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Dose response effect of chemical surface concentration on percutaneous penetration in human: In vivo + in vitro. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mohsin M, Yin H, Huang W, Zhang S, Zhang L, Mehak A. Evaluation of Occupational Health Risk Management and Performance in China: A Case Study of Gas Station Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073762. [PMID: 35409446 PMCID: PMC8997918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
China has a large number of gas stations, with which thousands of workers are associated. There is abundant online literature documenting the various occupational health risks these workers face. However, this literature has many flaws to address, and it falls short of suggesting measures to manage these risks. This study strives to fill that gap, and aims to improve the occupational health of gas station workers through comprehensive risk management and performance analysis. To this end, a reasonable volume of reliable data, i.e., 208 completed questionnaires, were analyzed through current statistical routines, viz., fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). These methods were employed to hierarchically organize the main factors and sub-factors of physical risk management, chemical risk management, biological risk management, physiological risk management and psychological risk management according to their appraised importance, and screen out the risk management stratagem for priority improvement. Research findings reveal that chemical risk and biological risk response schemes have the lowest performance, and need to be prioritized for improvement. Furthermore, this study argues that we can safeguard the occupational health of gas station workers through appropriate risk management strategies. It also elaborates on implications, limitations and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mohsin
- College of International Finance and Trade, Zhejiang YueXiu University of Foreign Languages, Shaoxing 312000, China;
| | - Hengbin Yin
- School of Finance and Trade, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.H.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-5855-7931
| | - Weilun Huang
- School of Finance and Trade, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shijun Zhang
- School of Finance and Trade, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Luyao Zhang
- School of Business, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Ana Mehak
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
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Health Risk Assessment of Toxic and Harmful Air Pollutants Discharged by a Petrochemical Company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of toxic and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in a petrochemical company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China to assess the impact of HAPs on the health risks of workers in the petrochemical company. The samples were tested by solid-phase adsorption thermal desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HJ734-2014), and the pollutant emission list was obtained. According to the pollutant emission inventory, it can be seen that benzene, toluene and xylene are the main components of toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the petrochemical enterprise. The method of combining actual monitoring and CALPUFF model prediction was used to evaluate the impact of the toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the enterprise on the health of workers. The risk characterization results show that when benzene is the maximum concentration value predicted by the model, it will pose a carcinogenic risk to the factory workers. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended not to allow residents to live within the predicted concentration range of the model. The results of this study can enable China’s oil refining industry to better understand the characteristics of pollutant emissions from petrochemical companies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Moreover, the results of this study can be used as a policy basis for improving the health of workers in petrochemical enterprises, and are of great significance to the protection of public health.
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da Costa BRB, El Haddad LP, Piva Bigão VLC, De Martinis BS. Quantifying ethanol in ethanol-based hand sanitizers by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID). J AOAC Int 2021; 105:11-18. [PMID: 34546367 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic sharply increased the demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers, leading to a shortage of these products. Consequently, regulatory health agencies worldwide have altered their regulatory guidelines, on ethanol quality, to meet this high demand, raising concern about the products quality. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify ethanol content and to qualitatively assess common impurities in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID). METHODS To quantify the ethanol content, 0.10 g of the sample was weighed in a 20 mL headspace vial and 5 mL of deionized water was added. Regarding the qualitative approach, 0.25 g of the sample was weighed and 4 mL of deionized water and was added. The samples were incubated, and then 400 µL of the headspace was injected into the GC/FID. Forty-eight products purchased in Brazil were analyzed. RESULTS Thirteen products presented at least one nonconformity regarding the ethanol quantity. Two samples presented an average ethanol concentration below the lower limit considered effective. Twelve samples presented acetaldehyde or ethyl acetate. CONCLUSION The huge demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers may have impacted their quality. Because concern with proper hand hygiene tends to remain an issue for a long period, more studies about quality control of hand sanitizers will be needed. HIGHLIGHTS A simple and fast HS-GC/FID method to quantify ethanol in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers was developed, validated and applied to commercial samples in Brazil. The regulatory authorities must be more vigilant to ensure that the commercially available products meet the recommended specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n° Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Pereira El Haddad
