Bullying in persons with skin diseases

BACKGROUND

There are few studies on bullying in skin diseases. Persons with skin diseases are especially prone to bullying.

OBJECTIVES

This component of the project 'Bullying among Dermatologic Patients' aimed to study the prevalence and nature of bullying in patients with skin diseases from different countries and age groups.

METHODS

Data were collected from participants of international social media groups for patients with skin diseases, in-patients and out-patients with skin diseases, and parents of children with skin diseases from six European countries. School and university students from Poland and Ukraine were asked to answer the question: Have you been bullied because of skin problems?

RESULTS

Bullying was reported in 1016 patients with 36 different skin diseases. Prevalence of self-reported and parental-reported bullying was quite heterogeneous among different countries In total, self-reported bullying was noted by 25.6% of patients with skin diseases during face-to-face consultations, by 63.7% of respondents from international patients' groups and by 12.2% of school and university students. Parental-reported bullying was detected in 34.5% of 3-4 years old children with skin diseases. The peak of bullying prevalence occurred between the ages of 13 and 15. The most prevalent forms of bullying were verbal abuse and social isolation. Physical abuse was the least often reported form of bullying. Only 33.2% of participants talked to anyone about being bullied. Negative long-term effects of bullying were reported by 63% of respondents.

CONCLUSIONS

Skin disease-related bullying was reported by patients in all centres of the project. The main manifestations of bullying were similar in different countries and among patients with different skin diseases. International activities aimed to decrease or prevent skin disease-related bullying in different age groups are needed. These activities should be multidirectional and target teachers, parents of classmates and classmates of children with skin diseases, patients' parents and patients themselves.

Identification of Genomic Instability in Cows Infected with BVD Virus

An important factor for dairy cattle farmers is the profitability of cattle rearing, which is influenced by the animals' health and reproductive parameters, as well as their genomic stability and integrity. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) negatively affects the health of dairy cattle and causes reproductive problems. The aim of the study was to identify genomic instability in cows with reproductive disorders following infection with the BVD virus. The material for analysis was peripheral blood from Holstein-Friesian cows with reproductive problems, which had tested positive for BVD, and from healthy cows with no reproductive problems, which had tested negative for BVD. Three cytogenetic tests were used: the sister chromatid exchange assay, fragile sites assay, and comet assay. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups and between the individual cows in the average frequency of damage. The assays were good biomarkers of genomic stability and enabled the identification of individuals with an increased frequency of damage to genetic material that posed a negative impact on their health. The assays can be used to prevent disease during its course and evaluate the genetic resistance of animals. This is especially important for the breeder, both for economic and breeding reasons. Of the three assays, the comet assay proved to be the most sensitive for identifying DNA damage in the animals.

Translation and validation of the Polish language version of the Teenagers Quality of Life questionnaire (T-QoL)

Introduction

Skin diseases affect patients at any age, but as each period in life is different, tools used to assess quality of life impairment should be adjusted according to the particular age group. Adolescence is a unique time, when young individuals go through many changes, making them especially vulnerable to stress.

Aim

Translation and validation of a Polish language version of the Teenagers Quality of Life questionnaire (T-QoL) questionnaire.

Material and methods

T-QoL was translated following international guidelines. A group of 34 dermatological patients, aged 12-19 years old, with various skin diseases were given the T-QoL as well as the CDLQI or DLQI to complete. They were also asked to complete the T-QoL questionnaire for the second time after 3-5 days. Statistical analysis of the results was performed.

Results

The Polish version of T-QoL is internally consistent (Cronbach α 0.893 for the whole questionnaire). Moreover, it presents very good convergent validity (ICC = 0.864). No statistically significant differences between each question were noticed between the first and second time of completing the form. T-QoL scores correlated significantly with DLQI (p = 0.008, r = 0.636) and CDLQI (p < 0.001, r = 0.777) scores.

Conclusions

The Polish version of the T-QoL questionnaire is a reliable instrument with adequate convergent validity, consistency and reproducibility. It can be successfully used to measure quality of life impairment among teenagers.

Basal cell carcinoma and rosacea: coincidence or relationship?

Introduction

The relationship between rosacea and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is still not known. Almost all reports questioning the relation between BCC and rosacea are focused on rhinophyma.

Aim

To examine the possible connection of BCC and rosacea.

Material and methods

110 patients with BCC located on the face treated surgically in the Dermatosurgery Unit in 2020-2021 were included in the study. A trained dermatologist assessed the presence or absence of concomitant rosacea and assessed its severity according to the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA).

Results

Fifty-one (46.4%) subjects with BCC and concomitant clinically diagnosed rosacea were found. In our group 35.5% of women had BCC located on the cheeks, while in men most cancers were located on the nose (55%, n = 11), however this difference has not reached statistical significance.

Conclusions

The incidence of rosacea in our population was undoubtedly higher, comparing to the normative population. Both rosacea and BCC share the same risk factors - UV exposure, the potential association should not be neglected.

