional Component of Pain. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:671-682. [PMID: 28057459 PMCID: PMC5332340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain and stress-related psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety-associated abnormalities, are mutually reinforcing; however, the neuronal circuits and mechanisms that underlie this reinforcement are still not well understood. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP; Adcyap1) and its cognate PAC1 receptor (Adcyap1r1) are expressed in peripheral nociceptive pathways, participate in anxiety-related responses and have been have been linked to posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health afflictions. METHODS Using immunocytochemistry, pharmacological treatments and behavioral testing techniques, we have used a rodent partial sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury model (n = 5-8 per group per experiment) to evaluate PACAP plasticity and signaling in nociceptive and stress-related behaviors. RESULTS We show that chronic neuropathic pain increases PACAP expression at multiple tiers along the spinoparabrachioamygdaloid tract. Furthermore, chronic constriction injury bilaterally augments nociceptive amygdala (in the central nucleus of the amygdala [CeA]) PACAP immunoreactivity, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, and c-Fos activation, in parallel with heightened anxiety-like behavior and nociceptive hypersensitivity. Acute CeA infusions with the PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP(6-38) blocked chronic constriction injury-induced behavioral responses. Additionally, pretreatments with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase enzymes or endocytosis to block endosomal PACAP receptor extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling attenuated PACAP-induced CeA neuronal activation and nociceptive responses. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that chronic pain-induced PACAP neuroplasticity and signaling in spinoparabrachioamygdaloid projections have an impact on CeA stress- and nociception-associated maladaptive responses, which can be ameliorated upon receptor antagonism even during injury progression. Thus, the PACAP pathway provides for an important mechanism underlying the intersection of stress and chronic pain pathways via the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen Missig
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Linda Mei
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Karen M Braas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, Vermont
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Burlington, Vermont.
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20
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Rajbhandari AK, Zhu R, Adling C, Fanselow MS, Waschek JA. Graded fear generalization enhances the level of cfos-positive neurons specifically in the basolateral amygdala. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1393-1399. [PMID: 27661774 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an important emotional reaction in response to threatening stimuli and is important for survival. However, when fear occurs in inappropriate circumstances, it can lead to pathological conditions including an increased vulnerability for developing anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients with PTSD generalize fear to contexts or to environments that are not associated with the trauma. We sought to explore if increasing the level of dissimilarity relative to the context in which mice learn fear results in changes in the level of fear responding to the new context. We also determined with this procedure if the number of cells expressing the immediate early gene cfos changes with the corresponding level of expressed fear within brain regions known to be important in modulating fear, including the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus. Our results indicate that mice that were tested in increasingly different contexts showed significantly different levels of fear responses. Freezing level was higher in the context most similar to the acquisition context than the one that was highly different. The level of cfos within the BLA, but not hippocampus, was also significantly different between the test contexts, with higher levels in the somewhat similar compared with the most different context. Overall, these results highlight the BLA as a critical region in the node of fear circuitry for modulating fear generalization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha K Rajbhandari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruoyan Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cora Adling
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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21
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Abstract
Over the past few years an association between oral contraceptive use and liver tumors has been suggested, and this is now being studied on an epidemiological basis. Large scale retrospective studies to date support a relationship between oral contraceptive use and benign liver tumors. These tumors carry a significant risk of spontaneous rupture. The possible relationship with malignant liver tumors is also discussed. Clinical aspects of these tumors are presented, as well as suspected oncogenic mechanisms.
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22
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Abad C, Jayaram B, Becquet L, Wang Y, O’Dorisio MS, Waschek JA, Tan YV. VPAC1 receptor (Vipr1)-deficient mice exhibit ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, with specific deficits in the effector stage. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:169. [PMID: 27357191 PMCID: PMC4928347 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two highly homologous neuropeptides. In vitro and ex vivo experiments repeatedly demonstrate that these peptides exert pronounced immunomodulatory (primarily anti-inflammatory) actions which are mediated by common VPAC1 and VPAC2 G protein-coupled receptors. In agreement, we have shown that mice deficient in PACAP ligand or VPAC2 receptors exhibit exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, we observed that VIP-deficient mice are unexpectedly resistant to EAE, suggesting a requirement for this peptide at some stage of disease development. Here, we investigated the involvement of VPAC1 in the development of EAE using a VPAC1-deficient mouse model. METHODS EAE was induced in wild-type (WT) and VPAC1 knockout (KO) mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55), and clinical scores were assessed continuously over 30 days. Immune responses in the spinal cords were determined by histology, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, and in the draining lymph nodes by antigen-recall assays. The contribution of VPAC1 expression in the immune system to the development of EAE was evaluated by means of adoptive transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments. In other experiments, VPAC1 receptor analogs were given to WT mice. RESULTS MOG35-55-induced EAE was ameliorated in VPAC1 KO mice compared to WT mice. The EAE-resistant phenotype of VPAC1 KO mice correlated with reduced central nervous system (CNS) histopathology and cytokine expression in the spinal cord. The immunization phase of EAE appeared to be unimpaired because lymph node cells from EAE-induced VPAC1 KO mice stimulated in vitro with MOG exhibited robust proliferative and Th1/Th17 responses. Moreover, lymph node and spleen cells from KO mice were fully capable of inducing EAE upon transfer to WT recipients. In contrast, WT cells from MOG-immunized mice did not transfer the disease when administered to VPAC1 KO recipients, implicating a defect in the effector phase of the disease. Bone marrow chimera studies suggested that the resistance of VPAC1-deficient mice was only minimally dependent on the expression of this receptor in the immunogenic/hematopoietic compartment. Consistent with this, impaired spinal cord inductions of several chemokine mRNAs were observed in VPAC1 KO mice. Finally, treatment of WT mice with the VPAC1 receptor antagonist PG97-269 before, but not after, EAE induction mimicked the clinical phenotype of VPAC1 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS VPAC1 gene loss impairs the development of EAE in part by preventing an upregulation of CNS chemokines and invasion of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Use of VPAC1 antagonists in WT mice prior to EAE induction also support a critical role for VPAC1 signaling for the development of EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Laminin/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Abad
- />Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- />Inserm U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, Normandy, France
| | - Bhavaani Jayaram
- />Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laurine Becquet
- />Inserm U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, Normandy, France
| | - Yuki Wang
- />Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M Sue O’Dorisio
- />Department of Pediatrics and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, RJ and LA Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242 IA USA
| | - James A. Waschek