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Vítor Luiz Caleffo Piva Bigão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n° Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinosa De Martinis
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
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Geraldino BR, Nunes RFN, Gomes JB, da Poça KS, Toledo TMP, Otero UB, Sarpa M. Risks related to the domestic laundering of filling station attendant uniforms: advances and uncertainties. Rev Bras Med Trab 2021; 19:240-248. [PMID: 34603421 PMCID: PMC8447651 DOI: 10.47626/1679-4435-2020-590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasoline is the most common transportation fuel in Brazil, with up to 1% of benzene. Benzene is a health-damaging organic solvent that is extensively used worldwide, being classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Group 1). Many workers at filling stations are exposed to benzene, present in gasoline. The main routes of exposure and absorption of benzene are inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. The penetration and maintenance of benzene and other chemicals on personal protective equipment and clothing of workers who manipulate these solvents may increase their levels of exposure and offer risks to their family members, since contaminated clothing is laundered at their homes, which goes against legislative framework (Annex 2, Regulatory Standard No. 9). This way, the objective of this work was to discuss the importance of periodic changes and cleaning of filling station attendant uniforms performed by employers as preventive measures against the deterioration of the health of workers and their family members. We performed a narrative review; no systematic criteria were used in the search for national and international studies. After critical reading, we observed a lack of consistent data on this theme. Laundering of uniforms worn by filling station attendants should take place outside the domestic environment in order to protect the health of workers and their family members and avoid possible cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Ferreira Nascimento Nunes
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barroso Gomes
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Soares da Poça
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thainá Matos Palhaes Toledo
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ubirani Barros Otero
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia Sarpa
- Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância, Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Patton AN, Levy-Zamora M, Fox M, Koehler K. Benzene Exposure and Cancer Risk from Commercial Gasoline Station Fueling Events Using a Novel Self-Sampling Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041872. [PMID: 33671888 PMCID: PMC7918986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tens of millions of individuals go to gasoline stations on a daily basis in the United States. One of the constituents of gasoline is benzene, a Group 1 carcinogen that has been strongly linked to both occupational and non-occupational leukemias. While benzene content in gasoline is federally regulated, there is approximately a thirty-year data gap in United States research on benzene exposures from pumping gasoline. Using a novel self-sampling protocol with whole air canisters, we conducted a gasoline pumping exposure assessment for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) on Baltimore, MD consumers. Geometric mean exposures (geometric standard deviations) were 3.2 (2.7) ppb,9.5 (3.5) ppb, 2.0 (2.8) ppb, and 7.3 (3.0) ppb, respectively, on 32 samples. Using the benzene exposures, we conducted consumer and occupational probabilistic risk assessments and contextualized the risk with ambient benzene exposure risk. We found that the consumer scenarios did not approach the 1:1,000,000 excess risk management threshold and that the occupational scenario did not exceed the 1:10,000 excess risk management threshold. Further, in all Monte Carlo trials, the ambient risk from benzene exposure exceeded that of pumping risk for consumers, but that in approximately 30% of occupational trials, the pumping risk exceeded the ambient risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Patton
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.N.P.); (M.L.-Z.)
- CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Misti Levy-Zamora
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.N.P.); (M.L.-Z.)
- CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Mary Fox
- CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Health Policy and Management and Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (A.N.P.); (M.L.-Z.)
- CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Rahimi Moghadam S, Afshari M, Ganjali A, Moosazadeh M. Effect of occupational exposure to petrol and gasoline components on liver and renal biochemical parameters among gas station attendants, a review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:517-530. [PMID: 32853169 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Kidney and liver are of the most affected organs during permanent exposure to petrol and gasoline components in gas stations. This study aims to investigate the renal and liver involvements in these workers using meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, ISI web of science, and Google scholar motor engine were searched using Mesh terms of the relevant keywords. Screening of titles, abstracts and full texts was continued until the eligible articles meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment was conducted using NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Quality score). The pooled standard mean difference of the renal and liver indices between exposed/unexposed groups was estimated using Stata ver. 11 software. RESULTS In this systematic review, 22 papers were entered. The pooled standard mean difference (95% confidence interval) between exposed and unexposed groups was estimated as of 0.74 (0.28, 1.21) for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 2.44 (1.80, 3.08) for aspartate transaminase (AST), 2.06 (1.42, 2.69) for alanine transaminase (ALT), 0.10 (-0.09, 0.29) for total Bilirubin (TB), 0.74 (-0.42, -1.90) for total protein (TP), -0.49 (-0.82, -0.15) for albumin, 0.88 (-0.10, 1.87) for uric acid, 1.02 (0.45, 1.59) for creatinine and 1.44 (0.75, 2.13) for blood urea nitrogen (BUN). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis showed that the serum AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, total bilirubin, BUN, uric acid and creatinine levels were higher among workers exposed to petrol and gasoline than control group, while albumin was lower in the serum of the exposed workers. Therefore, occupational exposure to gasoline stations can create adverse effects on kidney and liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Rahimi Moghadam