Assessment of the genomic stability of calves obtained from artificial insemination and OPU/IVP in vitro fertilization

Damage to genetic material and errors in the functioning of cellular mechanisms disturb genome stability and integrity. Assessment of genomic stability in animals is a very important aspect of breeding work. Unfortunately, harmful instabilities affect the functioning, health and reproductive processes of animals. Obtaining healthy calves is a priority, whatever methods of reproductive biotechnology are applied. The aim of the study was to assess the genomic stability of calves obtained from artificial insemination and OPU/IVP in vitro fertilization. The genomic stability of the calves was evaluated using the comet, sister chromatid exchange, and fragile sites assays. Damage to the genetic material of calves obtained by two reproductive biotechnologies was identified. Identification of instability in animals can be a valuable tool in breeding work and accelerate breeding progress.

Analysis of changes in the morphological structures of sperm during preservation of liquid boar semen in two different seasons of the year

Animal fertility is the result of a combination of genetic, physiological and environmental factors. Assessment of semen quality plays a key role in determining the reproductive performance of boars. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of two seasons of the year on the morphology, morphometry, cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity of sperm during storage of liquid boar semen at 17 °C. The study was carried out using 20 boars. Four ejaculates were collected from each boar in each of two seasons of the year. All tests were carried out five times: at 1, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h during storage. The results showed that sperm in ejaculates collected in summer are more sensitive to storage conditions than those from ejaculates obtained in winter. The percentage of sperm with morphological defects was shown to increase with the storage time of the diluted ejaculates, particularly between 96 and 168 h of preservation. In summer, the percentage of sperm with an intact cell membrane and the percentage with high mitochondrial membrane potential are much lower than in winter, at every hour of semen preservation. In the case of boars used for artificial insemination, it is worth taking into account the season when the semen is collected, especially if it is to be stored in liquid form. Assessment of sperm cell structures during storage of liquid semen should be implemented at insemination stations and should be carried out more often in summer.

Serum Levels of Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin, Platelet-Activating Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis-A Pilot Study

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, highly pruritic, relapsing-remitting inflammatory skin disease. The etiology of AD has not been fully explained yet and complex interactions of various small molecules are still being taken into account. The aim of this research was to investigate the serum eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), platelet activating factor (PAF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in relation to the disease severity and pruritus intensity in adult patients with AD. This pilot study was performed on 30 participants (15 patients with AD and 15 healthy controls). Blood samples were taken to examine the serum levels of EDN, PAF and VEGF using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The severity of disease was assessed by the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. The intensity of pruritus, as a subjective symptom, was determined by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Obtained results revealed that the EDN (p = 0.016) and VEGF (p = 0.032), but not PAF (p = 0.841) concentrations were significantly higher in patients with AD compared with those of the control group. There was positive correlation between the EDN level and the SCORAD index in patients with AD (r = -0.9, p = 0.037) which was not found for the PAF and VEGF levels. Circulating EDN, PAF and VEGF levels were not significantly correlated with the severity of pruritus. Our results suggest that the END and VEGF serum levels are significantly increased in patients with AD compared to control group. Moreover, EDN might be useful to reflect the severity of symptoms.

Assessment of morphological, biochemical and rheological blood indicators in men after a 24-hour stay in a thermo-climatic chamber -50°C

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate morphological, biochemical, and rheological blood indicators in men staying in a cryochamber at a temperature of -50°C for 24 hours. In 2018, a scientific-survival project ‘Taming the Frost’ was conducted at the Technoclimatic Research and Working Machines Laboratory of the Cracow University of Technology, under the scientific patronage of the Rector of the Cracow University of Technology, Prof. Jan Kazior, PhD, as well as the Rector of the University of Physical Education in Krakow, the late Prof. Aleksander Tyka, PhD, and the Vice-Rector for Science, Prof. Anna Marchewka, PhD. Material and methods: The blood for the tests was collected from an ulnar vein in fasting participants by a qualified nurse, in the morning, before entering the cryochamber and after 24 hours, i.e. on leaving the cryochamber. Morphological, biochemical, and rheological blood indicators were evaluated. The study group of the scientific-survival project ‘Taming the Frost’ involved men (n=6) who stayed in a cryochamber at a temperature of -50°C for 24 hours. For each participant, a 5-ml blood sample was placed in a tube (BD Vacutainer) with EDTA K2 anticoagulant for blood morphology and blood rheological evaluations in the Blood Physiology Laboratory of the Central Research and Development Laboratory, University of Physical Education in Krakow. Another 5-ml blood sample was placed in a Vacuette tube with a clotting activator for the remaining biochemical analyses in the Department of Clinical Biochemistry of the Krakow Branch of Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology. Results: After leaving the cryochamber with a temperature of –50°C, the participants presented statistically significant increases in monocyte count and high-density lipoprotein and creatine kinase values, as well as decreases in IgA, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. In the assessment of blood rheological indicators, statistically significant increases in the elongation index at the shear stress of 0.30, 0.58, 1.13, and 2.19 Pa and decreases in the elongation index at the shear stress of 31.03 and 60.3 Pa were observed. For red cell aggregation indicators, a statistically significant increase in total aggregation time was reported. The other indicators exhibited a significance level of p>0.05. Conclusions: Staying in a cryochamber at a temperature of -50°C for 24 hours did not exert a negative impact on morphological, biochemical, or rheological blood indicators, which implies the subjects’ adaptation to the arranged conditions.