- />Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- />Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- />Inserm U905, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, Normandy, France
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23
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Condro MC, Matynia A, Foster NN, Ago Y, Rajbhandari AK, Van C, Jayaram B, Parikh S, Diep AL, Nguyen E, May V, Dong HW, Waschek JA. High-resolution characterization of a PACAP-EGFP transgenic mouse model for mapping PACAP-expressing neurons. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3827-3848. [PMID: 27197019 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name Adcyap1) regulates a wide variety of neurological and physiological functions, including metabolism and cognition, and plays roles in of multiple forms of stress. Because of its preferential expression in nerve fibers, it has often been difficult to trace and identify the endogenous sources of the peptide in specific populations of neurons. Here, we introduce a transgenic mouse line that harbors in its genome a bacterial artificial chromosome containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette inserted upstream of the PACAP ATG translation initiation codon. Analysis of expression in brain sections of these mice using a GFP antibody reveals EGFP expression in distinct neuronal perikarya and dendritic arbors in several major brain regions previously reported to express PACAP from using a variety of approaches, including radioimmunoassay, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry with and without colchicine. EGFP expression in neuronal perikarya was modulated in a manner similar to PACAP gene expression in motor neurons after peripheral axotomy in the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus in the brainstem, providing an example in which the transgene undergoes proper regulation in vivo. These mice and the high-resolution map obtained are expected to be useful in understanding the anatomical patterns of PACAP expression and its plasticity in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3827-3848, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Condro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Anna Matynia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- Institute of Neuro Imaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA 90089
| | - Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 565-0871
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Christina Van
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Bhavaani Jayaram
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Sachin Parikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Anna L Diep
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Eileen Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
| | - Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, USA 05405
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Institute of Neuro Imaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA 90089
| | - James A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095
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24
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Ago Y, Condro MC, Tan YV, Ghiani CA, Colwell CS, Cushman JD, Fanselow MS, Hashimoto H, Waschek JA. Reductions in synaptic proteins and selective alteration of prepulse inhibition in male C57BL/6 mice after postnatal administration of a VIP receptor (VIPR2) agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2181-9. [PMID: 25575489 PMCID: PMC4433594 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE An abundance of genetic and epidemiologic evidence as well as longitudinal neuroimaging data point to developmental origins for schizophrenia and other mental health disorders. Recent clinical studies indicate that microduplications of VIPR2, encoding the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor VPAC2, confer significant risk for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Lymphocytes from patients with these mutations exhibited higher VIPR2 gene expression and VIP responsiveness (cAMP induction), but mechanisms by which overactive VPAC2 signaling may lead to these psychiatric disorders are unknown. OBJECTIVES We subcutaneously administered the highly selective VPAC2 receptor agonist Ro 25-1553 to C57BL/6 mice from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P14 to determine if overactivation of VPAC2 receptor signaling during postnatal brain maturation affects synaptogenesis and selected behaviors. RESULTS Western blot analyses on P21 revealed significant reductions of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus in Ro 25-1553-treated mice. The same postnatally restricted treatment resulted in a disruption in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle measured in adult mice. No effects were observed in open-field locomotor activity, sociability in the three-chamber social interaction test, or fear conditioning or extinction. CONCLUSION Overactivation of the VPAC2 receptor in the postnatal mouse results in a reduction in synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex and selective alterations in prepulse inhibition. These findings suggest that the VIPR2-linkage to mental health disorders may be due in part to overactive VPAC2 receptor signaling during a critical time of synaptic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michael C. Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- INSERM - Unité Mixte de Recherche U905 - IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Cristina A. Ghiani
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher S. Colwell
- Laboratory of Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jesse D. Cushman
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael S. Fanselow
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. James A. Waschek; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Tel.: +1-310-825-0179; Fax: +1-310-206-5061.
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25
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Wu X, Conlin VS, Morampudi V, Ryz NR, Nasser Y, Bhinder G, Bergstrom KS, Yu HB, Waterhouse CCM, Buchan AMJ, Popescu OE, Gibson WT, Waschek JA, Vallance BA, Jacobson K. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide promotes intestinal barrier homeostasis and protection against colitis in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125225. [PMID: 25932952 PMCID: PMC4416880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder associated with changes in neuropeptide expression and function, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP regulates intestinal vasomotor and secretomotor function and motility; however, VIP's role in development and maintenance of colonic epithelial barrier homeostasis is unclear. Using VIP deficient (VIPKO) mice, we investigated VIP's role in epithelial barrier homeostasis, and susceptibility to colitis. Colonic crypt morphology and epithelial barrier homeostasis were assessed in wildtype (WT) and VIPKO mice, at baseline. Colitic responses were evaluated following dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) or dextran-sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure. Mice were also treated with exogenous VIP. At baseline, VIPKO mice exhibited distorted colonic crypts, defects in epithelial cell proliferation and migration, increased apoptosis, and altered permeability. VIPKO mice also displayed reduced goblet cell numbers, and reduced expression of secreted goblet cell factors mucin 2 and trefoil factor 3. These changes were associated with reduced expression of caudal type homeobox 2 (Cdx2), a master regulator of intestinal function and homeostasis. DNBS and DSS-induced colitis were more severe in VIPKO than WT mice. VIP treatment rescued the phenotype, protecting VIPKO mice against DSS colitis, with results comparable to WT mice. In conclusion, VIP plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of colonic epithelial barrier integrity under physiological conditions and promotes epithelial repair and homeostasis during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria S. Conlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha R. Ryz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirk S. Bergstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hong B. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Oana E. Popescu
- Department of Pathology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William T. Gibson