- Department of Occupational Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Ganjali
- Student Research Committee, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran
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8
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Kemp JM, Luckett-Chastain LR, Calhoun KN, Frempah B, Schartz TR, Harty LE, Kemp PM, Gallucci RM. Evaluation of skin irritation following weathered crude oil exposure in two mouse strains. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:788-799. [PMID: 32807044 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720944354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum crude oil spills are common and vary in size and scope. Spill response workers throughout the course of remediation are exposed to so-called weathered oil and are known to report diverse health effects, including contact dermatitis. A murine model of repeated exposure to weathered marine crude oil was employed utilizing two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and BALB/c, to investigate the pathology of this irritant and identify the principal hydrocarbon components deposited in skin. Histopathology demonstrated clear signs of irritation in oil-exposed skin from both mouse strains, characterized by prominent epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis). BALB/c mice exposed to oil demonstrated more pronounced irritation compared with C57BL/6 mice, which was characterized by increased acanthosis as well as increased inflammatory cytokine/chemokine protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL11. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method was developed for the identification and quantification of 42 aliphatic and EPA priority aromatic hydrocarbons from full thickness skin samples of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice exposed to oil samples. Aromatic hydrocarbons were not detected in skin; however, aliphatic hydrocarbons in skin tended to accumulate with carbon numbers greater than C16. These preliminary data and observations suggest that weathered crude oil is a skin irritant and this may be related to specific hydrocarbon components, although immune phenotype appears to impact skin response as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,275309Oklahoma Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Toxicology Laboratory, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lerin R Luckett-Chastain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Calhoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin Frempah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tayler R Schartz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Linda E Harty
- 275309Oklahoma Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Toxicology Laboratory, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Philip M Kemp
- Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Randle M Gallucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The 6186University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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9
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Huwait EA. Efficacy of Sweet Pumpkin in Relieving Contact Dermatitis in Chronically Stressed Rats. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2020; 8:55-61. [PMID: 32766119 PMCID: PMC7365511 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_37_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Contact dermatitis (CD) is considered among the common inflammatory skin diseases worldwide. Cucurbita moschata Duchesne has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant activity beside many other beneficial effects. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of pumpkin fruit extract in treating CD in mice exposed to chronic stress and to explore the mechanism through which pumpkin can relief these changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty male albino rats were divided into three groups (n = 10); the control and two experimental groups that were exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress for 4 weeks then painting with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) for 3 consecutive days/week for 2 weeks to induce CD. Biochemical assessment of corticosterone level and antioxidants activity was performed. Skin of affected areas was excised, processed for histopathological examination. Results: DNFB-induced CD presented with dryness, hardness, and scaling. There was a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity in the skin of rats had CD. Histopathologically, the shin showed hyperplastic-thickened epidermis, focal elongation of the rete ridges, inflammatory cells infiltration in the superficial dermis, and increased collagen fibers. Local administration of pumpkin extract significantly increased the antioxidants activity in the skin and alleviated the CD-associated changes. Conclusions: This study showed that the pumpkin fruit extract could have a potential in treating CD in stressed conditions mainly via its enhancement of skin antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etedal Abbas Huwait
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Ahmadi R, Mirbahari SN, Ghornani vahed M. The Effects of Gasoline Vapor Inhalation on Serum Level of Testosterone and Testes Tissue in Male Rats. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/cjhr.5.2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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11