Chromosomal Instability at Fragile Sites in Blue Foxes, Silver Foxes, and Their Interspecific Hybrids

Simple Summary

The paper describes the karyotypes of blue and silver foxes and their hybrids, in terms of the numbers of A and B chromosomes and the frequency of fragile sites on chromosomes. Genome stability in these species is affected by Robertson translocations in the karyotype of the blue fox and by B chromosomes in the silver fox. The fragile sites assay was used as a biomarker to assess genome stability in foxes. This test enables the identification of breaks, chromatid gaps, and deletions. In healthy individuals, the number of these instabilities remains low. The test can be used to select individuals with the most stable genome for breeding of blue and silver foxes. The fewer an individual’s susceptible sites, the more likely it is to have good reproductive performance. This factor is extremely important in the case of blue foxes, which are an endangered species.

Abstract

A cytogenetic assay based on fragile sites (FS) enables the identification of breaks, chromatid gaps, and deletions. In healthy individuals, the number of these instabilities remains low. Genome stability in these species is affected by Robertsonian translocations in the karyotype of the blue fox and by B chromosomes in the silver fox. The aims of the study were to characterise the karyotype of blue foxes, silver foxes, and their hybrids and to identify chromosomal fragile sites used to evaluate genome stability. The diploid number of A chromosomes in blue foxes ranged from 48 to 50, while the number of B chromosomes in silver foxes varied from one to four, with a constant number of A chromosomes (2n = 34). In interspecific hybrids, both types of karyotypic variation were identified, with the diploid number of A chromosomes ranging from 40 to 44 and the number of B chromosomes varying from 0 to 3. The mean frequency of FS in foxes was 4.06 ± 0.19: 4.61 ± 0.37 in blue foxes, 3.46 ± 0.28 in silver foxes, and 4.12 ± 0.22 in hybrids. A relationship was identified between an increased number of A chromosomes in the karyotype of the hybrids and the frequency of chromosomal breaks. The FS assay was used as a biomarker for the evaluation of genomic stability in the animals in the study.

Evaluation of the Morphometry of Sperm from the Epididymides of Dogs Using Different Staining Methods

Evaluation of sperm morphometry is an important criterion in the diagnosis of a male animal's suitability for breeding. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphometry of sperm from the epididymides of dogs subjected to routine castration using various staining methods. The study was carried out on semen collected from ten healthy dogs. Gonads were obtained from each dog during routine castration at a veterinary surgery. Then, the epididymides (caput, corpus, cauda) were isolated from the gonads, semen was collected from them and microscope slides were prepared. The slides for evaluation of sperm morphometry were prepared by four methods: DiffQuik, SpermBlue, eosin-nigrosin and eosin-gentian. A total of 2400 sperm were analyzed (240 sperm from the dog). The sperm collected from the caput and corpus of the epididymis were found to have larger heads and tails than those collected from the cauda of the epididymis. The staining method was shown to affect the morphometry of sperm taken from the epididymides of dogs. The staining methods differentiate the dimensions of the head of sperm in different parts of the epididymis but do not affect the length of the sperm tail. The occurrence of differences in the head dimensions of sperm may be linked to the use of different fixatives and chemical reagents in the staining procedure. Sperm stained by the EN method had the smallest head and tail dimensions. The greatest head area was noted in the sperm stained by the EG method. In the slides stained by the SB method, the sperm heads were relatively long but narrow. The methods used are suitable for the evaluation of sperm structure, and the possibility of using all four methods enables a full characterization of sperm collected from the caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymides of dogs.

Major life changing decision profile: Creation of the Polish language version

Chronic diseases have long-term consequences and can affect individuals' life course. The aim of this study was to create the Polish language version of a questionnaire estimating the impact of the disease on important life decisions-the major life changing decision profile (MLCDP). The translation of the MLCDP followed international guidelines. The created Polish language version of the questionnaire was administered to 32 nephrology and dermatology ward inpatients. To assess its properties, statistical analysis of the results obtained was conducted. The Polish language version of the MLCDP demonstrated very good internal consistency with a Cronbach α coefficient of 0.84. The questionnaire presented excellent test-retest reliability, established with a coefficient ICC of 0.97. The Polish language version of MLCDP has shown high internal consistency and reproducibility, and can be used effectively to assess the cumulative impact of the disease by indicating the number of major life decisions affected by chronic disease.

