1
|
Renna SA, McKenzie SE, Michael JV. Species Differences in Platelet Protease-Activated Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098298. [PMID: 37176005 PMCID: PMC10179473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a class of integral membrane proteins that are cleaved by a variety of proteases, most notably thrombin, to reveal a tethered ligand and promote activation. PARs are critical mediators of platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis, and therefore are attractive targets for anti-platelet therapies. Animal models studying platelet PAR physiology have relied heavily on genetically modified mouse strains, which have provided ample insight but have some inherent limitations. The current review aims to summarize the notable PAR expression and functional differences between the mouse and human, in addition to highlighting some recently developed tools to further study human physiology in mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Renna
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - James V Michael
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ji H, Li Y, Su B, Zhao W, Kizhakkedathu JN, Zhao C. Advances in Enhancing Hemocompatibility of Hemodialysis Hollow-Fiber Membranes. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1-43. [PMID: 37361105 PMCID: PMC10068248 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hemodialysis, the most common modality of renal replacement therapy, is critically required to remove uremic toxins from the blood of patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, the chronic inflammation, oxidative stress as well as thrombosis induced by the long-term contact of hemoincompatible hollow-fiber membranes (HFMs) contribute to the increase in cardiovascular diseases and mortality in this patient population. This review first retrospectively analyzes the current clinical and laboratory research progress in improving the hemocompatibility of HFMs. Details on different HFMs currently in clinical use and their design are described. Subsequently, we elaborate on the adverse interactions between blood and HFMs, involving protein adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation, and the activation of immune and coagulation systems, and the focus is on how to improve the hemocompatibility of HFMs in these aspects. Finally, challenges and future perspectives for improving the hemocompatibility of HFMs are also discussed to promote the development and clinical application of new hemocompatible HFMs. Graphical Abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine & Center for Blood Research & Life Science Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, The School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Yupei Li
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207 China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine & Center for Blood Research & Life Science Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, The School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu X, Li S, Zhu X, Kong Y. Inhibitors of protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4): a review of recent patents (2013-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:153-170. [PMID: 35081321 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2034786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), belonging to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), is expressed on the surface of Human platelets, and the activation of it can lead to platelets aggregation. Studies demonstrated that PAR4 inhibition protect mice from arterial/arteriolar thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and cerebral infarct, while do not affect the haemostatic responses integrity. Therefore, PAR4 has been a promising target for the development of anti-thrombotic agents. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent patents and literature on PAR4 and their application published between 2013 and 2021. EXPERT OPINION PAR4 is a promising anti-thrombotic target and PAR4 inhibitors are important biologically active compounds for the treatment of thrombosis. Most the recent patents and literature focus on PAR4 selective inhibitors, and BMS-986120 and BMS-986141, which were developed by BMS, have entered clinical trials. With the deep understanding of the crystal structures and biological functions of PAR4, we believe that many other novel types of molecules targeting PAR4 would enter the clinical studies or the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Yu
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han X, Hofmann L, de la Fuente M, Alexander N, Palczewski K, Nieman MT. PAR4 activation involves extracellular loop 3 and transmembrane residue Thr153. Blood 2020; 136:2217-2228. [PMID: 32575122 PMCID: PMC7645988 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates sustained thrombin signaling in platelets and is required for a stable thrombus. PAR4 is activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to expose a tethered ligand. The structural basis for PAR4 activation and the location of its ligand binding site (LBS) are unknown. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange), computational modeling, and signaling studies, we determined the molecular mechanism for tethered ligand-mediated PAR4 activation. H/D exchange identified that the LBS is composed of transmembrane 3 (TM3) domain and TM7. Unbiased computational modeling further predicted an interaction between Gly48 from the tethered ligand and Thr153 from the LBS. Mutating Thr153 significantly decreased PAR4 signaling. H/D exchange and modeling also showed that extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) serves as a gatekeeper for the interaction between the tethered ligand and LBS. A naturally occurring sequence variant (P310L, rs2227376) and 2 experimental mutations (S311A and P312L) determined that the rigidity conferred by prolines in ECL3 are essential for PAR4 activation. Finally, we examined the role of the polymorphism at position 310 in venous thromboembolism (VTE) using the International Network Against Venous Thrombosis (INVENT) consortium multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Individuals with the PAR4 Leu310 allele had a 15% reduction in relative risk for VTE (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94) compared with the Pro310 allele. These data are consistent with our H/D exchange, molecular modeling, and signaling studies. In conclusion, we have uncovered the structural basis for PAR4 activation and identified a previously unrecognized role for PAR4 in VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Nathan Alexander
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Marvin T Nieman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thibeault PE, LeSarge JC, Arends D, Fernandes M, Chidiac P, Stathopulos PB, Luyt LG, Ramachandran R. Molecular basis for activation and biased signaling at the thrombin-activated GPCR proteinase activated receptor-4 (PAR4). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2520-2540. [PMID: 31892516 PMCID: PMC7039573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-4 is a member of the proteolytically-activated PAR family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that represents an important target in the development of anti-platelet therapeutics. PARs are activated by proteolytic cleavage of their receptor N terminus by enzymes such as thrombin, trypsin, and cathepsin-G. This reveals the receptor-activating motif, termed the tethered ligand that binds intramolecularly to the receptor and triggers signaling. However, PARs are also activated by exogenous application of synthetic peptides derived from the tethered-ligand sequence. To better understand the molecular basis for PAR4-dependent signaling, we examined PAR4-signaling responses to a peptide library derived from the canonical PAR4-agonist peptide, AYPGKF-NH2, and we monitored activation of the Gαq/11-coupled calcium-signaling pathway, β-arrestin recruitment, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. We identified peptides that are poor activators of PAR4-dependent calcium signaling but were fully competent in recruiting β-arrestin-1 and -2. Peptides that were unable to stimulate PAR4-dependent calcium signaling could not trigger MAPK activation. Using in silico docking and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified Asp230 in the extracellular loop-2 as being critical for PAR4 activation by both agonist peptide and the tethered ligand. Probing the consequence of biased signaling on platelet activation, we found that a peptide that cannot activate calcium signaling fails to cause platelet aggregation, whereas a peptide that is able to stimulate calcium signaling and is more potent for β-arrestin recruitment triggered greater levels of platelet aggregation compared with the canonical PAR4 agonist peptide. These findings uncover molecular determinants critical for agonist binding and biased signaling through PAR4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Jordan C LeSarge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - D'Arcy Arends