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Onaka Y, Shintani N, Nakazawa T, Haba R, Ago Y, Wang H, Kanoh T, Hayata-Takano A, Hirai H, Nagata KY, Nakamura M, Hashimoto R, Matsuda T, Waschek JA, Kasai A, Nagayasu K, Baba A, Hashimoto H. CRTH2, a prostaglandin D2 receptor, mediates depression-related behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Castorina A, Waschek JA, Marzagalli R, Cardile V, Drago F. PACAP interacts with PAC1 receptors to induce tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression and activity in schwann cell-like cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117799. [PMID: 25658447 PMCID: PMC4319891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of peripheral nerves depends on the abilities of rejuvenating axons to migrate at the injury site through cellular debris and altered extracellular matrix, and then grow along the residual distal nerve sheath conduit and reinnervate synaptic targets. Considerable evidence suggest that glial cells participate in this process, although the mechanisms remain to be clarified. In cell culture, regenerating neurites secrete PACAP, a peptide shown to induce the expression of the protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in neural cell types. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that PACAP can stimulate peripheral glial cells to produce tPA. More specifically, we addressed whether or not PACAP promoted the expression and activity of tPA in the Schwann cell line RT4-D6P2T, which shares biochemical and physical properties with Schwann cells. We found that PACAP dose- and time-dependently stimulated tPA expression both at the mRNA and protein level. Such effect was mimicked by maxadilan, a potent PAC1 receptor agonist, but not by the PACAP-related homolog VIP, suggesting a PAC1-mediated function. These actions appeared to be mediated at least in part by the Akt/CREB signaling cascade because wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor, prevented peptide-driven CREB phosphorylation and tPA increase. Interestingly, treatment with BDNF mimicked PACAP actions on tPA, but acted through both the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, while causing a robust increase in PACAP and PAC1 expression. PACAP6-38 totally blocked PACAP-driven tPA expression and in part hampered BDNF-mediated effects. We conclude that PACAP, acting through PAC1 receptors, stimulates tPA expression and activity in a Akt/CREB-dependent manner to promote proteolytic activity in Schwann-cell like cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Castorina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rubina Marzagalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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28
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Yamasaki A, Kasai A, Toi A, Kurita M, Kimoto S, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Nagayasu K, Shintani N, Hashimoto R, Ito A, Meltzer HY, Ago Y, Waschek JA, Onaka Y, Matsuda T, Baba A, Hashimoto H. Identification of the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the trajectory of serotonergic differentiation in a rapid assay in mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. J Neurochem 2015; 132:418-28. [PMID: 25421849 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which extracellular molecules control serotonergic cell fate remains elusive. Recently, we showed that noggin, which inactivates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), induces serotonergic differentiation of mouse embryonic (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells with coordinated gene expression along the serotonergic lineage. Here, we created a rapid assay for serotonergic induction by generating knock-in ES cells expressing a naturally secreted Gaussia luciferase driven by the enhancer of Pet-1/Fev, a landmark of serotonergic differentiation. Using these cells, we performed candidate-based screening and identified BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitors LDN-193189 and DMH1 as activators of luciferase. LDN-193189 induced ES cells to express the genes encoding Pet-1, tryptophan hydroxylase 2, and the serotonin transporter, and increased serotonin release without altering dopamine release. In contrast, TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB-431542 selectively inhibited serotonergic differentiation, without changing overall neuronal differentiation. LDN-193189 inhibited expression of the BMP signaling target gene Id, and induced the TGF-β target gene Lefty, whereas the opposite effect was observed with SB-431542. This study thus provides a new tool to investigate serotonergic differentiation and suggests that inhibition of BMP type I receptors and concomitant activation of TGF-β receptor signaling are implicated in serotonergic differentiation. Candidate-based screening for serotonergic induction using a rapid assay in mouse embryonic stem cells revealed that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor kinase inhibitors selectively induce serotonergic differentiation, whereas the TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB-431542 inhibits the differentiation. These results suggest that inhibition of BMP type I receptors and concomitant activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor signaling are involved in the early trajectory of serotonergic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Abad C, Cheung-Lau G, Coute-Monvoisin AC, Waschek JA. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-deficient mice exhibit reduced pathology in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:203-12. [PMID: 25301381 PMCID: PMC4297532 DOI: 10.1159/000364912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an immunomodulatory neuropeptide with therapeutic properties in multiple murine models of inflammatory disease including the trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis model of Crohn's disease. Understanding the spectrum of biological actions of endogenously produced VIP may help us dissect the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of such inflammatory diseases. Our goal was to determine the contribution of endogenously produced VIP to TNBS-colitis by using VIP knockout (KO) mice. METHODS TNBS was intracolonically administered to wild-type (WT) and VIP KO mice, and weight loss and colitis were assessed over time. Colon histopathological changes and myeloperoxidase activities were analyzed and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in colon and serum quantified. The proliferative response in vitro of splenocytes from TNBS WT and VIP KO administered mice to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 was determined. RESULTS VIP KO mice did not exhibit the predicted exacerbated response to TNBS. Instead, they developed a milder clinical profile than WT mice, with lower TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Such potential defects seem selective, because other parameters such as the histopathological scores and the cytokine levels in the colon did not differ between the two strains of mice. Moreover, splenocytes from TNBS-treated VIP KO mice exhibited an enhanced proliferative response to anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in vitro. CONCLUSION Chronic loss of VIP in mice leads to a disruption of certain but not all immunological compartments, corroborating recent findings that VIP KO mice exhibit reduced mortality in the lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia model and attenuated clinical development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis while developing robust T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James A. Waschek
- Corresponding author: James A. Waschek, Ph.D., 635 Charles E
Young Drive South, Los Angeles CA 90095, Phone number (310)-825-0179, FAX (310)-206-5061,
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30
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Marzagalli R, Scuderi S, Drago F, Waschek JA, Castorina A. Emerging Role of PACAP as a New Potential Therapeutic Target in Major Diabetes Complications. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:160928. [PMID: 26074958 PMCID: PMC4446501 DOI: 10.1155/2015/160928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enduring diabetes increases the probability of developing secondary damage to numerous systems, and these complications represent a cause of morbidity and mortality. Establishing the causes of diabetes remains the key step to eradicate the disease, but prevention as well as finding therapies to ameliorate some of the major diabetic complications is an equally important step to increase life expectancy and quality for the millions of individuals already affected by the disease or who are likely to develop it before cures become routinely available. In this review, we will firstly summarize some of the major complications of diabetes, including endothelial and pancreatic islets dysfunction, retinopathy, and nephropathy, and then discuss the emerging roles exerted by the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) to counteract these ranges of pathologies that are precipitated by the prolonged hyperglycemic state. Finally, we will describe the main signalling routes activated by the peptide and propose possible future directions to focus on developing more effective peptide-based therapies to treat the major complications associated with longstanding diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Marzagalli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Soraya Scuderi
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- *Alessandro Castorina:
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31