Determination of cytogenetic markers for biological monitoring in coypu (Myocastor coypu)

Cytogenetic tests are used to assess the influence of physical and chemical factors with potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties on the animal organism. The test results make it possible to eliminate mutagens, as well as helping predict possible genetic consequences in animal cells and assess animal resistance. The aim of this study was to examine, using cytogenetic tests, the spontaneous chromosome and DNA damage in coypu lymphocytes. Four tests: fragile site (FS), bleomycin (BLM), micronucleus, (MN) and comet were used for the first time in coypu cells. The averages with standard deviations obtained in the research were as follows: 3.30 ± 0.80 fragile sites/cell; 0.63 ± 0.80 BLM damage/cell; 6.10 ± 0.53% binucleated cells with MN; and 3.24 ± 0.63% DNA in tail. The present analysis showed high interindividual variation in spontaneous chromosomal and DNA damage levels. In the case of micronucleus, fragile sites, and comet assays, the differences between animals were statistically significant. The data suggest that these assays are sensitive enough to detect some effects on an individual animal and can be proposed as tools for coypu biomonitoring.

Assessment of the preferences of users of horses for recreation and sport

<b>A survey was conducted among users of horses from various parts of Poland to investigate their preferences regarding the basic behavioural characteristics of horses used in recreation and sport and to determine the importance of their main external and internal traits. The majority of respondents were women, and the largest age group was 21-25. The respondents most often chose geldings for use, due to their composure. The preferred age range was 6 to 10 years, with a height at the withers from 151 to 170 cm. The breed and external appearance of horses did not matter to most respondents, although they preferred Malopolski, Wielkopolski, and Polish Half-Bred horses. It was important to the survey participants for the horse to meet specific skill requirements and to have suitable traits for them, with no bad habits or stereotypic behaviours. Over 60% of respondents would like to buy their own horse. As many as 86% were very experienced riders who had been training and taking part in competitions for over 6 years, with 55% of the subjects training jumping and 40% dressage. Sixty-three per cent of respondents ride horses 3-4 days a week or every day.</b>

Family Reported Outcome Measure - 16 (FROM-16): Creation, Reliability and Reproducibility of the Polish Language Version

Chronic diseases not only have a direct influence on patients’ quality of life, but can also affect the life of family members. The aim of this study was to create the Polish language version of a questionnaire estimating impact of disease on quality of family life: the Family Reported Outcome Measure – 16 (FROM-16). A standard forward and backward translation procedure was used to convert the original English version of FROM-16 into the Polish language. Creation of the Polish version was performed in a group of 30 patients’ family members. The Polish language version of FROM-16 showed very good internal consistency reliability, the Cronbach α coefficient was 0.89. Reproducibility level was established with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98. The Polish language version of FROM-16 can potentially be used as a tool to assess quality of life of patients’ family members.

Assessment of chromosome stability in boars

Chromosome instability adversely affects animal fertility and reproduction. Analysis of instability can be a valuable diagnostic tool. Helpful tests for assessment of instabilities include the sister chromatid exchange assay, identification of fragile sites, the bleomycin assay and the comet assay. These techniques can be used to assess and compare the chromosome stability of individual breeds of animals. The aim of the study was to assess chromosome stability in boars: Duroc, Duroc x Pietrain and Pietrain x Duroc crossbreds, Polish Large White, and the Neckar, P76 and PIC lines. The study assessed the chromosome stability of boars. The distribution of instabilities in individual breeds was varied. The average frequency of chromatid exchange was 4.8 ± 1.5, while that of fragile sites was 3.9 ± 1.4. The mean level of DNA damage (% tail DNA) was 9.4 ± 8.3, while in the bleomycin assay b/c and %AM were 0.6 ± 0.7 and 44.4 ± 4.1. A higher rate of instability was found in older individuals than in younger ones. The cytogenetic assays used to identify various forms of chromosome instability can be used to evaluate boars intended for breeding.

Assessment of genome stability in various breeds of cattle

Chromosomal instability is a type of genome instability involving changes in genetic information at the chromosomal level. The basic tests used to identify this form of instability are sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests and identification of fragile sites (FS). SCE is the process by which sister chromatids become fragmented as a result of DNA strand breakage and reassembly, followed by exchange of these fragments. FS can be observed in the form of breaks, gaps or constrictions on chromosomes, which often result from multiple nucleotide repeats in DNA that are difficult to replicate. The research material was the peripheral blood of ten breeds of cattle raised in Poland, including four native breeds covered by a genetic resources conservation programme, i.e. Polish Red, Polish Red-and-White, White-Backed, and Polish Black-and-White, as well as Polish Holstein-Friesian, Simmental, Montbéliarde, Jersey, Limousine and Danish Red. Two tests were performed on chromosomes obtained from in vitro cultures: SCE and FS. The average frequency of SCE was 5.08 ± 1.31, while the incidence of FS was 3.45 ± 0.94. Differences in the incidence of SCE and FS were observed between breeds. The least damage was observed in the Polish Red and White-Backed breeds, and the most in Polish Holstein-Friesians. The most damage was observed in the interstitial part of the chromosomes. Age was shown to significantly affect the incidence of SCE and FS. Younger cows showed less damage than older ones (SCE: 4.84 ± 1.25; 5.34 ± 1.24; FS: 3.10 ± 0.88, 3.80 ± 0.92).

