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Velazquez MA, Idriss A, Chavatte-Palmer P, Fleming TP. The mammalian preimplantation embryo: Its role in the environmental programming of postnatal health and performance. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 256:107321. [PMID: 37647800 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
During formation of the preimplantation embryo several cellular and molecular milestones take place, making the few cells forming the early embryo vulnerable to environmental stressors than can impair epigenetic reprogramming and controls of gene expression. Although these molecular alterations can result in embryonic death, a significant developmental plasticity is present in the preimplantation embryo that promotes full-term pregnancy. Prenatal epigenetic modifications are inherited during mitosis and can perpetuate specific phenotypes during early postnatal development and adulthood. As such, the preimplantation phase is a developmental window where developmental programming can take place in response to the embryonic microenvironment present in vivo or in vitro. In this review, the relevance of the preimplantation embryo as a developmental stage where offspring health and performance can be programmed is discussed, with emphasis on malnutrition and assisted reproductive technologies; two major environmental insults with important implications for livestock production and human reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Velazquez
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Abdullah Idriss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Pathology and laboratory medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 40047, MBC J-10, Jeddah 21499, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Tom P Fleming
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Kępka K, Wójcik E, Wysokińska A. Assessment of the genomic stability of calves obtained from artificial insemination and OPU/IVP in vitro fertilization. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1289-1297. [PMID: 37475181 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Damage to genetic material and errors in the functioning of cellular mechanisms disturb genome stability and integrity. Assessment of genomic stability in animals is a very important aspect of breeding work. Unfortunately, harmful instabilities affect the functioning, health and reproductive processes of animals. Obtaining healthy calves is a priority, whatever methods of reproductive biotechnology are applied. The aim of the study was to assess the genomic stability of calves obtained from artificial insemination and OPU/IVP in vitro fertilization. The genomic stability of the calves was evaluated using the comet, sister chromatid exchange, and fragile sites assays. Damage to the genetic material of calves obtained by two reproductive biotechnologies was identified. Identification of instability in animals can be a valuable tool in breeding work and accelerate breeding progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kępka
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Ewa Wójcik
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Anna Wysokińska
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
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3
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Beilby KH, Kneebone E, Roseboom TJ, van Marrewijk IM, Thompson JG, Norman RJ, Robker RL, Mol BWJ, Wang R. Offspring physiology following the use of IVM, IVF and ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Hum Reprod Update 2023; 29:272-290. [PMID: 36611003 PMCID: PMC10152177 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the birth of the first baby using IVF technology in 1978, over 10 million children have been conceived via ART. Although most aspects of ARTs were developed in animal models, the introduction of these technologies into clinical practice was performed without comprehensive assessment of their long-term safety. The monitoring of these technologies over time has revealed differences in the physiology of babies produced using ARTs, yet due to the pathology of those presenting for treatment, it is challenging to separate the cause of infertility from the effect of treatments offered. The use of systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impacts of the predominant ART interventions used clinically in human populations on animals produced in healthy fertile populations offers an alternative approach to understanding the long-term safety of reproductive technologies. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the evidence available from animal studies on physiological outcomes in the offspring conceived after IVF, IVM or ICSI, compared to in vivo fertilization, and to provide an overview on the landscape of research in this area. SEARCH METHODS PubMed, Embase and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) Abstracts were searched for relevant studies published until 27 August 2021. Search terms relating to assisted reproductive technology, postnatal outcomes and mammalian animal models were used. Studies that compared postnatal outcomes between in vitro-conceived (IVF, ICSI or IVM) and in vivo-conceived mammalian animal models were included. In vivo conception included mating, artificial insemination, or either of these followed by embryo transfer to a recipient animal with or without in vitro culture. Outcomes included birth weight, gestation length, cardiovascular, metabolic and behavioural characteristics and lifespan. OUTCOMES A total of 61 studies in five different species (bovine, equine, murine, ovine and non-human primate) met the