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Kocyigit E, Kocaadam-Bozkurt B, Bozkurt O, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R. Plant Toxic Proteins: Their Biological Activities, Mechanism of Action and Removal Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:356. [PMID: 37368657 PMCID: PMC10303728 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolve to synthesize various natural metabolites to protect themselves against threats, such as insects, predators, microorganisms, and environmental conditions (such as temperature, pH, humidity, salt, and drought). Plant-derived toxic proteins are often secondary metabolites generated by plants. These proteins, including ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors, canatoxin-like proteins and ureases, arcelins, antimicrobial peptides, and pore-forming toxins, are found in different plant parts, such as the roots, tubers, stems, fruits, buds, and foliage. Several investigations have been conducted to explore the potential applications of these plant proteins by analyzing their toxic effects and modes of action. In biomedical applications, such as crop protection, drug development, cancer therapy, and genetic engineering, toxic plant proteins have been utilized as potentially useful instruments due to their biological activities. However, these noxious metabolites can be detrimental to human health and cause problems when consumed in high amounts. This review focuses on different plant toxic proteins, their biological activities, and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, possible usage and removal strategies for these proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kocyigit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ordu University, Cumhuriyet Yerleşkesi, 52200 Ordu, Turkey;
| | - Betul Kocaadam-Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey; (B.K.-B.); (O.B.)
| | - Osman Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey; (B.K.-B.); (O.B.)
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Emek, 06490 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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2
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Qian H, Wang L, Li Y, Wang B, Li C, Fang L, Tang L. The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Abrus precatorius L.: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115463. [PMID: 35714881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Abrus precatorius L. (AP) is a folk medicine with a long-term medicinal history worldwide, which is extensively applied to various ailments, such as bronchitis, jaundice, hepatitis, contraception, tumor, abortion, malaria, etc. Meanwhile, its leaves are also served as tea in China, and its roots are employed as a substitute for Glycyrrhiza uralensis or as a raw material for the extraction of glycyrrhizin in India. Thus, AP is considered to be a plant with dual values of medicine and economy as well as its chemical composition and biological activity, which are of growing interest to the scientific community. AIM OF REVIEW In the review, the traditional application, botany, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity are comprehensively and systematically summarized. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive database retrieval was conducted to gather the specific information about AP from 1871 to 2022 using online bibliographic databases Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Baidu Scholar. The search terms comprise the keywords "Abrus precatorius", "phytochemistry", "pharmacological activity", "toxicity" and "traditional application" as a combination. RESULTS To date, AP is traditionally used to treat various diseases, including sore throat, cough, bronchitis, jaundice, hepatitis, abdominal pain, contraception, tumor, abortion, malaria, and so on. More than 166 chemical compounds have been identified from AP, which primarily cover flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, organic acids, esters, proteins, polysaccharides, and so on. A wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological functions of AP have been reported, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiprotozoal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antifertility, antidiabetic, other pharmacological activities. The crushed seeds in powder or paste form were comparatively toxic to humans and animals by oral administration. Interestingly, the methanolic extracts were non-toxic to adult Wistar albino rats at various doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) daily. CONCLUSIONS The review focuses on the traditional application, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of AP, which offers a valuable context for researchers on the current research status and a reference for further research and applications of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Qian
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yanling Li
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Bailing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Like Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
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3
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Eremina NV, Zhanataev AK, Durnev AD. Induced Cell Death as a Possible Pathway of Antimutagenic Action. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:1-14. [PMID: 34050413 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The existing concepts of antimutagenesis are briefly reviewed. Published reports on antimutagenic and proapoptotic properties of some polyphenols and compounds of other chemical groups obtained in representative in vitro and in vivo experiments on eukaryotic test systems are discussed. The relationships between the antimutagenic and proapoptotic properties of the analyzed compounds (naringin, apigenin, resveratrol, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine, etc.) are considered in favor of the hypothesis on induced cell death as an antimutagenic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Eremina
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A K Zhanataev
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A D Durnev
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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4
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Brandsma I, Moelijker N, Derr R, Hendriks G. Aneugen Versus Clastogen Evaluation and Oxidative Stress-Related Mode-of-Action Assessment of Genotoxic Compounds Using the ToxTracker Reporter Assay. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:202-213. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the mode-of-action (MOA) of genotoxic compounds and differentiating between direct DNA interaction and indirect genotoxicity is crucial for their reliable safety assessment. ToxTracker is a stem cell-based reporter assay that detects activation of various cellular responses that are associated with genotoxicity and cancer. ToxTracker consists of 6 different GFP reporter cell lines that can detect the induction of DNA damage, oxidative stress, and protein damage in a single test. The assay can thereby provide insight into the MOA of compounds. Genotoxicity is detected in ToxTracker by activation of 2 independent GFP reporters. Activation of the Bscl2-GFP reporter is associated with induction of DNA adducts and subsequent inhibition of DNA replication and the Rtkn-GFP reporter is activated following the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we show that the differential activation of these 2 genotoxicity reporters could be used to further differentiate between a DNA reactive and clastogenic or a non-DNA-reactive aneugenic MOA of genotoxic compounds. For further classification of aneugenic and clastogenic compounds, the ToxTracker assay was extended with cell cycle analysis and aneuploidy assessment. The extension was validated using a selection of 16 (genotoxic) compounds with a well-established MOA. Furthermore, indirect genotoxicity related to the production of reactive oxygen species was investigated using the DNA damage and oxidative stress ToxTracker reporters in combination with different reactive oxygen species scavengers. With these new extensions, ToxTracker was able to accurately classify compounds as genotoxic or nongenotoxic and could discriminate between DNA-reactive compounds, aneugens, and indirect genotoxicity caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Remco Derr