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Rahimi Moghadam S, Afshari M, Moosazadeh M, Khanjani N, Ganjali A. The effect of occupational exposure to petrol on pulmonary function parameters: a review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:377-390. [PMID: 31617691 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to petrol and gasoline can have harmful effects on the lungs. This review aimed to summarize the reported effects of this exposure on pulmonary function parameters. Methods Relevant studies were identified by a comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. Irrelevant studies were excluded. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa score (NOS). The standard mean difference of pulmonary parameters between exposed and unexposed petrol station attendants was pooled using random effects. Meta-regression was used to investigate factors probably related to heterogeneity. Studies affecting the total estimates were assessed during sensitivity analysis. The Egger test was performed to investigate any evidence of publication bias. Results Eventually, 26 studies entered the meta-analysis, and the pooled standard difference [95% confidence interval (CI)] of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) in the exposed minus unexposed groups was -1.08 L (95% CI: -1.38, -0.78), -0.92 L (-1.15, -0.69), -0.65 (-1.01, -0.30), -0.51 L (-0.96, -0.06), -0.96 L/s (-1.21, -0.69), -0.78 L/s (1.14, -0.42) and -0.58 L/min (-0.90, -0.27), respectively, and showed a decrease in all pulmonary parameters in the exposed group. Conclusion Occupational exposure to petrol fumes is a risk factor for lung function and there is a reverse relation between lung function and the duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Rahimi Moghadam
- Department of Occupational Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Ganjali
- Student Research Committee, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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12
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Ahmadi Z, Moradabadi A, Abdollahdokht D, Mehrabani M, Nematollahi MH. Association of environmental exposure with hematological and oxidative stress alteration in gasoline station attendants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20411-20417. [PMID: 31102212 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gasoline station attendants spend a great deal of their time in the direct exposure to noxious substances such as benzene and byproducts of gasoline combustion. Such occupational exposure increases the risk of oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate hematological and biochemical alterations among petrol station workers. Forty gas station attendants and 39 non-attendants were recruited as exposed and control subjects, respectively. Plasma samples were evaluated for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count via the Sysmex KX-21 analyzer. Then, oxidized hemoglobin, methemoglobin, and hemichrome were measured spectrophotometrically. Moreover, serum antioxidant capacity and protein oxidation were evaluated. The means ± SD of hemoglobin (16.76 ± 0.14 g/dl vs 15.25 ± 0.14 g/dl), hematocrit (49.11 ± 0.36% vs 45.37 ± 0.31%), RBC count (5.85 ± 0.06 mil/μl vs 5.33 ± 0.06 mil/μl), Met-HB (1.07 ± 0.07 g/dl vs 0.39 ± 0.04 g/dl), and hemichrome (0.80 ± 0.07 g/dl vs 0.37 ± 0.02 g/dl) in the exposed group were significantly greater than the control group (P < 0.001). The results of the independent-sample t test illustrated that the FRAP test value in the exposed group (0.23 ± 0.01 mM) was significantly lower than the control group (0.34 ± 0.01 mM), while the value of the plasma protein carbonyl test in the exposed group (7.47 ± 0.33 mmol/mg protein) was meaningfully greater than the control group (5.81 ± 0.19 mmol/mg protein) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, gas station attendants suffer from higher levels of oxidative stress, and they need to take antioxidants in order to minimize the effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahed Ahmadi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Moradabadi
- Hematology and blood banking, arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Danial Abdollahdokht
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Optimization, validation and application of headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography for the determination of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane and methyleugenol from Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez essential oil in skin permeation samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:163-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Frasch HF, Barbero AM. In vitro human skin permeation of benzene in gasoline: Effects of concentration, multiple dosing and skin preparation. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:193-201. [PMID: 28792002 PMCID: PMC6531855 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro human skin benzene permeation was measured from gasoline formulations with benzene concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 10 vol% and from neat benzene. Steady-state fluxes (JSS), permeability coefficients (kp) and lag times (tlag) were calculated from infinite dose exposures. Permeation of benzene from small gasoline doses administered over a two-day period was also studied. The thermodynamic activity of benzene in gasoline at 30 °C was determined and the solution is near-ideal over the range from 0.8 to 100 vol%. JSS through human epidermal membranes were linear (R2=0.92) with concentration over the range from 0.8 to 10 vol%. JSS (μg/cm2/h) from gasoline (0.8 vol% benzene=6.99 mg/ml) through epidermis and full-thickness skin were 9.37±1.41 and 1.82±0.44, respectively. Neat benzene JSS was 566±138. Less than 0.25% of the total applied benzene mass from finite doses (10 μl/cm2) of gasoline was detected in receptor cells, and a small reduction of barrier function was observed from six total doses administered over 2 days. Application of these results to dermal exposure assessment examples demonstrates a range of systemic benzene uptakes that can be expected from occupational and consumer dermal exposures to gasoline, depending on the type and extent