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Waschek JA. VIP and PACAP: neuropeptide modulators of CNS inflammation, injury, and repair. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:512-23. [PMID: 23517078 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes play both regenerative and destructive roles in multiple sclerosis, stroke, CNS trauma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's. Endogenous defence mechanisms against these pathologies include those that are directly neuroprotective, and those that modulate the expression of inflammatory mediators in microglia, astrocytes, and invading inflammatory cells. While a number of mechanisms and molecules have been identified that can directly promote neuronal survival, less is known about how the brain protects itself from harmful inflammation, and further, how it co-opts the healing function of the immune system to promote CNS repair. The two closely related neuroprotective peptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), which are up-regulated in neurons and immune cells after injury and/or inflammation, are known to protect neurons, but also exert powerful in vivo immunomodulatory actions, which are primarily anti-inflammatory. These peptide actions are mediated by high-affinity receptors expressed not only on neurons, but also astrocytes, microglia and peripheral inflammatory cells. Well-established immunomodulatory actions of these peptides are to inhibit macrophage and microglia production and release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, and polarization of T-cell responses away from Th1 and Th17, and towards a Th2 phenotype. More recent studies have revealed that these peptides can also promote the production of both natural and inducible subsets of regulatory T-cells. The neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions of VIP and PACAP suggest that receptors for these peptides may be therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and other forms of CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA.
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32
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Vu JP, Million M, Larauche M, Luong L, Norris J, Waschek JA, Pothoulakis C, Pisegna JR, Germano PM. Inhibition of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) induces resistance to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:37-47. [PMID: 24395090 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
VIP is highly expressed in the colon and regulates motility, vasodilatation, and sphincter relaxation. However, its role in the development and progress of colitis is still controversial. Our aim was to determine the participation of VIP on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colonic mucosal inflammation using VIP(-/-) and WT mice treated with VIP antagonists. Colitis was induced in 32 adult VIP(-/-) and 14 age-matched WT litter-mates by giving 2.5 % DSS in the drinking water. DSS-treated WT mice were injected daily with VIP antagonists, VIPHyb (n = 22), PG 97-269 (n = 9), or vehicle (n = 31). After euthanasia, colons were examined; colonic cytokines mRNA were quantified. VIP(-/-) mice were remarkably resistant to DSS-induced colitis compared to WT. Similarly, DSS-treated WT mice injected with VIPHyb (1 μM) or PG 97-269 (1 nM) had significantly reduced clinical signs of colitis. Furthermore, colonic expression of IL-1ϐ, TNF-α, and IL-6 was significantly lower in VIP(-/-) and VIPHyb or PG 97-269 compared to vehicle-treated WT. Genetic deletion of VIP or pharmacological inhibition of VIP receptors resulted in resistance to colitis. These data demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for VIP in murine colitis and suggest that VIP antagonists may be an effective clinical treatment for human inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vu
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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Kim KD, Srikanth S, Tan YV, Yee MK, Jew M, Damoiseaux R, Jung ME, Shimizu S, An DS, Ribalet B, Waschek JA, Gwack Y. Calcium signaling via Orai1 is essential for induction of the nuclear orphan receptor pathway to drive Th17 differentiation. J Immunol 2013; 192:110-22. [PMID: 24307733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orai1 is the pore subunit of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels that stimulate downstream signaling pathways crucial for T cell activation. CRAC channels are an attractive therapeutic target for alleviation of autoimmune diseases. Using high-throughput chemical library screening targeting Orai1, we identified a novel class of small molecules that inhibit CRAC channel activity. One of these molecules, compound 5D, inhibited CRAC channel activity by blocking ion permeation. When included during differentiation, Th17 cells showed higher sensitivity to compound 5D than Th1 and Th2 cells. The selectivity was attributable to high dependence of promoters of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors on the Ca(2+)-NFAT pathway. Blocking of CRAC channels drastically decreased recruitment of NFAT and histone modifications within key gene loci involved in Th17 differentiation. The impairment in Th17 differentiation by treatment with CRAC channel blocker was recapitulated in Orai1-deficient T cells, which could be rescued by exogenous expression of retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors or a constitutive active mutant of NFAT. In vivo administration of CRAC channel blockers effectively reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppression of differentiation of inflammatory T cells. These results suggest that CRAC channel blockers can be considered as chemical templates for the development of therapeutic agents to suppress inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Do Kim
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- The NPI-Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Ma-Khin Yee
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Jew
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Molecular Screening Shared Resources, UC CEIN, NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dong Sung An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bernard Ribalet
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James A Waschek
- The NPI-Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Niewiadomski P, Zhujiang A, Youssef M, Waschek JA. Interaction of PACAP with Sonic hedgehog reveals complex regulation of the hedgehog pathway by PKA. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2222-30. [PMID: 23872071 PMCID: PMC3768265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for proliferation of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (cGCPs) and its aberrant activation causes a cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) inhibits Shh-driven proliferation of cGCPs and acts as tumor suppressor in murine medulloblastoma. We show that PACAP blocks canonical Shh signaling by a mechanism that involves activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and inhibition of the translocation of the Shh-dependent transcription factor Gli2 into the primary cilium. PKA is shown to play an essential role in inhibiting gene transcription in the absence of Shh, but global PKA activity levels are found to be a poor predictor of the degree of Shh pathway activation. We propose that the core Shh pathway regulates a small compartmentalized pool of PKA in the vicinity of primary cilia. GPCRs that affect global PKA activity levels, such as the PACAP receptor, cooperate with the canonical Shh signal to regulate Gli protein phosphorylation by PKA. This interaction serves to fine-tune the transcriptional and physiological function of the Shh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Niewiadomski
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Annie Zhujiang
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mary Youssef
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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35
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Abad C, Nobuta H, Li J, Kasai A, Yong WH, Waschek JA. Targeted STAT3 disruption in myeloid cells alters immunosuppressor cell abundance in a murine model of spontaneous medulloblastoma. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:357-67. [PMID: 24068730 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the immune system may provide early protection against cancer, tumors may exploit the healing arm of the immune system to enhance their growth and metastasis. For example, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are thought to promote tumor growth by several mechanisms, including the suppression of T cell activity. It has been suggested that STAT3 activation in myeloid cells modulates multiple aspects of MDSC physiology, including their expansion and activity. Whereas most animal studies investigating tumor immunology have used tumor implants, we used transgenic mice (Smo*) that spontaneously develop medulloblastoma brain tumors to investigate the temporal accumulation of MDSCs within tumors and how myeloid STAT3 disruption affects MDSC and other immune cell types. We found distinct populations of MDSC in medulloblastoma tumors, with a high prevalence of CD11b(+)Ly6G(+)Ly6C(low/-) cells, described previously by others as G-MDSCs. These were found early in tumor development, in premalignant lesions located on the surface of the cerebellum of 28-day-old mice. In fully developed tumors, pSTAT3 was found in the majority of these cells. Conditional STAT3 gene disruption in myeloid cells resulted in an enhanced proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages in Smo* mice. Moreover, a significant reduction in the abundance of G-MDSCs and Tregs was observed within tumors along with an increased presence of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. Despite these alterations in immune cells induced by myeloid STAT3 disruption, we found no effect on tumor incidence in Smo* mice with this deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Abad
- 1.David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 635 Charles E. Young Dr., South, NRB 345, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA.