- Toxys B.V., 2333 CG Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Sinha N, Panda PK, Naik PP, Das DN, Mukhopadhyay S, Maiti TK, Shanmugam MK, Chinnathambi A, Zayed ME, Alharbi SA, Sethi G, Agarwal R, Bhutia SK. Abrus
agglutinin promotes irreparable DNA damage by triggering ROS generation followed by ATM-p73 mediated apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2400-2413. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sinha
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Prashanta K. Panda
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Prajna P. Naik
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | - Durgesh N. Das
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
| | | | - Tapas K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur India
| | - Muthu K. Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - ME Zayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman A. Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora Colorado
| | - Sujit K. Bhutia
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela India
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6
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Sant B, Rao PVL, Nagar DP, Pant SC, Bhasker ASB. Evaluation of abrin induced nephrotoxicity by using novel renal injury markers. Toxicon 2017; 131:20-28. [PMID: 28288935 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abrin is a potent plant toxin analogous to ricin that is derived from the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant. It belongs to the family of type II ribosome-inactivating proteins and causes cell death by irreversibly inactivating ribosomes through site-specific depurination. In this study we examined the in vivo nephrotoxicity potential of abrin toxin in terms of oxidative stress, inflammation, histopathological changes and biomarkers of kidney injury. Animals were exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 LD50 dose of abrin by intraperitoneal route and observed for 1, 3, and 7 day post-toxin exposure. Depletion of reduced glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation levels were observed in abrin treated mice. In addition, abrin also induced inflammation in the kidneys as observed through expression of MMP-9 and MMP-9/NGAL complex in abrin treated groups by using zymography method. Nephrotoxicity was also evaluated by western blot analysis of kidney injury biomarkers including Clusterin, Cystatin C and NGAL, and their results indicate severity of kidney injury in abrin treated groups. Kidney histology confirmed inflammatory changes due to abrin. The data generated in the present study clearly prove the nephrotoxicity potential of abrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P V Lakshmana Rao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - D P Nagar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - S C Pant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - A S B Bhasker
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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7
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Wang S, Zheng Y, Xiang F, Li S, Yang G. Antifungal activity of Momordica charantia seed extracts toward the pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani L. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:881-887. [PMID: 28911628 PMCID: PMC9337286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia L., a vegetable crop with high nutritional value, has been used as an antimutagenic, antihelminthic, anticancer, antifertility, and antidiabetic agent in traditional folk medicine. In this study, the antifungal activity of M. charantia seed extract toward Fusarium solani L. was evaluated. Results showed that M. charantia seed extract effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of F. solani, with a 50% inhibitory rate (IC50) value of 108.934 μg/mL. Further analysis with optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the seed extract led to deformation of cells with irregular budding, loss of integrity of cell wall, as well as disruption of the fungal cell membrane. In addition, genomic DNA was also severely affected, as small DNA fragments shorter than 50 bp appeared on agarose gel. These findings implied that M. charantia seed extract containing α-momorcharin, a typical ribosome-inactivating protein, could be an effective agent in the control of fungal pathogens, and such natural products would represent a sustainable alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Fu Xiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ,
USA
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province,
China
- Corresponding author. College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, China E-mail address: (S. Wang)
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8
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Ajji PK, Walder K, Puri M. Functional Analysis of a Type-I Ribosome Inactivating Protein Balsamin from Momordica balsamina with Anti-Microbial and DNase Activity. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:265-71. [PMID: 27319013 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) have received considerable attention in biomedical research because of their unique activities towards tumor and virus-infected cells. We extracted balsamin, a type-I RIP, from Momordica balsamina. In the present study, a detailed investigation on DNase activity, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity was conducted using purified balsamin. DNase-like activity of balsamin towards plasmid DNA was pH, incubation time and temperature dependent. Moreover, the presence of Mg(2+) (10-50 mM) influenced the DNA cleavage activity. Balsamin also demonstrated reducing power and a capacity to scavenge free radicals in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the protein exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli, which suggests potential utility of balsamin as a nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur Ajji