of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ana M Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Owagboriaye FO, Dedeke GA, Ashidi JS, Aladesida AA, Olooto WE. Effect of gasoline fumes on reproductive function in male albino rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4309-4319. [PMID: 29181751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the frequency of exposure to gasoline fumes and the growing incidence of infertility among humans has been a major concern and subject of discussion over the years in Nigeria. We therefore present the reproductive effect of gasoline fumes on inhalation exposure in 40 male albino rats. The rats were randomized into five experimental treatments (T) with eight rats per treatment. T1 (control) was exposed to distilled water while T2, T3, T4, and T5 were exposed to gasoline fumes in exposure chambers for 1, 3, 5, and 9 h daily respectively for 12 weeks. Serum level of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, oxidative stress markers in the testicular tissue, epididymal sperm health assessment, and testicular histopathology of the rats were used as a diagnostic marker of reproductive dysfunction. Significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the levels of all the reproductive hormones and oxidative stress markers assayed were observed in rats exposed to gasoline fume. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) in sperm count and percentage motility in the exposed rats were observed. Significant (p < 0.05) increased in abnormal sperm cells characterized by damaged head, bent tail, damaged tail, and without head were also observed in the exposed rats. Histopathologically, severe degenerative testicular architectural lesions characterized by alterations in all the generations of sperm cells and reduction of interstitial cells were seen in the exposed rats. Gasoline fume is thus said to interfere with spermatogenesis and impair fertility in male gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folarin O Owagboriaye
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago- Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Gabriel A Dedeke
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Bioscience, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph S Ashidi
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago- Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka A Aladesida
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Bioscience, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Wasiu E Olooto
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Marek EM, Koslitz S, Weiss T, Fartasch M, Schlüter G, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Quantification of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine by gas chromatography and isotope-dilution mass spectrometry and its percutaneous absorption ex vivo under workplace conditions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3587-3596. [PMID: 28900691 PMCID: PMC5696485 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine (P2NA) is an antioxidant used to protect rubbers from flex-cracking. P2NA can be converted in vivo to 2NA, one of the most potent bladder carcinogens. Here, we report the specific and ultra-sensitive quantification of P2NA in the receptor fluid of Franz diffusion cells by gas chromatography and isotope-dilution tandem-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS/MS). The experimental conditions were optimized to minimize losses of P2NA due to surface absorption on glass, plastic, and rubber material, and subsequently validated. Static and dynamic diffusion cell conditions were used to study the percutaneous penetration of P2NA into freshly prepared porcine skin. The experimental settings closely resembled those of the printing industry in the 1960s/1970s in Germany where P2NA-containing solutions in dichloromethane have been used. P2NA penetrated the skin at very low levels (0.02 ± 0.01 µg/cm2/h) with a cumulative penetrated amount of 0.80 ± 0.26 µg/cm2, a lag time of 6.33 ± 2.21 h and under dynamic conditions. Compared to the receptor fluid, 10-40-fold higher concentrations were found in the skin, predominantly in the dermis and the stratum corneum. Dichloromethane acted as a penetration enhancer by increasing the cumulative penetrated amounts and the recovery of P2NA in both the receptor fluid and the skin, while shortening its lag time. However, the flux remained unaffected. Due to its accumulation in subcutaneous layers, we finally proved that P2NA is continuously released into the receptor fluid despite exposure cessation up to 160 h. Overall, the results show that close attention has to be paid to dermal absorption of P2NA in exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Maximilian Marek
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Koslitz
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manigé Fartasch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schlüter
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Udo Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
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Hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity of gasoline fumes in albino rats. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Goryński K, Goryńska P, Górska A, Harężlak T, Jaroch A, Jaroch K, Lendor S, Skobowiat C, Bojko B. SPME as a promising tool in translational medicine and drug discovery: From bench to bedside. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Galvan GL, Lirola JR, Felisbino K, Vicari T, Yamamoto CI, Cestari MM. Genetic and Hematologic Endpoints in Astyanax altiparanae (Characidae) After Exposure and Recovery to Water-Soluble Fraction of Gasoline (WSFG). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:63-70. [PMID: 27189358 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sublethal effects of water-soluble fraction of gasoline (WSFG, 1.5 % v/v) were evaluated in the freshwater fish, Astynax altiparanae, after acute exposure (96 h) under a semi-static system. In addition, the recovery process was assessed in the fish following contaminant depuration. Recovery treatments were carried out with gradual depuration (GD), consisting of 7 days in the WSFG, followed by 8 days in clean water; and treatments with total depuration in clean water for 15 (DEP 15) and 30 days (DEP 30). The effects were evaluated through the piscine micronucleus test and by differential counting of organic defense cells. Acute exposure increased the frequency of neutrophils. In the GD treatment, the thrombocyte count and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) increased. In the DEP 15 treatment, there was a reduction of ENA; and following 30 days of depuration (i.e., DEP 30), the number of lymphocytes increased and the thrombocyte count remained high. These results indicate a long-term response to a condition of stress from WSFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrieli L Galvan