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Michaela Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C2R5, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A5C1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu N, Meng F, Yuan J, Liu L, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao T, Xu W, Tang L, Xu Y. Characterizing the interaction modes of PAR4 receptor with agonist and antagonist by molecular simulation approach. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633619500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a promising target for antiplatelet therapy. In this study, homology modeling and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the binding modes of PAR4 agonists and antagonists. The outcomes show that agonists have good docking scores, and they also form more hydrogen bonds with PAR4 than antagonists. To reveal the different conformational changes caused by agonist and antagonist, molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on three selected PAR4 systems. Simulation results show that PAR4 activation involves breaking interactions of 3–7 lock switch (Try157 and Tyr322) and ionic lock switch (Arg188 and Asp173), and formation of transmission switch among Tyr161, Asn300 and Phe296. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the major change for agonist bound system takes place in the intracellular region while that for antagonist bound system is in the extracellular region. The binding free energy of BMS-986120 is much lower than AYPGKF, suggesting high affinity of antagonist. Moreover, the electronegative aspartic residues Asp230 and Asp235 at ECL2 are important for PAR4 binding to agonist. Clarifying the PAR4 structural characteristics may be helpful to understand the activation mechanism, giving insights into the molecular design and discovery of novel potential PAR4 antagonists in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bennett JA, Ture SK, Schmidt RA, Mastrangelo MA, Cameron SJ, Terry LE, Yule DI, Morrell CN, Lowenstein CJ. Acetylcholine Inhibits Platelet Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:182-187. [PMID: 30765424 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are key mediators of thrombosis. Many agonists of platelet activation are known, but fewer endogenous inhibitors of platelets, such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO), have been identified. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, can cause bleeding in patients, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized that acetylcholine is an endogenous inhibitor of platelets. We measured the effect of acetylcholine or analogs of acetylcholine on human platelet activation ex vivo. Acetylcholine and analogs of acetylcholine inhibited platelet activation, as measured by P-selectin translocation and glycoprotein IIb IIIa conformational changes. Conversely, we found that antagonists of the acetylcholine receptor, such as pancuronium, enhance platelet activation. Furthermore, drugs inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, such as donepezil, also inhibit platelet activation, suggesting that platelets release acetylcholine. We found that NO mediates acetylcholine inhibition of platelets. Our data suggest that acetylcholine is an endogenous inhibitor of platelet activation. The cholinergic system may be a novel target for antithrombotic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Bennett
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sara K Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Rachel A Schmidt
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Michael A Mastrangelo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Scott J Cameron
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Lara E Terry
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David I Yule
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Charles J Lowenstein
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (J.A.B., S.K.T., R.A.S., M.A.M., S.J.C., C.N.M., C.J.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (L.E.T., D.I.Y.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pouget T, Pillois X, Fiore M. Adenylate cyclase inhibition is required for normal redistribution of platelet surface GPIb in response to PAR1 activation. Thromb Res 2018; 173:151-154. [PMID: 30530120 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pouget
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Xavier Pillois
- Centre de Référence des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Mathieu Fiore
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France; Centre de Référence des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rwibasira Rudinga G, Khan GJ, Kong Y. Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4): A Promising Target for Antiplatelet Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E573. [PMID: 29443899 PMCID: PMC5855795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are currently among the leading causes of death worldwide. Platelet aggregation is a key cellular component of arterial thrombi and major cause of CVDs. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), including PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, fall within a subfamily of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Human platelets express PAR1 and PAR4, which contribute to the signaling transduction processes. In association with CVDs, PAR4 not only contributes to platelet activation but also is a modulator of cellular responses that serve as hallmarks of inflammation. Although several antiplatelet drugs are available on the market, they have many side effects that limit their use. Emerging evidence shows that PAR4 targeting is a safer strategy for preventing thrombosis and consequently may improve the overall cardiac safety profile. Our present review summarizes the PAR4 structural characteristics, activation mechanism, role in the pathophysiology of diseases and understanding the association of PAR4 targeting for improved cardiac protection. Conclusively, this review highlights the importance of PAR4 antagonists and its potential utility in different CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamariel Rwibasira Rudinga
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ghulam Jilany Khan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research, Evaluation and Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morikawa Y, Kato H, Kashiwagi H, Nishiura N, Akuta K, Honda S, Kanakura Y, Tomiyama Y. Protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) variant influences on platelet reactivity induced by PAR4-activating peptide through altered Ca 2+ mobilization and ERK phosphorylation in healthy Japanese subjects. Thromb Res 2018; 162:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|