inclusion criteria. The bovine model was the most frequently used in IVM studies (32/40), while the murine model was mostly used in IVF (17/20) and ICSI (6/8) investigations. Despite considerable heterogeneity, these studies suggest that the use of IVF or maturation results in offspring with higher birthweights and a longer length of gestation, with most of this evidence coming from studies in cattle. These techniques may also impair glucose and lipid metabolism in male mice. The findings on cardiovascular outcomes and behaviour outcomes were inconsistent across studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Conception via in vitro or in vivo means appears to have an influence on measurable outcomes of offspring physiology, manifesting differently across the species studied. Importantly, it can be noted that these measurable differences are noticeable in healthy, fertile animal populations. Thus, common ART interventions may have long-term consequences for those conceived through these techniques, regardless of the pathology underpinning diagnosed infertility. However, due to heterogeneous methods, results and measured outcomes, highlighted in this review, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions. Optimizing animal and human studies that investigate the safety of new reproductive technologies will provide insight into safeguarding the introduction of novel interventions into the clinical setting. Cautiously prescribing the use of ARTs clinically may also be considered to reduce the chance of promoting adverse outcomes in children conceived before long-term safety is confidently documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri H Beilby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ezra Kneebone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Indah M van Marrewijk
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy G Thompson
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert J Norman
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Robker
- The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ben Willem J Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Aberdeen Centre for Women's Health Research, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Copping KJ, Hoare A, McMillen IC, Rodgers RJ, Wallace CR, Perry VEA. Maternal periconceptional and first trimester protein restriction in beef heifers: effects on maternal performance and early fetal growth. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:835-850. [PMID: 32527374 DOI: 10.1071/rd19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of protein restriction during the periconception (PERI) and first trimester (POST) periods on maternal performance, physiology and early fetal growth. Yearling nulliparous heifers (n=360) were individually fed a diet high or low in protein (HPeri and LPeri respectively) beginning 60 days before conception. From 24 to 98 days post-conception (dpc), half of each treatment group changed to the alternative post-conception high- or low-protein diet (HPost and LPost respectively), yielding four groups in a 2×2 factorial design with a common diet until parturition. Protein restriction was associated with lower bodyweight subsequent to reduced (but positive) average daily weight gain (ADG) during the PERI and POST periods. During the POST period, ADG was greater in LPeri than HPeri heifers and tended to be greater in LPost than HPost heifers during the second and third trimester. Bodyweight was similar at term. The pregnancy rate did not differ, but embryo loss between 23 and 36 dpc tended to be greater in LPeri than HPeri heifers. Overall, a greater proportion of male fetuses was detected (at 60 dpc 63.3% male vs 36.7% female). Protein restriction altered maternal plasma urea, non-esterified fatty acids, progesterone, leptin and insulin-like growth factor 1 at critical stages of fetal development. However, profiles varied depending on the sex of the conceptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Copping
- University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew Hoare
- South East Vets, 314 Commercial Street, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia
| | | | - Raymond J Rodgers
- University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Charles R Wallace
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Viv E A Perry
- University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Abubakar MI, Ahmed A, Adeyeye AA, Baraya YS. Comparative diagnosis of pregnancy wastage in cows at slaughter using pregnancy specific protein-B and post slaughter inspection diagnostic procedures. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 211:106233. [PMID: 31785622 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Slaughter of pregnant animals is a common abattoir practice. This study was designed to compare the diagnostic capacity of pregnancy specific protein-B (PSPB) with post slaughter inspection (PSI) procedures in detecting cows pregnant at slaughter. Blood was collected from cows presenteded for slaughter at an abattoir. The uteri were examined post slaughter for the presence or absence of a foetus. Recovered foetuses were aged using crown-rump length to estimate the stage of pregnancy. Of the 361 cows examined, 72 (19.9 %) were diagnosed pregnant using the PSPB procedure, while 32 (8.9 %) were diagnosed pregnant using PSI diagnosis. Furthermore, with PSI there was a lack of pregnancy diagnosis in 42 (11.6 %) cows detected pregnant using PSPB procedure, and two (0.6 %) cows detected pregnant using PSI were not detected to be pregnant using PSPB diagnosis. Validity of the diagnostic procedures indicated that sensitivity and specificity of the PSPB was 93.8 % and 87.2 %, respectively, while with the PSI diagnosis there was a sensitivity and specificity of 41.7 % and 99.3 %, respectively. The PSPB diagnosis, had an excellent predictive value (AUC - 0.92; p < 0.001; 95 % CI - 0.856 to 0.981). Most of the pregnancy wastage (n = 22; 68.8 %) diagnosed using the PSI method were in the second trimester. The results of this study indicate that PSPB is reliable and a more sensitive diagnostic method than PSI . It is therefore recommended that the PSPB test be incorporated in routine screening for pregnancy status of cows before slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa I Abubakar