Analysis of chromatin instability of somatic cells in sheep

Cytogenetic tests are highly reliable, sensitive indicators of the early effects of genomic instability. Their results provide information on the organism’s susceptibility to exogenous and endogenous factors and are measures of the degree of repair of DNA damage. Our study assessed spontaneously occurring damage in following four breeds of sheep: Polish Heath, Polish Lowland (Zelazna variety), Polish Blackhead, and Berrichon du Cher. Instability was identified using the following three different tests: a sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay, identification of fragile sites, and the comet assay. The distribution of instabilities varied depending on the breed. The mean frequency of SCEs was 5.13 ± 1.58, whereas that of fragile sites was 3.30 ± 1.24. The mean level of DNA damage (% head DNA) was 96.52 ± 6.59. The most damage to genetic material was observed in the Berrichon du Cher sheep, and the least in the Polish Heath sheep. The tests used are reliable biomarkers of genome stability in animal breeds, as well as in individuals within breeds.

Constitutive heterochromatin in chromosomes of duck hybrids and goose hybrids

Constitutive heterochromatin is a highly condensed fraction of chromatin in chromosomes. It is characterized by a high degree of polymorphism. Heterochromatin is located in the centromeric, telomeric, and interstitial parts of chromosomes. We used the CBG ( C: banding using B: arium hydroxide by G: iemsa) staining technique to identify heterochromatin in chromosomes. Analysis of karyotypes of F1 hybrids resulting from intergeneric hybridization of ducks (A. platyrhynchos × C. moschata) and interspecific crosses of geese (A. anser × A. cygnoides) were used to compare the karyotypes of 2 species of duck and 2 species of geese, as well as to compare the hybrids with the parent species. The localization of C-bands and their size were determined. In the duck hybrid, greater amounts of heterochromatin were noted in the homologous chromosomes from the duck A. platyrhynchos than in the chromosomes from the duck C. moschata. In the goose hybrid more heterochromatin was observed in the homologous chromosomes from the goose A. cygnoides than in the chromosomes from the goose A. anser. Comparison of chromosomes from the duck hybrid with chromosomes of the ducks A. platyrhynchos and C. moschata revealed nearly twice as much constitutive heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the hybrid. When chromosomes from the goose hybrid were compared with those of the geese A. anser and A. cygnoides, differences in the average content of heterochromatin were observed on only a few chromosomes.

Spontaneous sister chromatid exchange in mitotic chromosomes of the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

Kuchta-Gładysz, M., Wójcik, E., Szeleszczuk, O., Niedbała, P. and Tyblewska, K. 2015. Spontaneous sister chromatid exchange in mitotic chromosomes of the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 543–550. The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test is a cytogenetic tool with applications as a short-term screen. It is used to assess the influence of physical and chemical factors with potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties on the animal organism. The test results make it possible to eliminate mutagens, as well as helping to predict possible genetic consequences in animal cells and assess animal resistance. The mitotic chromosomes were obtained from an in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes with added bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), at five different concentrations: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 µg mL−1. The chromosomes were stained according to the FPG method. Our analyses revealed the spontaneous SCE level in the chinchilla at the concentration of 0.5 µg mL−1. Higher concentrations of this substance have a genotoxic effect and cause damage to the DNA structure of the chromosomes by inducing additional SCEs in the chromosomes of this species. The mean SCE/cell incidence in the chinchilla population was 4.34±1.28. We investigated the effects of age on the incidence of SCE and found it significantly affected this phenomenon in both sexes.

Identification of chromosome instability in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

1. A study of the incidence of chromosome instability in the Japanese quail as assessed by sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and fragile site identification in chromosomes was conducted in two parent breeds and their F1 and F2 generations. 2. The mean incidence of SCEs was 6.02 ± 0.45 and the frequency of fragile sites was 1.17 ± 0.79. 3. There were moderately negative correlations of 0.51-0.64 between chromosome instability and fertility in the F1 and 0.10-0.23 in the F2. The hatch of fertilised eggs was negatively correlated with the number of SCE in male (0.31) and female (0.33) F1 and was lower in P (0.18 and 0.19, respectively), whereas the correlations were similar for the number of fragile sites in both generations (0.51-0.62).