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36
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Ji H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Shen XD, Gao F, Nguyen TT, Busuttil RW, Waschek JA, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Vasoactive intestinal peptide attenuates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase a pathway. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:945-56. [PMID: 23744729 PMCID: PMC3775926 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), an exogenous, antigen-independent, local inflammation response, occurs in multiple clinical settings, including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, trauma, and shock. The nervous system maintains extensive crosstalk with the immune system through neuropeptide and peptide hormone networks. This study examined the function and therapeutic potential of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neuropeptide in a murine model of liver warm ischemia (90 minutes) followed by reperfusion. Liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) triggered an induction of gene expression of intrinsic VIP; this peaked at 24 hours of reperfusion and coincided with a hepatic self-healing phase. Treatment with the VIP neuropeptide protected livers from IRI; this was evidenced by diminished serum alanine aminotransferase levels and well-preserved tissue architecture and was associated with elevated intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. The hepatocellular protection rendered by VIP was accompanied by diminished neutrophil/macrophage infiltration and activation, reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and increased hepatic interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression. Strikingly, PKA inhibition restored liver damage in otherwise IR-resistant VIP-treated mice. In vitro, VIP not only diminished macrophage tumor necrosis factor α/IL-6/IL-12 expression in a PKA-dependent manner but also prevented necrosis/apoptosis in primary mouse hepatocyte cultures. In conclusion, our findings document the importance of VIP neuropeptide-mediated cAMP-PKA signaling in hepatic homeostasis and cytoprotection in vivo. Because the enhancement of neural modulation differentially regulates local inflammation and prevents hepatocyte death, these results provide the rationale for novel approaches to managing liver IRI in transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Ji
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxing Liu
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu-da Shen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Terry T. Nguyen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kim KD, Srikanth S, Tan YV, Yee MK, Jew M, Damoiseaux R, Jung ME, Shimizu S, An DS, Waschek JA, Ribalet B, Gwack Y. Small molecule blockers reveal an important role for Orai1-NFAT-orphan receptor pathway in Th17 differentiation (P5169). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.68.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Orai1 is the pore subunit of the Calcium Release Activated Channels (CRAC) that activate downstream calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Loss of function mutation in Orai1 causes lethality due to severe defects in immune system, which can be rescued by bone marrow transplantation. Using a high throughput chemical library screening, we have identified a class of small molecule blockers that inhibit Orai1. One of the small molecules, compound 5D blocked the activity of a constitutively active mutant of Orai1, suggesting a direct block of ion permeation via Orai1. Primary murine Th17 cells showed highest sensitivity to block by this compound. Treatment with compound 5D not only suppressed cytokine production, but also inhibited differentiation of Th17 cells by suppression of the retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptors RORα and RORγt. Exogenous expression of RORα, RORγt or a constitutive active mutant of NFAT (CA-NFAT) rescued the blocking effect, identifying the Orai1-NFAT- ROR signaling pathway to be important for Th17 differentiation. The defects in cytokine production and differentiation were recapitulated in Th17 cells from Orai1-deficient mice suggesting Orai1 as a specific target of the blockers. In vivo administration of Orai1 blockers effectively delayed the onset and reduced the severity of autoimmune disease in mice. These data indicate that derivatives of compound 5D can be used as chemical templates for development of therapeutic agents to alleviate autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Do Kim
- 1Physiology, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Yossan-Var Tan
- 2TheNPI-Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ma-Khin Yee
- 1Physiology, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
| | - Marcus Jew
- 1Physiology, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- 3Molecular Screening Shared Resources, UC CEIN, Nanosystems Institute, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael E Jung
- 4Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
| | - Saki Shimizu
- 5Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
- 6AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dong Sung An
- 5Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
- 6AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- 7School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James A Waschek
- 2TheNPI-Semel Institute and Department of Psychiatry, UCLA Sch. of Med., Los Angeles, CA
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Tan YV, Abad C, Wang Y, Lopez R, Waschek JA. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide deficient mice exhibit impaired thymic and extrathymic regulatory T cell proliferation during EAE. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61200. [PMID: 23613811 PMCID: PMC3628797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that mice deficient in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name ADCYAP1) manifest enhanced sensitivity to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), supporting the anti-inflammatory actions described for this neuropeptide. In addition to an increased proinflammatory cytokine response in these mice, a reduction in regulatory T cell (Treg) abundance in the lymph nodes (LN) was observed, suggesting altered Treg kinetics. In the present study, we compared in PACAP deficient (KO) vs. wild type mice the abundances and rates of proliferation FoxP3+ Tregs in three sites, the LN, central nervous system (CNS) and thymus and the relative proportions of Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector subsets in the LN and CNS. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a decrease in Treg proliferation and an increased T effector/Tregs ratio in the LN and CNS of PACAP KO mice. In the thymus, the primary site of do novo natural Treg production, the total numbers and proliferative rates of FoxP3+ Tregs were significantly reduced. Moreover, the expression of IL-7, a cytokine implicated in thymic Treg expansion during EAE, failed to increase at the peak of the disease in the thymus and LN of PACAP KO mice. In addition to these Treg alterations, a specific reduction of Th2 cells (about 4-fold) was observed in the lymph nodes in PACAP KO mice, with no effects on Th1 and Th17 subsets, whereas in the CNS, Th1 and Th17 cells were increased and Th2 decreased. Our results suggest that endogenous production of the neuropeptide PACAP protects against EAE by modulating Treg expansion and Th subsets at multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossan-Var Tan