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Ahmed
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Adewale A Adeyeye
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Yushua S Baraya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Reese ST, Geary TW, Franco GA, Moraes JGN, Spencer TE, Pohler KG. Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and pregnancy loss in high vs sub fertility heifers. Theriogenology 2019; 135:7-12. [PMID: 31185426 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive inefficiency and infertility are major financial burdens to domestic livestock. Variables associated with these reproductive losses during early gestation include contributions from the oocyte, uterus, sperm, embryo and placenta. Bovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) are produced by the binucleate cells of the ruminant placenta and can be used to diagnose pregnancy. Increased circulating concentrations of PAG early in gestation have been correlated with pregnancy success and decreased concentrations are predictive of impending embryonic mortality in both beef and dairy cattle. The objectives of the current study were to determine whether: 1) heifer fertility status is associated with circulating concentrations of PAG and pregnancy loss; and 2) PAG concentrations within the same animal are repeatable across multiple pregnancies. We hypothesized maternal PAG concentrations would be increased in high fertility compared to subfertile heifers but not repeatable across subsequent pregnancies in the same heifer. Serial embryo transfer (ET; n = 4 rounds) was used to classify predominately Angus heifers (n = 92) as highly fertile (HF = 30; 100% pregnancy success) or subfertile (SF = 62; average = 33%; range = 25-75% pregnancy success) based on day 28 ultrasound diagnosis. Blood samples were collected at both day 28 and 44 for quantification of circulating PAG concentrations by an in house PAG ELISA with antibodies raised against early secreted PAGs. Pregnancy was terminated at day 44 of gestation and heifers were allowed 30 days recovery before synchronization for the next ET. Only heifers that were diagnosed pregnant by ultrasound were used in this study (HF: n = 30, SF: n = 62). Serum concentrations of PAGs were not different between HF (5.90 ± 0.27 ng/mL) and SF (5.56 ± 0.31 ng/mL; P = 0.16) heifers at day 28 of gestation nor was there a difference at day 44 of gestation (P = 0.32). Subfertile heifers had increased pregnancy loss between days 28 and 44 of gestation. Based on odds ratio analysis, SF heifers had a 2.41 times chance to undergo pregnancy loss between day 28-44 compared to HF heifers (P < 0.05). There was no correlation (P > 0.05) in maternal circulating concentrations of PAG between pregnancies on day 28 or 44 of gestation in samples obtained from HF heifers. In summary, circulating concentrations of PAG are not different between HF and SF heifers; however, HF classified heifers have decreased pregnancy loss between days 28 and 44 of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Reese
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T W Geary
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT, USA
| | - G A Franco
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J G N Moraes
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T E Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Barbato O, Guelfi G, Barile VL, Menchetti L, Tortiello C, Canali C, Brecchia G, Traina G, Beckers JF, Melo de Sousa N. Using real-time PCR to identify pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2 (PAG-2) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) blood in early pregnancy. Theriogenology 2016; 89:106-113. [PMID: 28043340 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates for the first time mRNA pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2 (PAG-2) expression in blood cells during early pregnancy in water buffalo. The PAGs constitute a large family of glycoproteins expressed in the outer epithelial layer of the placenta in eutherian species. All PAGs are not concomitantly expressed throughout pregnancy; some of them are expressed in the earlier phases, whereas others appear later and are expressed over a shorter period. Twenty-one lactating buffaloes were analyzed-17 females were synchronized with PRID and artificially inseminated (AI), whereas four females were synchronized but not inseminated (control group). Blood was collected at Days 0, 18, 28, 40, and 75 from AI (AI = Day 0). Expression of PAG-2 mRNA in blood samples was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on Day 28 (D28) and Day 40 (D40) after AI by ultrasonography (US) and by PAG-1 RIA method. The females diagnosed pregnant at D28 and confirmed pregnant at D40 were defined as D28(+)D40(+) group; the females diagnosed pregnant at D28 but not confirmed pregnant at D40 were defined as D28(+)D40(-) group; and the females that were diagnosed as nonpregnant on either days were defined as D28(-)D40(-) group. PAG-2 mRNA at Day 0 was not observed in any