[The comet assay as a method of identifying chromosomes instability]

The basic method for analyzing the degree of DNA fragmentation caused by genotoxic factors is gel electrophoresis of single cells (single cell gel electrophoresis), also called the comet assay. The comet assay enables the analysis of the level of several different DNA modifications. The basic testing procedure has been only slightly modified. This method helps identify single-strand and double-strand DNA cracks, as well as any chemical and enzymatic modifications that can potentially turn into cracks in DNA or chromatids. The comet assay makes it possible to detect DNA damage at the level of single cells. It can be employed in analyses of any tissues which provide cellular suspensions. Analysed cells are submerged in agarose on a microscope slide. DNA is what is left after proteins have been broken down. The slide is then subjected to electrophoresis and stained with a fluorescent dye. A "comet-like" image is obtained. The "head" is the cell fixation site prior to lysis; the "tail" represents damaged DNA fragments. The extent of DNA damage is reflected in the length of the tail and the amount of DNA contained in it. The assay finds research applications in the following fields: genetic toxicology, monitoring of DNA repair following chemotherapy and radiotherapy, ecotoxicology, animal and human nourishment, biomonitoring of genotoxicity, epidemiology and assessment of material deposited in sperm and blood banks.

Sister chromatid exchange in Polish White improved goats (Capra hircus)

The study was aimed at evaluating the frequency of spontaneous sister chromatid exchange in Polish White Improved goats (Capra hircus). The mean number of SCEs/cell was 2.73 +/- 1.84. The effect of sex and age on SCE incidence was also investigated. No statistically significant differences in the number of SCEs/cell were observed between the males and females. On the other hand, age was found to significantly influence SCE frequency. A lower SCE frequency was observed in younger goats. A positive correlation between chromosome length and SCE number was identified. The longer the chromosome, the more exchanges occurred. The highest number of SCEs was observed in the interstitial region, the lowest in the distal area.

Sister chromatid exchange in Greenleg Partridge and Polbar hens covered by the gene-pool protection program for farm animals in Poland

A basic assay that detects genotoxic DNA damage disrupting DNA replication and repair mechanisms is the sister chromatid exchange test. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was analyzed in chromosomes of the following hen breeds: Greenleg Partridge and Polbar. Chromosome preparations were obtained from our in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes stained using the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) technique. The sister chromatid exchange (SCE)/cell mean of the hens under analysis was 7.83 ± 1.76 (7.22 ± 1.70 in the Greenleg Partridge and 8.43 ± 1.61 in the Polbar population). Statistically significant differences were identified between the hen breeds. A higher mean number of SCE/cell was observed in the group of hens producing fewer eggs (8.55 ± 1.51) compared with the group with a better egg yield (7.10 ± 1.65). The differences were statistically significant. Additionally, SCE frequency in the first, second, and third chromosome was analyzed in detail. The highest number of SCE was observed in the first and the lowest in the third chromosome. The SCE distribution in the particular regions of the analyzed chromosomes was also studied. The most numerous exchanges were observed in the proximal region, followed by the interstitial and distal areas.

Assessment of chromosome instability in geese (Anser anser)

Wójcik, E. and Smalec, E. 2012. Assessment of chromosome instability in geese ( Anser anser ). Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 49–57. The basic test applied in the research of chromosome instability is the test of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). It makes it possible to identify single-and double-strand DNA damage caused by genotoxic factors and those that disrupt DNA damage repair mechanisms. Fragile sites in chromosomes can be found in all organisms. They are chromosome sites showing susceptibility to breakages and discontinuities in specific conditions of cell culture and also following induction with chemical substances. Chromosome instability of Anser anser geese was assessed in the research, focussing on sister chromatid exchange and the identification of fragile sites. The mean SCE/cell was 4.75±1.00. Most SCEs were identified in the proximal part of the chromosomes. Fragile sites were also identified in the chromosomes during the research. Altogether, 138 breakages were observed in the chromosomes. Apart from identifying chromosome damage, the particular instances of damage were located in the chromosomes.

Comparing the karyotype of the European domestic goose and the Asian goose on the basis of the karyotype of their interspecific cross-breed, using the RBG chromosome staining technique

The aim of the research was to compare the karyotypes of two goose species: the European domestic goose and the Asian goose on the basis of the karyotype of their interspecific cross-breed, using the RBG chromosome staining technique. The karyotype standard for Anseriformes has not been determined yet. The RBG technique is considered as one of the standard methods for analysing chromosomes. It is a dynamic method. The R bands appear during the cell growth cycle in the early S phase. The formation of the characteristic band configuration for each chromosome facilitates chromosome segregation and analysis. The mitotic chromosomes for experiments were obtained from an in vitro blood lymphocyte culture and stained according to the RBG technique. The first eight largest autosome pairs and the ZW sex chromosomes were analysed. No differences were found between the band patterns of the analysed chromosomes, except for the fourth autosome pair.

Sister chromatid exchange in selected horse breeds (<i>Equus caballus</i>)

Abstract. In studies of chromosome instability, the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test is a particularly sensitive cytogenetic assay for detecting DNA damage. SCE tests of chromosome instability were performed in the group of 6 horse breeds (Pure-bred Arabian, Malapolski horse, Polish noble half-bred, Polish cold-blooded, Hucul and Polish Konik). The chromosome preparations were obtained from our in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes stained using the FPG technique. The mean number of SCEs/cell in the analysed population of horses was 5.14±1.44. The mean frequency of SCEs in the 6 analysed horse breeds varied depending on the breed. Statistically significant differences were observed between the horse breeds (P<0.01). No statistically significant differences in the number of SCEs per cell were found between the males and females (5.10±1.34 and 5.20±1.52, respectively). The horses were also assessed for the number of SCEs/cell in relation to the age of the animals. The differences between the age groups were statistically significant (P<0.01).