- Bioprocessing Laboratory, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, 3220, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 75 Pigdons Road, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 75 Pigdons Road, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Bioprocessing Laboratory, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, 3220, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Yang GL, Li SM, Wang SZ. Research progress in enzyme activity and pharmacological effects of ribosome-inactivity protein in bitter melon. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1185734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Wang S, Li Z, Li S, Di R, Ho CT, Yang G. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and their important health promoting property. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), widely present in plants, certain fungi and bacteria, can inhibit protein synthesis by removing one or more specific adenine residues from the large subunit of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
| | - Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains
- College of Life Science
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
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11
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Garaniya N, Bapodra A. Ethno botanical and Phytophrmacological potential of Abrus precatorius L.: A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S27-34. [PMID: 25183095 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as a single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Medicinal plants can be important source of previously unknown chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. Abrus precatorius L. is commonly known as Gunja or Jequirity and abundantly found all throughout the plains of India, from Himalaya down to Southern India and Ceylon. This plant is having medicinal potential to cure various diseases. The roots, leaves and seeds of this plant are used for different medicinal purpose. It principally contains flavonoids, triterpene glycosides, abrin and alkaloids. The plant have been reported for neuromuscular effects, neuro-protective, abortifacient, antiepileptic, anti-viral, anti-malarial, antifertility, nephroprotective, immunomodulator, immunostimulatory properties, anti-inflammatory activity, antidiabetic effect, etc. As this is a potential medicinal plant, present review reveals chemical constituents of leaf, root and seeds of Abrus precatorius. The plant is considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Garaniya
- M. D. Science College, Porbandar, Saurastra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Atul Bapodra
- M. D. Science College, Porbandar, Saurastra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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12
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Bhasker ASB, Sant B, Yadav P, Agrawal M, Lakshmana Rao PV. Plant toxin abrin induced oxidative stress mediated neurodegenerative changes in mice. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:194-203. [PMID: 25010655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abrin is a potent plant toxin. It is a heterodimeric protein toxin which is obtained from the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant. At cellular level abrin causes protein synthesis inhibition by removing the specific adenine residue (A4324) from the 28s rRNA of the 60S - ribosomal subunit. In the present study we investigated the role of oxidative stress in neurotoxic potential and demyelinating effects of abrin on brain. The mechanism by which abrin induces oxidative damage and toxicity in brain are relatively unknown. Animals were exposed to 0.4 and 1.0 LD50 abrin dose by intraperitoneal route and observed for 1 and 3 day post-toxin exposure. Oxidative stress occurred in brain due to abrin was confirmed in terms of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione depletion and increased lipid peroxidation. Significant increase in blood and brain ROS was observed at day 3, 1 LD50. Abrin induced changes in the neurotransmitters (5-hydroxy tryptamine, norepinephrine, dopamine and monoamine oxidase) levels were evaluated by spectroflourometry. Increase in the levels of 5-HT and NE was observed after abrin exposure. MAO activity was found to be decreased in abrin exposed animals compared to control. Significant inhibition in the activity of acetylcholine esterase enzyme in brain and serum was reported for both the doses and time points. Western blot analysis of iNOS expression indicated that abrin treatment resulted in dose and time dependent increase. Furthermore, protein expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) was down regulated in a dose and time dependent manner. Brain histopathology was carried out and cortical brain region showed demyelination after abrin exposure. Results confirmed that abrin poisoning leads to neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity mediated through oxidative stress, AChE inhibition, lipid peroxidation and decrease in MBP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S B Bhasker
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Bhavana Sant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Mona Agrawal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P V Lakshmana Rao
- DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
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13
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Saxena N, Yadav P, Kumar O. The Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway is involved in abrin-induced apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:103-18. [PMID: 23788630 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin is a plant glycoprotein toxin from the seeds of Abrus precatorius, sharing similarity in structure and properties with ricin. Abrin is highly toxic, with an estimated human fatal dose of 0.1-1 µg/kg, causing death after accidental or intentional poisoning. It is a potent biological toxin warfare agent. There is no chemical antidote available against the abrin. The elucidation of molecular mechanism of abrin-induced cell death is important for development of therapy. Intrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis has been well established in abrin-induced cell death. However, the detailed mechanism especially extrinsic receptor-mediated pathway remains uncharacterized. To assess whether some of the apoptosis known to occur after abrin exposure might be mediated by Fas/Fas ligand (Fas L) interactions, we analyzed effect of abrin on Fas pathway in Jurkat cells. Here, we report that activation of the Fas pathway is involved in abrin-induced apoptosis. Following treatment of abrin, Fas L was induced, which stimulated the Fas pathway by cross-linking Fas receptor (Fas R). Apoptosis was mediated by cleavage of the Fas R proximal caspase-8 and the downstream caspase-3, resulting in activation of the prototype caspase substrate poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-activated DNase. Blocking Fas L/Fas R interaction by using Fas inhibitor reduced abrin-induced apoptosis, further confirms involvement of Fas pathway. Activation of components of Fas pathway and caspases upon abrin treatment was also found in splenocytes in mice. Our findings offer new perspective for understanding the fundamental mechanism in abrin-induced apoptotic mechanism and may have implication in developing novel therapeutic strategies in the management for abrin-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Saxena
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research Development & Establishment, Defence Research Development Organization, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474002, India.