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana R Lirola
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Karoline Felisbino
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Taynah Vicari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marta M Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Lachner D, Oliveira LF, Martinez CB. Effects of the water soluble fraction of gasoline on ZFL cell line: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Early Liver and Kidney Dysfunction Associated with Occupational Exposure to Sub-Threshold Limit Value Levels of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes in Unleaded Petrol. Saf Health Work 2015; 6:312-6. [PMID: 26929843 PMCID: PMC4682028 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unleaded petrol contains significant amounts of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX). Toxic responses following occupational exposure to unleaded petrol have been evaluated only in limited studies. The main purpose of this study was to ascertain whether (or not) exposure to unleaded petrol, under normal working conditions, is associated with any hepatotoxic or nephrotoxic response. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 200 employees of Shiraz petrol stations with current exposure to unleaded petrol, as well as 200 unexposed employees, were investigated. Atmospheric concentrations of BTX were measured using standard methods. Additionally, urine and fasting blood samples were taken from individuals for urinalysis and routine biochemical tests of kidney and liver function. Results The geometric means of airborne concentrations of BTX were found to be 0.8 mg m−3, 1.4 mg m−3, and 2.8 mg m−3, respectively. Additionally, means of direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea and plasma creatinine were significantly higher in exposed individuals than in unexposed employees. Conversely, serum albumin, total protein, and serum concentrations of calcium and sodium were significantly lower in petrol station workers than in their unexposed counterparts. Conclusion The average exposure of petrol station workers to BTX did not exceed the current threshold limit values (TLVs) for these chemicals. However, evidence of subtle, subclinical and prepathologic early liver and kidney dysfunction was evident in exposed individuals.
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Dermal uptake of petroleum substances. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:123-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Bogen KT, Sheehan PJ. Dermal versus total uptake of benzene from mineral spirits solvent during parts washing. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1336-1358. [PMID: 24495022 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative approaches to assessing exposure to, and associated risk from, benzene in mineral spirits solvent (MSS), used widely in parts washing and degreasing operations, have focused primarily on the respiratory pathway. The dermal contribution to total benzene uptake from such operations remains uncertain because measuring in vivo experimental dermal uptake of this volatile human carcinogen is difficult. Unprotected dermal uptake involves simultaneous sustained immersion events and transient splash/wipe events, each yielding residues subject to evaporation as well as dermal uptake. A two-process dermal exposure framework to assess dermal uptake to normal and damaged skin was applied to estimate potential daily dermal benzene dose (Dskin ) to workers who used historical or current formulations of recycled MSS in manual parts washers. Measures of evaporation and absorption of MSS dermally applied to human subjects were modeled to estimate in vivo dermal uptake of benzene in MSS. Uncertainty and interindividual variability in Dskin was characterized by Monte Carlo simulation, conditioned on uncertainty and/or variability estimated for each model input. Dermal exposures are estimated to average 33% of total (inhalation + dermal) benzene parts washing dose, with approximately equal predicted portions of dermal dose due to splash/wipe and to continuous contact with MSS. The estimated median (95th percentile) dermal and total daily benzene doses from parts washing are: 0.0069 (0.024) and 0.025 (0.18) mg/day using current, and 0.027 (0.085) and 0.098 (0.69) mg/day using historical, MSS solvents, respectively.
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Rocha LP, Cezar-Vaz MR, Almeida MCVD, Bonow CA, Silva MSD, Costa VZD. Use of personal protective equipment by gas stations workers: a nursing contribution. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-07072014000100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to identify the use of personal protective equipment by gas stations' workers in the city of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. This quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study was conducted with 221 workers from 22 gas stations using a questionnaire and non-participative and symmetrical observation. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis and question quality was controlled through Cronbach's alpha test, which obtained a result of 0.96. The results indicate a predominance of multitasking, while workers self-reported the use of boots, aprons, gloves, masks, goggles, earplugs and uniforms. Observation, however, showed incoherence in the workers' reports, since only boots and uniforms were actually used. The results show there is a need for nurses to implement protective and preventive actions to assure workers are not exposed to risks and hazards, while also encouraging health surveillance.