IL-6 and VEGF in small cell lung cancer patients

Recent data suggest a link between chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, and the development of cancer. The aim of this study was the evaluation of serum IL-6 and VEGF in comparison with the tumor markers NSE and ProGRP, with respect to the prognosis of small cell lung cancer patients. The study of IL-6, VEGF, NSE, ProGRP and platelet count was performed in a group of 72 patients with previously untreated small cell lung cancer at different stages of disease: 40 with limited and 32 with extensive disease. Significantly higher IL-6 and VEGF concentrations and platelet count, as well as NSE and ProGRP levels, were found in patients with small cell lung cancer in comparison with the reference group. Patients with extensive cancer had significantly higher levels of IL-6, VEGF, NSE and ProGRP than those with limited cancer. Elevated VEGF levels, with no significant differences in frequency of elevated NSE and ProGRP concentrations, were often observed in patients with IL-6 levels higher than 5.1 ng/l. Univariate analysis confirmed a significant relationship not only between overall survival and stage of disease or gender, but also with VEGF, IL-6, NSE and ProGRP levels. Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed that only the extent of the disease and IL-6 may be independent prognostic factors in the group of small cell lung cancer patients under investigation. However, simultaneous determinations of ProGRP and IL-6, as well as ProGRP and VEGF, in addition to the extent of the disease, may serve as additional, independent prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer.

Genome size of the European domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus)

This work is aimed at determining the C-DNA contained within the nuclei of different types of cells in the domestic goose Anser anser. Cells from the lungs, skin, pancreas, kidney, spleen, liver, heart, brain, blood, ovary and testicle were analysed. Cells from the blood, ovary and testicle were smeared onto microscopic glasses, whereas slides from the other organs and tissues were prepared using the paraffin technique. DNA content, as visualized by the Feulgen reaction using computerized image analysis, was examined in 200 nuclei of every type of cell. Chicken erythrocytes were used as reference material. Different concentrations of chromatin within cell nuclei were observed, from small, dispersed clods to an entirely filled nucleus surface. It was stated that the average C-DNA content in the domestic European goose amounts to 1.306 ± 0.327 pg, which gives goose DNA a length in base pair of 1.277 × 109 ± 0.320 × 109 bp after adjustment. The correlation between nucleus size and the C-DNA content was positive and high. In all cell types it exceeded 0.6. The highest was observed in lung and ovary cells, the lowest in skin and the pancreas. The majority of all cells (57.34%) contain DNA at the range between 1.0 to 1.5 pg, especially those from erythrocytes and the pancreas (82 and 76% respectively). Liver cells demonstrate a tendency toward an amount that is higher than 1.5% of the DNA (78.61% cells). Heart cells reveal a tendency downward (98.99% below 1.5 pg). Less than 1.0 pg of DNA was observed in 17.13% of all examined cells. Key words: Domestic goose, cell, cell nuclei, Feulgen reaction, genome size, DNA mass

Microarray of SNPs for diverse applications in commercial pig breeding

Modern pig production needs new tools for fast, reliable, more effective breeding. In the present paper we present a chip containing 45 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) which enables the determining of 1 genetic disease (PSS-Porcine Stress Syndrome), 4 QTLs genes: PRKAG3, CAST, MC4R and ESR, which together with the remaining SNPs create a panel useful in marker-assisted selection and veterinary control. The SNPs were genotyped using the PCR-APEX (Arrayed Primer Extension) technique. Special attention is paid to evaluation of the 45 SNP chip as an alternative approach to parentage and identity control. Based on allele frequency estimations, for a sample of 88 individuals of commercial pig lines, the probabilities that a randomly chosen candidate parent would be excluded from paternity or maternity were estimated to be 99.9% when genotypes of both parents and a progeny were known, and 98% when the genotypes of only one parent and a piglet were available. The marker set presented here also reached a probability of identity in the order of 10(-16), which allows for unequivocal discrimination of animals or their products among billions of individuals. Further improvements for upcoming chip versions were also considered.

[Prognostic value of laboratory factors of performance status in lung cancer patients]

Clinical observations indicate that the utility of classical prognostic factors in the assessment of probability of disease free or overall survival of lung cancer patients is not completely satisfactory. This is the cause for search of indices which results would contribute to optimization of this estimation. Of potential value in this aspect may also be the results of laboratory determinations which characterize patient's performance status. Dependencies between the times of overall survival in respect to chosen hematological and biochemical factors from the pretreatment period were analyzed in a group of 233 patients with lung cancer (adenocarcinoma - 44, squamous cell lung cancer - 156, small cell lung cancer - 33 patients) in different stages of disease. Apart from stage of disease and histological type of tumor, independent prognostic factors turned out to be the actual ideal body mass ratio and the number of leucocytes. In patients with less advanced stages of disease, such independent factors, apart from histological type are alpha-1 globulin and gamma globulin.