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catalina Abad
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Lopez
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tyagi E, Agrawal R, Zhuang Y, Abad C, Waschek JA, Gomez-Pinilla F. Vulnerability imposed by diet and brain trauma for anxiety-like phenotype: implications for post-traumatic stress disorders. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57945. [PMID: 23483949 PMCID: PMC3590222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, cerebral concussion) is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric illness such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We sought to evaluate how omega-3 fatty acids during brain maturation can influence challenges incurred during adulthood (transitioning to unhealthy diet and mTBI) and predispose the brain to a PTSD-like pathobiology. Rats exposed to diets enriched or deficient in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) during their brain maturation period, were transitioned to a western diet (WD) when becoming adult and then subjected to mTBI. TBI resulted in an increase in anxiety-like behavior and its molecular counterpart NPY1R, a hallmark of PTSD, but these effects were more pronounced in the animals exposed to n-3 deficient diet and switched to WD. The n-3 deficiency followed by WD disrupted BDNF signaling and the activation of elements of BDNF signaling pathway (TrkB, CaMKII, Akt and CREB) in frontal cortex. TBI worsened these effects and more prominently in combination with the n-3 deficiency condition. Moreover, the n-3 deficiency primed the immune system to the challenges imposed by the WD and brain trauma as evidenced by results showing that the WD or mTBI affected brain IL1β levels and peripheral Th17 and Treg subsets only in animals previously conditioned to the n-3 deficient diet. These results provide novel evidence for the capacity of maladaptive dietary habits to lower the threshold for neurological disorders in response to challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethika Tyagi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yumei Zhuang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catalina Abad
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University California Los Angeles Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ji H, Zhang Y, Shen X, Gao F, Huang CY, Abad C, Busuttil RW, Waschek JA, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Neuropeptide PACAP in mouse liver ischemia and reperfusion injury: immunomodulation by the cAMP-PKA pathway. Hepatology 2013; 57:1225-37. [PMID: 22532103 PMCID: PMC3479352 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI), an exogenous antigen-independent local inflammation response, occurs in multiple clinical settings, including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, trauma, and shock. The immune system and the nervous system maintain extensive communication and mount a variety of integrated responses to danger signals through intricate chemical messengers. This study examined the function and potential therapeutic potential of neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP) in a murine model of partial liver "warm" ischemia (90 minutes) followed by reperfusion. Liver IRI readily triggered the expression of intrinsic PACAP and its receptors, whereas the hepatocellular damage was exacerbated in PACAP-deficient mice. Conversely, PACAP27, or PACAP38 peptide monotherapy, which elevates intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) signaling, protected livers from IRI, as evidenced by diminished serum alanine aminotransferase levels and well-preserved tissue architecture. The liver protection rendered by PACAP peptides was accompanied by diminished neutrophil/macrophage infiltration and activation, reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and selectively augmented hepatic interleukin (IL)-10 expression. Strikingly, PKA inhibition readily restored liver damage in otherwise IR-resistant, PACAP-conditioned mice. In vitro, PACAP treatment not only diminished macrophage tumor necrosis factor alpha/IL-6/IL-12 levels in a PKA-dependent manner, but also prevented necrosis and apoptosis in primary mouse hepatocyte cultures. CONCLUSION Our novel findings document the importance of PACAP-mediated cAMP-PKA signaling in hepatic homeostasis and cytoprotection in vivo. Because the enhancement of neural modulation differentially regulates local inflammation and prevents hepatocyte death, these results provide the rationale for novel approaches to manage liver inflammation and IRI in transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Ji
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuda Shen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Y. Huang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catalina Abad
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nobuta H, Ghiani CA, Paez PM, Spreuer V, Dong H, Korsak RA, Manukyan A, Li J, Vinters HV, Huang EJ, Rowitch DH, Sofroniew MV, Campagnoni AT, de Vellis J, Waschek JA. STAT3-mediated astrogliosis protects myelin development in neonatal brain injury. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:750-65. [PMID: 22941903 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological findings in neonatal brain injury associated with preterm birth include focal and/or diffuse white matter injury (WMI). Despite the heterogeneous nature of this condition, reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis are frequently observed. Thus, molecular mechanisms by which glia activation contribute to WMI were investigated. METHODS Postmortem brains of neonatal brain injury were investigated to identify molecular features of reactive astrocytes. The contribution of astrogliosis to WMI was further tested in a mouse model in genetically engineered mice. RESULTS Activated STAT3 signaling in reactive astrocytes was found to be a common feature in postmortem brains of neonatal brain injury. In a mouse model of neonatal WMI, conditional deletion of STAT3 in astrocytes resulted in exacerbated WMI, which was associated with delayed maturation of oligodendrocytes. Mechanistically, the delay occurred in association with overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)β-1 in microglia, which in healthy controls decreased with myelin maturation in an age-dependent manner. TGFβ-1 directly and dose-dependently inhibited the maturation of purified oligodendrocyte progenitors, and pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ-1 signaling in vivo reversed the delay in myelin development. Factors secreted from STAT3-deficient astrocytes promoted elevated TGFβ-1 production in cultured microglia compared to wild-type astrocytes. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that myelin development is regulated by a mechanism involving crosstalk between microglia and oligodendrocyte progenitors. Reactive astrocytes may modify this signaling in a STAT3-dependent manner, preventing the pathological expression of TGFβ-1 in microglia and the impairment of oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nobuta