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Benzene, toluene and o-xylene (BTX) removal from aqueous solutions through adsorptive processes. ADSORPTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-014-9602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Williams PRD, Sahmel J, Bunge AL, Knutsen J, Spencer J. Comments on Petty et al. (2011), "a quantitative method for estimating dermal benzene absorption from benzene-containing hydrocarbon liquids," IJOEH, 17:287-300. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 19:139-46. [PMID: 23684273 DOI: 10.1179/2049396713y.0000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Risk perception and occupational accidents: a study of gas station workers in southern Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2362-77. [PMID: 22851948 PMCID: PMC3407909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9072362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the perceptions of gas station workers about physical, chemical, biological and physiological risk factors to which they are exposed in their work environment; identify types of occupational accidents involving gas station workers and; report the development of a socioenvironmental intervention as a tool for risk communication to gas station workers. A quantitative study was performed with 221 gas station workers in southern Brazil between October and December 2010. Data collection was performed between October to December 2010 via structured interviews. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0. The participants identified the following risk types: chemical (93.7%), physical (88.2%), physiological (64.3%) and biological (62.4%). In this sample, 94.1% of gas station workers reported occupational accidents, and 74.2% reported fuel contact with the eyes (p < 0.05). It is concluded that workers perceive risks, and that they tend to relate risks with the occurrence of occupational accidents as an indicator of the dangerous nature of their work environment.
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Evaluation of exposure biomarkers in offshore workers exposed to low benzene and toluene concentrations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011; 85:261-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-011-0664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Williams PRD, Sahmel J, Knutsen J, Spencer J, Bunge AL. Dermal absorption of benzene in occupational settings: estimating flux and applications for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:111-42. [PMID: 21288163 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.530224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing emphasis in the United States and Europe regarding the quantification of dermal exposures to chemical mixtures and other substances. In this paper, we determine the dermal flux of benzene in neat form, in organic solvents, and in aqueous solutions based on a critical review and analysis of the published literature, and discuss appropriate applications for using benzene dermal absorption data in occupational risk assessment. As part of this effort, we synthesize and analyze data for 77 experimental results taken from 16 studies of benzene skin absorption. We also assess the chemical activity of benzene in simple hydrocarbon solvent mixtures using a thermodynamic modeling software tool. Based on the collective human in vivo, human in vitro, and animal in vitro data sets, we find that the steady-state dermal flux for neat benzene (and benzene-saturated aqueous solutions) ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 mg/(cm²·h). Observed outlier values for some of the animal in vivo data sets are possibly due to the use of test species that have more permeable skin than humans or study conditions that resulted in damage to the skin barrier. Because relatively few dermal absorption studies have been conducted on benzene-containing organic solvents, and available test results may be influenced by study design or vehicle effects, it is not possible to use these data to quantify the dermal flux of benzene for other types of solvent mixtures. However, depending on the application, we describe several potential approaches that can be used to derive a rough approximation of the steady-state benzene dermal flux for these mixtures. Important limitations with respect to quantifying and evaluating the significance of dermal exposures to benzene in occupational settings include a lack of data on (1) factors that affect the dermal uptake of benzene, (2) the dermal flux of benzene for different organic solvent mixtures, (3) meaningful metrics for evaluating the dermal uptake of benzene, (4) steady-state versus non-steady-state dermal flux values for benzene, (5) the effect of skin damage on the dermal flux of benzene, (6) standardized test methods for estimating the dermal flux of benzene, and (7) robust estimates of the evaporation rate of benzene from different liquid vehicles.
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Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 83:341-56. [PMID: 19830448 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study analyzes the validity of new, more sensitive and specific urinary biomarkers of internal dose, namely, urinary benzene for benzene and urinary toluene and S-benzylmercapturic acid (SBMA) for toluene, to assess their efficacy when compared to traditional biomarkers for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low concentrations of these two toxic substances. METHODS Assessment was made of 41 workers occupationally exposed to benzene and toluene, 18 fuel tanker drivers and 23 filling-station attendants, as well as 31 subjects with no occupational exposure to these toxic substances (controls). Exposure to airborne benzene and toluene was measured using passive Radiello personal samplers worn throughout the work shift. In urine samples collected from all subjects at the end of the workday, both the traditional and the new internal dose biomarkers of benzene and toluene were assessed, as well as creatinine so as to apply suitable adjustments. RESULTS Occupational exposure to benzene and toluene resulted significantly higher in the fuel tanker drivers than the filling-station attendants, and higher in the latter than in controls. Significantly higher concentrations of t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), urinary benzene, SBMA and urinary toluene were found in the drivers than the filling-station attendants or the controls. Instead, urinary phenol and hippuric acid were not different in the three groups. In the entire sample, airborne benzene and toluene values were significantly correlated, as were the respective urinary biomarkers, showing coefficients ranging from 0.36 to 0.98. Subdividing the subjects by smoking habit, higher coefficients were evident in non-smokers than in smokers; at multiple regression analysis t,t-MA, SPMA and urinary benzene and toluene were dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and on airborne benzene and toluene, respectively. Instead, SBMA was dependent only on airborne toluene. CONCLUSIONS Our research confirmed the validity of t,t-MA and SPMA for use in the biological monitoring of exposure to low concentrations of benzene. Urinary benzene showed comparable validity to SPMA; both parameters are affected by smoking cigarettes in the hours before urine collection, so it is best to ask subjects to refrain from smoking for 2 h before urine collection. Urinary toluene was found to be a more specific biomarker than SBMA.