ProGRP and NSE in therapy monitoring in patients with small cell lung cancer

The usefulness of serum pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) as a tumor marker in patients with small cell lung cancer has recently drawn the attention of many research centers. The aim of the study was the evaluation of ProGRP, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19 (CYFRA 21-1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at the time of diagnosis and during chemo- and radiotherapy of small cell lung cancer patients with limited disease (SCLC-LD). The studies were performed on a group of 64 patients with SCLC-LD who had received no prior therapy. All the patients were given the same treatment regimen. ProGRP, NSE, CYFRA 21-1 and LDH were measured before each course of chemotherapy and then at 3 and 6 months after the end of treatment. Prior to therapy, elevated levels of ProGRP, NSE, CYFRA 21-1 and LDH were found in 79.7%, 57.8%, 23.4%, and 12.5% of the patients respectively. Before the second chemotherapy course, all the tumor marker levels except LDH decreased significantly in comparison with the pretreatment concentrations. However, only ProGRP levels showed a progressive drop during consecutive courses of therapy, while NSE and CYFRA 21-1 fluctuated within reference ranges. When the study group was divided with respect to the effect of treatment evaluated six months from its termination, significant differences in ProGRP levels were found between both subgroups throughout all therapy and follow-up, except for the fifth course of chemotherapy. Differences in NSE levels were only significant for the first two courses and follow-up. Univariate analysis showed significant relationships between disease-free survival and the initial levels of NSE and CYFRA 21-1 as well as between overall survival and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) and the initial ProGRP, NSE and CYFRA 21-1 levels. Changes of ProGRP level seem to be more precise than NSE as a tool for monitoring therapy in SCLC patients with limited disease, but for prediction of relapse, in addition to NSE determinations of ProGRP seem to be optimal.

Description of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) karyotype

The karyotype of the mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos, was characterised on the basis of R and C bands. Chromosomal preparations obtained from in vitro blood lymphocyte cultures were RBG- and CBG-stained. The structures of nine and 14 pairs of chromosomes were analysed by the RBG and CBG chromosome banding techniques, respectively. The location of R bands, as well as the size and arrangement of constitutive heterochromatin blocks were determined. Ideograms of R and C banded patterns of the analysed chromosomes were drawn. The morphological makeup of the analysed chromosomes was assessed.

Towards an integrated approach to study SNPs and expression of candidate genes associated with milk protein biosynthesis

MilkProtChip is oligonucleotide microarray allowing bovine genotyping based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes influencing milk protein biosynthesis. A total of 71 SNPs in 42 genes were selected as associated with milk protein biosynthesis. Genotyping of about 300 animals of Polish Black-and-White cattle showed that SNPs in acyl-CoA: 1,2-diacylglycerol O-transferase (DGAT1), lactoferrin (LTF), casein kappa (CSN3) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) genes were associated with several milk performance traits. Analysis of correlations between SNPs and milk production traits showed that SNPs in single genes rarely affect the investigated traits. Only 4 of 42 investigated single SNPs had impact on milk production traits while 22 combinations of paired SNPs in these genes had impact. Positive effect SNP combinations in two genes can be a result of additive effect on these SNPs on the same traits or effect of genes interaction. The MilkBovExp chip representing 90 genes encoding transcription factors expressed in the bovine mammary gland and/or involved in mammary gland signaling pathways was designed for further investigation of impact of gene expression and/or its encoded products on milk traits performance.

[Strabismus surgery after macular translocation]

PURPOSE

To present the application of various extraocular muscle surgery techniques to eliminate incyclotorsion induced by macular translocation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Authors present surgical options and present the case of the patient in whom macular translocation was performed in Tübingen (Germany). Afterwards five strabismological surgeries were done: 2 in Tübingen and 3 in Department of Strabismology, Cracow District Eye Hospital.

RESULTS

At the end of strabismological treatment the patient was free of disabling image tilt and diplopia.

CONCLUSIONS

We present this case as an announcement of future challenge for strabologists if macular translocation surgeries will be performed in Poland.

Description of the Anser anser Goose Karyotype

The karyotype of the Italian goose originating from Anser anser was characterised on the basis of R and C bands. Chromosomal preparations obtained from an in vitro culture of blood lymphocytes were stained with the RBG and CBG techniques. The RBG technique enabled the analysis of the structure of nine pairs of chromosomes whereas the CBG technique - fourteen pairs ofchromosomes from the total ofeighty goose chromosomes. The morphology and the R and C banding patterns were described. The size and arrangement of the blocks of constitutive chromatin were determined. Ideograms of R and C banded patterns were drawn. The morphological structure of the analysed chromosomes was evaluated.