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Waschek JA. Noggin on heaven's door: a factor that promotes the selective production of serotonergic neurons from murine embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurochem 2012; 122:1-3. [PMID: 22420625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Harmar AJ, Fahrenkrug J, Gozes I, Laburthe M, May V, Pisegna JR, Vaudry D, Vaudry H, Waschek JA, Said SI. Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR review 1. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:4-17. [PMID: 22289055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are members of a superfamily of structurally related peptide hormones that includes glucagon, glucagon-like peptides, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). VIP and PACAP exert their actions through three GPCRs - PAC(1) , VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) - belonging to class B (also referred to as class II, or secretin receptor-like GPCRs). This family comprises receptors for all peptides structurally related to VIP and PACAP, and also receptors for parathyroid hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, calcitonin and related peptides. PAC(1) receptors are selective for PACAP, whereas VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) respond to both VIP and PACAP with high affinity. VIP and PACAP play diverse and important roles in the CNS, with functions in the control of circadian rhythms, learning and memory, anxiety and responses to stress and brain injury. Recent genetic studies also implicate the VPAC(2) receptor in susceptibility to schizophrenia and the PAC(1) receptor in post-traumatic stress disorder. In the periphery, VIP and PACAP play important roles in the control of immunity and inflammation, the control of pancreatic insulin secretion, the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and as co-transmitters in autonomic and sensory neurons. This article, written by members of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) subcommittee on receptors for VIP and PACAP, confirms the existing nomenclature for these receptors and reviews our current understanding of their structure, pharmacology and functions and their likely physiological roles in health and disease. More detailed information has been incorporated into newly revised pages in the IUPHAR database (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyMenuForward?familyId=67).
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Yusta B, Holland D, Waschek JA, Drucker DJ. Intestinotrophic glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) activates intestinal gene expression and growth factor-dependent pathways independent of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2623-32. [PMID: 22535770 PMCID: PMC3359603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The enteroendocrine and enteric nervous systems convey signals through an overlapping network of regulatory peptides that act either as circulating hormones or as localized neurotransmitters within the gastrointestinal tract. Because recent studies invoke an important role for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as a downstream mediator of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) action in the gut, we examined the importance of the VIP-GLP-2 interaction through analysis of Vip(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, we detected abnormal villous architecture, expansion of the crypt compartment, increased crypt cell proliferation, enhanced Igf1 and Kgf gene expression, and reduced expression of Paneth cell products in the Vip(-/-) small bowel. These abnormalities were not reproduced by antagonizing VIP action in wild-type mice, and VIP administration did not reverse the intestinal phenotype of Vip(-/-) mice. Exogenous administration of GLP-2 induced the expression of ErbB ligands and immediate-early genes to similar levels in Vip(+/+) vs. Vip(-/-) mice. Moreover, GLP-2 significantly increased crypt cell proliferation and small bowel growth to comparable levels in Vip(+/+) vs. Vip(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, exogenous GLP-2 administration had no therapeutic effect in mice with dextran sulfate-induced colitis; the severity of colonic injury and weight loss was modestly reduced in female but not male Vip(-/-) mice. Taken together, these findings extend our understanding of the complex intestinal phenotype arising from loss of the Vip gene. Furthermore, although VIP action may be important for the antiinflammatory actions of GLP-2, the Vip gene is not required for induction of a gene expression program linked to small bowel growth after enhancement of GLP-2 receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Yusta
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
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Teuchner B, Dimmer A, Humpel C, Amberger A, Fischer-Colbrie R, Nemeth J, Waschek JA, Kieselbach G, Kralinger M, Schmid E, Bechrakis N, Troger J. VIP, PACAP-38, BDNF and ADNP in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in the rat retina. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:670-5. [PMID: 20064115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-38 (PACAP-38), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the VIP-associated glial protein activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) in the rat retina. These elements have well-documented neuroprotective properties and may thus be integrated in endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms in the retina which break down in NMDA excitotoxicity. METHODS A volume of 2 μl of 100 nmol NMDA was intravitreally injected into one eye of rats, the untreated eye served as a control. Time-dependent effects of NMDA on VIP, PACAP-38 and BDNF were detected by radioimmunoassay and ELISA, and the effect on the expression of VIP, PACAP-38 and ADNP was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR 20 days after NMDA injection. Topical flunarizine served to find out whether the effect of NMDA is counteracted. RESULTS Compared to PACAP-38, VIP levels significantly decreased on days 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56 after NMDA injection indicating that VIPergic cells are more vulnerable than PACAP-38-expressing cells. The expression of VIP and ADNP but not of PACAP-38 was found to be reduced, and application of topical flunarizine counteracted the decrease of VIP. BDNF levels significantly increased after days 1 and 3. CONCLUSION The early upregulation of BDNF seems to act neuroprotectively and leads to a delay of ganglion cell loss. Although there is no direct evidence, the decrease of VIP and ADNP - the consequence of the presence of NMDA receptors on these peptide-expressing cells - might contribute to the breakdown of endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms given that the decrease of the VIP-related ADNP runs in parallel with the decrease of VIP. Activating and maintaining these mechanisms must be the primary aim in the therapy of diseases with retinal neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Teuchner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hirose M, Niewiadomski P, Tse G, Chi GC, Dong H, Lee A, Carpenter EM, Waschek JA. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide counteracts hedgehog-dependent motor neuron production in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1363-74. [PMID: 21674568 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP; ADCYAP1) is a neuropeptide that regulates a wide array of functions within the brain and periphery. We and others have previously demonstrated that PACAP and its high-affinity receptor PAC1 are expressed in the embryonic mouse neural tube, suggesting that PACAP plays a role in early brain development. Moreover, we previously showed that PACAP antagonizes the mitotic action of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in postnatal cerebellar granule precursors. In the present study, we demonstrate that PACAP completely blocked Shh-dependent motor neuron generation from embryonic stem cell cultures and reduced mRNA levels of the Shh target gene Gli-1 and several ventral spinal cord patterning genes. In vivo examination of motor neuron and other patterning markers in embryonic day 12.5 spinal cords of wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice by immunofluorescence, on the other hand, revealed no obvious alterations in expressions of Islet1/2, MNR2, Lim1/2, Nkx2.2, or Shh, although the Pax6-positive area was slightly expanded in PACAP-deficient spinal cord. Caspase-3 staining revealed low, and similar, numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis in embryonic wild-type vs. PACAP-deficient spinal cords, whereas a slight but significant increase in number of mitotic cells was observed in PACAP-deficient mice. Thus, although PACAP has a strong capacity to counteract Shh signaling and motor neuron production in vitro, corresponding patterning defects associated with PACAP loss may be obscured by compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hirose