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Analytical methods used in conjunction with solid-phase microextraction: a review of recent bioanalytical applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:1081-102. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of sampling and sample preparation with various analytical instruments is a highly desirable feature for any analytical method. This is most conveniently achieved by using microextraction techniques or various microdevices. Among these techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is particularly remarkable due to its simplicity and effectiveness. This review discusses the most recent applications of SPME in bioanalysis, grouped according to the analytical instrument that SPME is coupled to. It is shown that one of the most important aspects of such analytical methods is the ability of SPME to perform direct and selective extraction of analytes from complex biological samples. By far, the most popular method continues to be SPME coupled to GC. Nevertheless, the last 2 years have witnessed significant advances in other areas, such as successful automation of SPME coupled to liquid chromatography and the development of new coatings suitable for direct extraction from biological samples. Furthermore, a few bioanalytical applications based on direct coupling of SPME to MS, ion mobility spectrometry, CE and analytical chemiluminescence have been reported.
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Induction of hsp70, hsp60, hsp83 and hsp26 and oxidative stress markers in benzene, toluene and xylene exposed Drosophila melanogaster: Role of ROS generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 235:226-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aprea C, Sciarra G, Bozzi N, Pagliantini M, Perico A, Bavazzano P, Leandri A, Carrieri M, Scapellato ML, Bettinelli M, Bartolucci GB. Reference values of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid: Italian Multicentric Study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 55:329-340. [PMID: 18214577 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the results of a study, conducted in the framework of the scientific activities of the Italian Society for Reference Values, aimed at defining reference values of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene. t,t-MA concentrations detected in 376 subjects of the resident population in three areas of Italy, two in central (Florence and southern Tuscany) and one in northern Italy (Padua), by three laboratories, compared by repeated interlaboratory controls, showed an interval of 14.4-225.0 microg/L (5th-95th percentile) and a geometric mean of 52.5 microg/L. The concentrations measured were influenced by tobacco smoking in a statistically significant way: Geometric mean concentrations were 44.8 microg/L and 76.1 microg/Ll in nonsmokers (264 subjects) and smokers (112 subjects), respectively. In the nonsmoking population, a significant influence of gender was found when concentrations were corrected for urinary creatinine, geometric mean concentrations being 36.7 microg/g creatinine in males (128 subjects) and 44.7 microg/g creatinine in females (136 subjects). The place of residence of subjects did not seem to influence urinary excretion of the metabolite, although personal inhalation exposure to benzene over a 24-h period showed slightly higher concentrations in Padua and Florence (geometric means of 6.5 microg/m(3) and 6.6 microg/m(3), respectively) than in southern Tuscany (geometric mean of 3.9 microg/m(3)). Concentration of t,t-MA in urine samples collected at the end of personal air sampling showed little relationship to personal inhalation exposure to benzene, confirming the importance of other factors in determining excretion of t,t-MA when concentrations in personal air samples are very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aprea
- Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda USL 7 di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Nies E, Korinth G. Commentary on "Penetration of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in gasolines through human abdominal skin in vitro". Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:275-7. [PMID: 17561368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary we refer to the new data recently published by Adami et al. [Adami, G., Larese, F., Venier, M., Barbieri, P., Lo Coco, F., Reisenhofer, E., 2006. Penetration of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in gasolines through human abdominal skin in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 20, 1321-1330], which we acknowledge as a reliable basis for the retrospective assessment of percutaneous benzene absorption at the workplace. The data from Adami et al. (2006) are supported by the literature and by a German approach for calculating the contribution of the dermal uptake of benzene to the total body burden. This knowledge is important for the judgment of leukaemia suspected to be an occupational disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Nies
- BG Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BGIA), Sub-division Toxicology of Industrial Chemicals, Alte Heerstrasse 111, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
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