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Daniels-Wells TR, Helguera G, Rodríguez JA, Leoh LS, Erb MA, Diamante G, Casero D, Pellegrini M, Martínez-Maza O, Penichet ML. Insights into the mechanism of cell death induced by saporin delivered into cancer cells by an antibody fusion protein targeting the transferrin receptor 1. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:220-31. [PMID: 23085102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) that targets the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and exhibits direct cytotoxicity against malignant B cells in an iron-dependent manner. ch128.1Av is also a delivery system and its conjugation with biotinylated saporin (b-SO6), a plant ribosome-inactivating toxin, results in a dramatic iron-independent cytotoxicity, both in malignant cells that are sensitive or resistant to ch128.1Av alone, in which the toxin effectively inhibits protein synthesis and triggers caspase activation. We have now found that the ch128.1Av/b-SO6 complex induces a transcriptional response consistent with oxidative stress and DNA damage, a response that is not observed with ch128.1Av alone. Furthermore, we show that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine partially blocks saporin-induced apoptosis suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to DNA damage and ultimately saporin-induced cell death. Interestingly, the toxin was detected in nuclear extracts by immunoblotting, suggesting the possibility that saporin might induce direct DNA damage. However, confocal microscopy did not show a clear and consistent pattern of intranuclear localization. Finally, using the long-term culture-initiating cell assay we found that ch128.1Av/b-SO6 is not toxic to normal human hematopoietic stem cells suggesting that this critical cell population would be preserved in therapeutic interventions using this immunotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Bhaskar AB, Gupta N, Rao PL. Transcriptomic profile of host response in mouse brain after exposure to plant toxin abrin. Toxicology 2012; 299:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a recombinant ribosome-inactivating protein (alpha-momorcharin) from Momordica charantia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:939-50. [PMID: 22262229 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MC), a member of the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) family, has been used not only as antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents, but also as toxicant to protozoa, insects, and fungi. In this study, we expressed the protein in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS strain and purified it by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. A total of 85 mg of homogeneous protein was obtained from 1 l culture supernatant of Rosetta (DE3) pLysS, showing a high recovery rate of 73.9%. Protein activity assay indicated that α-MC had both N-glycosidase activity and DNA-nuclease activity, the former releasing RIP diagnostic RNA fragment (Endo's fragment) from rice rRNAs and the latter converting supercoiled circular DNA of plasmid pET-32a(+) into linear conformations in a concentration-dependent manner. Specially, we found that α-MC could inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum with IC(50) values of 6.23 and 4.15 μM, respectively. Results of optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that α-MC caused extensive septum formation, loss of integrity of the cell wall, separation of the cytoplasm from the cell wall, deformation of cells with irregular budding sites, and apoptosis in F. solani. Moreover, α-MC was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an IC(50) value of 0.59 μM. The α-MC protein carries a high potential for the design of new antifungal drugs or the development of transgenic crops resistant to pathogens.