groups. The D28(+)D40(+) group showed the highest expression, starting on Day 18 and increasing progressively up to Day 75. PAG-2 mRNA was also expressed on Day 18 in both D28(+)D40(-) and D28(-)D40(-) groups, but their levels were lower than those of D28(+)D40(+) group and almost constant over time. PAG-2 mRNA was never detected in the control group. The significant difference in the expression of PAG-2 mRNA between the D28(+)D40(+) group and the D28(-)D40(-) group, starting from Day 18, suggests that these animals might have conceived, but have experienced early embryonic loss; therefore, the PAG-2 mRNA was still present in blood circulation although at lower levels, as found in the D28(+)D40(-) group. In conclusion, this study shows that PAG-2 mRNA can be detected in peripheral maternal blood cells earlier than circulating PAG-1 molecules and could be useful for studies on early pregnancy and embryonic mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - G Guelfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - V L Barile
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Tortiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - J F Beckers
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - N Melo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Animal Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Adeyeye AA, Ate IU, Lawal AI, Adamu S. Changes in some pregnancy biomarkers of Yankasa ewes experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 167:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bonilla L, Block J, Denicol AC, Hansen PJ. Consequences of transfer of an in vitro-produced embryo for the dam and resultant calf. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:229-39. [PMID: 24210495 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
No reports exist on consequences of in vitro production (IVP) of embryos for the postnatal development of the calf or on postparturient function of the dam of the calf. Three hypotheses were evaluated: calves born as a result of transfer of an IVP embryo have reduced neonatal survival and altered postnatal growth, fertility, and milk yield compared with artificial insemination (AI) calves; cows giving birth to IVP calves have lower milk yield and fertility and higher incidence of postparturient disease than cows giving birth to AI calves; and the medium used for IVP affects the incidence of developmental abnormalities. In the first experiment, calves were produced by AI using conventional semen or by embryo transfer (ET) using a fresh or vitrified embryo produced in vitro with X-sorted semen. Gestation length was longer for cows receiving a vitrified embryo than for cows receiving a fresh embryo or AI. The percentage of dams experiencing calving difficulty was higher for ET than AI. We observed a tendency for incidence of retained placenta to be higher for ET than AI but found no significant effect of treatment on incidence of prolapse or metritis, pregnancy rate at first service, services per conception, or any measured characteristic of milk production in the subsequent lactation. Among Holstein heifers produced by AI or ET, treatment had no effect on birth weight but the variance tended to be greater in the ET groups. More Holstein heifer calves tended to be born dead, died, or were euthanized within the first 20d of life for the ET groups than for AI. Similarly, the proportion of Holstein heifer calves that either died or were culled for poor health after 20d of age was greater for the ET groups than for AI. We observed no effect of ET compared with AI on age at first service or on the percentage of heifers pregnant at first service, calf growth, or milk yield or composition in the first 120d in milk of the first lactation. In a second experiment, embryos were produced using 1 of 2 culture media: synthetic oviductal fluid-bovine embryo 1 (SOF-BE1) or Block-Bonilla-Hansen 7 (BBH7). We detected no difference between cows receiving an SOF-BE1 or BBH7 embryo in gestation length, the percentage of cows in which parturition was induced, or the percentage of cows that experienced calving difficulty, retained placenta, prolapse, or metritis. Among Holstein heifers, birth weight was higher for BBH7 calves than for SOF-BE1 calves. Treatment had no significant effect on calf death. Results indicate that calves born as a result of IVP-ET are more likely to experience alterations in birth weight and increased death in early life but that there were few consequences to the dam of carrying a fetus derived by IVP-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonilla
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Block
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Ovatech LLC, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - A C Denicol
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - P J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Breukelman SP, Perényi Z, Taverne MAM, Jonker H, van der Weijden GC, Vos PLAM, de Ruigh L, Dieleman SJ, Beckers JF, Szenci O. Characterisation of pregnancy losses after embryo transfer by measuring plasma progesterone and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-1 concentrations. Vet J 2012; 194:71-6. [PMID: 22516919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this analysis was to determine whether pregnancy loss (PL) after embryo transfer (ET) in cattle was related to maternal progesterone (P4) concentrations during and shortly after ET, and maternal bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-1 (bPAG-1) concentrations in plasma at days 25-35 of gestation. Embryos (n=260) were produced either in vivo after superovulation (n=115), or in vitro from oocytes (obtained with