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA
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Loh DH, Dragich JM, Kudo T, Schroeder AM, Nakamura TJ, Waschek JA, Block GD, Colwell CS. Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide genotype on circadian gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral organs. J Biol Rhythms 2011; 26:200-9. [PMID: 21628547 PMCID: PMC3942163 DOI: 10.1177/0748730411401740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has emerged as a key candidate molecule mediating the synchronization of rhythms in clock gene expression within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In addition, neurons expressing VIP are anatomically well positioned to mediate communication between the SCN and peripheral oscillators. In this study, we examined the temporal expression profile of 3 key circadian genes: Per1, Per2 , and Bmal1 in the SCN, the adrenal glands and the liver of mice deficient for the Vip gene (VIP KO), and their wild-type counterparts. We performed these measurements in mice held in a light/dark cycle as well as in constant darkness and found that rhythms in gene expression were greatly attenuated in the VIP-deficient SCN. In the periphery, the impact of the loss of VIP varied with the tissue and gene measured. In the adrenals, rhythms in Per1 were lost in VIP-deficient mice, while in the liver, the most dramatic impact was on the phase of the diurnal expression rhythms. Finally, we examined the effects of the loss of VIP on ex vivo explants of the same central and peripheral oscillators using the PER2::LUC reporter system. The VIP-deficient mice exhibited low amplitude rhythms in the SCN as well as altered phase relationships between the SCN and the peripheral oscillators. Together, these data suggest that VIP is critical for robust rhythms in clock gene expression in the SCN and some peripheral organs and that the absence of this peptide alters both the amplitude of circadian rhythms as well as the phase relationships between the rhythms in the SCN and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn H. Loh
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joanna M. Dragich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Analyne M. Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Takahiro J. Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James A. Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gene D. Block
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher S. Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Abad C, A. Waschek J. Immunomodulatory Roles of VIP and PACAP in Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:1025-35. [DOI: 10.2174/138161211795589364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cohen JR, Resnick DZ, Niewiadomski P, Dong H, Liau LM, Waschek JA. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide inhibits gli1 gene expression and proliferation in primary medulloblastoma derived tumorsphere cultures. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:676. [PMID: 21143927 PMCID: PMC3016295 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (HH) signaling is critical for the expansion of granule neuron precursors (GNPs) within the external granular layer (EGL) during cerebellar development. Aberrant HH signaling within GNPs is thought to give rise to medulloblastoma (MB) - the most commonly-observed form of malignant pediatric brain tumor. Evidence in both invertebrates and vertebrates indicates that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) antagonizes HH signalling. Receptors specific for the neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name ADCYAP1) are expressed in GNPs. PACAP has been shown to protect GNPs from apoptosis in vitro, and to interact with HH signaling to regulate GNP proliferation. PACAP/ptch1 double mutant mice exhibit an increased incidence of MB compared to ptch1 mice, indicating that PACAP may regulate HH pathway-mediated MB pathogenesis. METHODS Primary MB tumorsphere cultures were prepared from thirteen ptch1+/-/p53+/- double mutant mice and treated with the smoothened (SMO) agonist purmorphamine, the SMO antagonist SANT-1, the neuropeptide PACAP, the PKA activator forskolin, and the PKA inhibitor H89. Gene expression of gli1 and [3H]-thymidine incorporation were assessed to determine drug effects on HH pathway activity and proliferation, respectively. PKA activity was determined in cell extracts by Western blotting using a phospho-PKA substrate antibody. RESULTS Primary tumor cells cultured for 1-week under serum-free conditions grew as tumorspheres and were found to express PAC1 receptor transcripts. Gli1 gene expression was significantly reduced by SANT-1, PACAP and forskolin, but was unaffected by purmorphamine. The attenuation of gli1 gene expression by PACAP was reversed by the PKA inhibitor H89, which also blocked PKA activation. Treatment of tumorsphere cultures with PACAP, forskolin, and SANT-1 for 24 or 48 hours reduced proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Primary tumorspheres derived from ptch1+/-/p53+/- mice exhibit constitutive HH pathway activity. PACAP antagonizes HH signalling in these cells in a manner blocked by the PKA antagonist H89. PACAP and pharmacological activation of PKA also inhibited proliferation. Our data suggests that regulation of HH signaling by PACAP/PKA signaling may provide an alternative to SMO inhibition for the treatment of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Cohen
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Alexandre D, Alonzeau J, Bill BR, Ekker SC, Waschek JA. Expression analysis of PAC1-R and PACAP genes in zebrafish embryos. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:94-100. [PMID: 20526695 PMCID: PMC3018597 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the expression of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP1 and PACAP2) and PAC1 receptor genes (PAC1a-R and PAC1b-R) in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) during development. In situ hybridization of the 24- and 48-hpf embryos revealed that PACAP genes were expressed in the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the rhombencephalon, and the neurons in the dorsal part of the spinal cord. PACAP2 mRNA appears to be the most abundant form during brain development. The two PAC1-R subtypes showed a similar expression pattern: mRNAs were detected in the forebrain, the thalamus, and the rhombencephalon. However, in the tectum, only PAC1b-R gene was detected. These results suggest that, in fish, PACAP may play a role in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexandre
- INSERM U982, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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