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17
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Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Pásaro E, Cemeli E, Anderson D, Méndez J. Induction of oxidative DNA damage by the marine toxin okadaic acid depends on human cell type. Toxicon 2011; 57:882-8. [PMID: 21396392 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The marine toxin okadaic acid (OA) is the main representative of diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins. Its ingestion induces nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal ache. It has also been found to trigger cellular and molecular effects at low concentrations. Its mechanism of action has not been described yet. Results of a previous study showed that OA can induce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, both directly and indirectly, and modulations in DNA repair processes in three different types of human cells (leukocytes, SHSY5Y neuroblastoma and HepG2 cells). These effects varied depending on the type of cell and the concentration employed (Valdiglesias et al., 2010). On that basis, the ability of OA to induce oxidative DNA damage on the same cell types was investigated in the present study. To this end, the antioxidant enzymes catalase and N-acetylcysteine, and the human DNA- glycosylase hOGG1 were used in combination with the alkaline Comet assay. The cells were treated with a range of OA concentrations (5-1000 nM) in the presence and absence of S9 fraction. The results of this study showed that OA induces oxidative DNA damage directly in leukocytes, directly and indirectly in SHSY5Y cells, while it does not induce oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Combining the outcomes of both studies, the data showed that OA induces both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, including DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage, in the cells evaluated. However, the extent of these effects are cell type dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Toxicology Unit, Psychobiology Department, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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18
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Zhang W, Liu Y, An Z, Huang D, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Mediating effect of ROS on mtDNA damage and low ATP content induced by arsenic trioxide in mouse oocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:979-84. [PMID: 21419842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria provide most of the adenosine triphosphates (ATP) necessary for the maturation of oocytes. Various environmental toxicants would lead damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and hence interfere with oocytes development. In the current study, the effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the common 3867 bp deletion and the copy number of mtDNA in mitochondria of mouse oocytes in vivo or in vitro, as well as the molecular pathway leading to the damage were investigated. PCR strategy was used to detect the damage of mtDNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP content in oocytes were checked to determine the influence of As2O3 on oxidative stress and activity of mitochondria. The results showed that As2O3 could obviously decrease the copy number of mtDNA and cause severe 3867 bp deletion in mitochondria together with elevated ROS level, while ATP content was decreased. Co-treatment with N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) efficiently eliminated ROS induced by As2O3, lessened the mtDNA damage and enhanced ATP content in mouse oocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, the present study revealed that As2O3 could cause severe mtDNA damage and decrease ATP content by inducing excessive ROS, and this damage would then probably restrain the further development of mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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19
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Zhang C, Liu F, Liu X, Chen D. Protective effect of N‐acetylcysteine against BDE‐209‐induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured neonatal rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:521-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical CollegeThe Medical Center for Critical Pregnant Women in GuangzhouDuobao Road, No. 63Guangzhou510150China
| | - Fuchun Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical CollegeThe Medical Center for Critical Pregnant Women in GuangzhouDuobao Road, No. 63Guangzhou510150China
| | - Xianbao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical CollegeThe Medical Center for Critical Pregnant Women in GuangzhouDuobao Road, No. 63Guangzhou510150China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical CollegeThe Medical Center for Critical Pregnant Women in GuangzhouDuobao Road, No. 63Guangzhou510150China
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Chaudhari M, Jayaraj R, Bhaskar ASB, Lakshmana Rao PV. Oxidative stress induction by T-2 toxin causes DNA damage and triggers apoptosis via caspase pathway in human cervical cancer cells. Toxicology 2009; 262:153-61. [PMID: 19524637 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene and both humans and animals suffer from several pathological conditions after consumption of foodstuffs contaminated with trichothecenes. We investigated the molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin induced cytotoxicity and cell death in HeLa cells. T-2 toxin at LC50 of 10 ng/ml caused time dependent increase in cytotoxicity as assessed by dye uptake, lactatedehydrogenase leakage and MTT assay. The toxin caused generation of reactive oxygen species as early as 30 min followed by significant depletion of glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation. The results indicate oxidative stress as underlying mechanism of cytotoxicity. Single stranded DNA damage after T-2 treatment was observed as early as 2 and 4h by DNA diffusion assay. The cells exhibited apoptotic morphology like condensed chromatin and nuclear fragmentation after 4h of treatment. Downstream of T-2 induced oxidative stress and DNA damage a time dependent increase in expression level of p53 protein was observed. The increase in Bax/Bcl2 ratio indicated shift in response, in favour of apoptotic process in T-2 toxin treated cells. Western blot analysis showed increase in levels of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome-c followed by activation of caspases-9, -3 and -7 leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. In addition to caspase-dependent pathway, our results showed involvement of caspase-independent AIF pathway in T-2 induced apoptosis. Broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk could partially protect the cells from DNA damage but could not inhibit AIF induced oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation beyond 4 h. Results of the study clearly show that oxidative stress is the underlying mechanism by which T-2 toxin causes DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Chaudhari
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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