ovum pick-up) in co-culture (n=44) or cultured in a synthetic medium (n=101). Overall, PL was 56.9% (148) and no significant differences occurred in calving rate among the three embryo production groups. There was no difference in P4 concentrations on days 7-14 of gestation in the three groups, nor between ongoing and interrupted pregnancies. Between days 25 and 35 of pregnancy, bPAG-1 concentrations were unaffected by embryo production, but in cattle that had PL between days 26 and 120, four bPAG-1 profiles could be detected. Between days 25 and 32, bPAG-1 concentrations were influenced by PL, and concentrations were significantly lower in animals in which PL occurred between days 26 and 120 than in those animals that aborted later or calved at term. Early P4 concentrations suggested that maternal luteal factors were not responsible for PL which appeared to be caused by impaired conceptus development (regardless of embryo type) as reflected by low maternal bPAG-1 concentrations prior to embryonic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Breukelman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Meirelles FV, Birgel EH, Perecin F, Bertolini M, Traldi AS, Pimentel JRV, Komninou ER, Sangalli JR, Neto PF, Nunes MT, Pogliani FC, Meirelles FDP, Kubrusly FS, Vannucchi CI, Silva LCG. Delivery of cloned offspring: experience in Zebu cattle (Bos indicus). Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:88-97. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of a healthy cloned calf is dependent on a multitude of successful steps, including reprogramming mediated by the oocyte, the development of a functional placenta, adequate maternal–fetal interaction, the establishment of a physiological metabolic setting and the formation of a complete set of well-differentiated cells that will eventually result in well-characterised and fully competent tissues and organs. Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has improved significantly since the first report of a somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived animal, there are many descriptions of anomalies concerning cloned calves leading to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. The present article discusses some our experience regarding perinatal and neonatal procedures for cloned Zebu cattle (B. indicus) that has led to improved survival rates in Nellore cloned calves following the application of such ‘labour-intensive technology’.
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Influences of diet during gestation on potential postpartum reproductive performance and milk production of beef heifers. Theriogenology 2009; 72:1202-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kiewisz J, Sousa NMD, Beckers J, Panasiewicz G, Gizejewski Z, Szafranska B. Identification of multiple pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) purified from the European bison (Eb; Bison bonasus L.) placentas. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 112:229-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sullivan TM, Micke GC, Magalhaes RS, Martin GB, Wallace CR, Green JA, Perry VEA. Dietary protein during gestation affects circulating indicators of placental function and fetal development in heifers. Placenta 2009; 30:348-54. [PMID: 19233467 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The influences of nutritional protein during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy on placental hormones and fetal growth were determined in composite beef heifers. At artificial insemination, heifers were stratified by weight within each composite genotype into 4 treatment groups: High High (HH=1.4kg crude protein (CP)/day for first and second trimesters of gestation; n=16), High Low (HL=1.4kg CP/day for first trimester and 0.4kg CP/day for second trimester; n=19), Low High (LH=0.4kg CP/day for first trimester and 1.4kg CP/day for second trimester; n=17) or Low Low (LL=0.4kg CP/day for first and second trimesters; n=19). Maternal plasma bovine pregnancy associated glycoprotein (bPAG) and progesterone (P4) were determined at gestation day (gd) 28, 82, 179 and 271 (mean gestation length 286 days) in addition to P4 at term. Estrone sulphate (ES) and bovine placental lactogen (bPL) concentrations were measured at gd 124, 179, 236 and 271 and at term in addition to ES at gd 82. Low dietary protein increased placental function as indicated by increased bPAG (P<0.001) and ES (P=0.02) concentrations in first trimester and increased bPL concentrations (P=0.01) in the second trimester of gestation. In the third trimester, when dietary treatment had ceased, placental function was no longer associated with previous dietary treatments. Dam genotype affected placental function as measured by bPL (P<0.001) and ES concentrations (P=0.02). Calf gender, heifer age and maternal insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, -II and leptin did not affect hormonal indicators or circulating markers of placental function. Enhanced placental function during the third trimester, as measured by ES, was associated with increased calf birth weight (P=0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Ayad A, Sousa NM, Sulon J, Hornick JL, Iguer-Ouada M, Beckers JF. Correlation of five radioimmunoassay systems for measurement of bovine plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations at early pregnancy period. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:377-82. [PMID: 19041992 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of serum or plasma PAG concentrations is currently used as a specific method for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. In this study, the correlation between five radioimmunoassay systems (RIA-497, RIA-706, RIA-780, RIA-809 and RIA-Pool) developed for measurement of PAG concentrations in ruminant species was investigated in plasma from pregnant Friesian Holstein females. Plasma PAG concentrations (ng/mL) measured by different RIA systems were significantly correlated between them ( > or = 0.81; P<0.001). PAG concentrations increased significantly from Day 21 (n=27) to 30 (n=37) after AI by use of all PAG-RIA systems. From Day 30 to 80 after AI, lower PAG concentrations were observed when using the homologous system RIA-497. The addition of several proteinase inhibitors changed neither the non specific binding nor the B(0) binding to the tracer. Our results suggest that all tested PAG-RIA (RIA-497, RIA-706, RIA-780, RIA-809 and RIA-Pool) are highly correlated and can be useful to follow PAG concentrations in samples collected during the first trimester of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ayad
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
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López-Gatius F, Garbayo JM, Santolaria P, Yániz J, Ayad A, de Sousa NM, Beckers JF. Milk production correlates negatively with plasma levels of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) during the early fetal period in high producing dairy cows with live fetuses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 32:29-42. [PMID: 16423500 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to establish possible factors affecting plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations during early pregnancy in high producing dairy cows with live fetuses. Blood samples were obtained on days 35, 42, 49, 56 and 63 of gestation from 80 lactating cows in two herds carrying live fetuses. Radioimmunoassay systems were used to determine PAG (RIA-497 and RIA-706) and progesterone concentrations. We evaluated the effects on PAG concentrations of herd, lactation number, sire of fetus, day of gestation, fetus number, plasma progesterone and milk production at each time point established, along with possible paired interactions. Mean milk production per cow approached 41kg during the study period. PAG concentrations were not affected by herd, lactation number or plasma progesterone concentration. Significant positive effects on PAG concentrations were shown by the gestation day, and the interaction between day of gestation and twin pregnancy. Significant differences between bulls and a significant negative correlation between milk production and PAG values on day 63 of pregnancy were also detected. Proportions of blood samples showing undetectable PAG levels and false negative diagnoses throughout the study period were significantly higher (P<0.001) using the RIA-497 system (2.5% and 5.3%, respectively) compared to RIA-706 (0% and 0.8%, respectively). Our findings suggest that PAG concentrations during the early fetal period are related to the day of gestation, milk production, number of fetuses and sire of fetus in high producing dairy cows. Under our working conditions, the RIA-706 method was better at detecting plasma PAG molecules than the RIA-497 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F López-Gatius
- Department of Animal Production, University of Lleida, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria, Avda. Alcalde Rovira Roure 177, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Haugejorden G, Waage S, Dahl E, Karlberg K, Beckers JF, Ropstad E. Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) in postpartum cows, ewes, goats and their offspring. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1976-84. [PMID: 16870244 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Determination of plasma concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) has been used for early pregnancy diagnosis in cows. However, this is complicated by the presence of PAG in plasma for an extended period postpartum. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the postpartum elimination rates of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) in sheep, goats and cows in order to gain background information applicable to the use of PAG for pregnancy diagnosis in domestic ruminants. A second objective was to investigate whether PAG are transferred to the foetus and newborn, by measuring plasma PAG concentrations in calves, lambs and goat kids before and after colostrum feeding. PAG in the blood at parturition were eliminated by a first order process in the cows and ewes, while a two-step log-linear decline occurred in the goats. Estimated postpartum half-life of plasma PAG in the cows and ewes was 9 and 4.5 days, respectively. In the goats, half-lives were 3.6 and 7.5 days in the initial fast and terminal slow phase. Basal levels were reached 80-90 days postpartum in cows. Plasma PAG concentration can be used for pregnancy diagnosis from day 28 after AI, provided that the time interval from calving to AI is >60 days. Using a heterologous antibody RIA, we found 4 ng/mL to be the appropriate cut-off. Due to the presence of PAG residues from the previous gestation, the interval from AI to pregnancy diagnosis should increase by approximately 0.5 days beyond 28 days for each day of AI closer to calving than 60. Measurements in newborn ruminants suggested that PAG enter the foetal blood in utero and that colostral PAG are transferred to the newborn. Following the peak plasma concentration observed 1 day after birth in most of the animals, PAG were rapidly eliminated in a log-linear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Haugejorden
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway
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