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Järvinen J, Pulkkinen H, Rautio J, Timonen JM. Amino Acid-Based Boron Carriers in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2663. [PMID: 38140004 PMCID: PMC10748186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the design of boronated amino acids has emerged, partly due to the utilization of boronophenylalanine (BPA), one of the two agents employed in clinical Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). The boronated amino acids synthesized thus far for BNCT investigations can be classified into two categories based on the source of boron: boronic acids or carboranes. Amino acid-based boron carriers, employed in the context of BNCT treatment, demonstrate significant potential in the treatment of challenging tumors, such as those located in the brain. This review aims to shed light on the developmental journey and challenges encountered over the years in the field of amino acid-based boron delivery compound development. The primary focus centers on the utilization of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) as a target for boron carriers in BNCT. The development of efficient carriers remains a critical objective, addressing challenges related to tumor specificity, effective boron delivery, and rapid clearance from normal tissue and blood. LAT1 presents an intriguing and promising target for boron delivery, given its numerous characteristics that make it well suited for drug delivery into tumor tissues, particularly in the case of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Herkko Pulkkinen
- Department of Technical Physics, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juri M. Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Kuthala N, Shanmugam M, Yao CL, Chiang CS, Hwang KC. One step synthesis of 10B-enriched 10BPO4 nanoparticles for effective boron neutron capture therapeutic treatment of recurrent head-and-neck tumor. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Importance of radiobiological studies for the advancement of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e14. [PMID: 35357286 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a tumour selective particle radiotherapy, based on the administration of boron carriers incorporated preferentially by tumour cells, followed by irradiation with a thermal or epithermal neutron beam. BNCT clinical results to date show therapeutic efficacy, associated with an improvement in patient quality of life and prolonged survival. Translational research in adequate experimental models is necessary to optimise BNCT for different pathologies. This review recapitulates some examples of BNCT radiobiological studies for different pathologies and clinical scenarios, strategies to optimise boron targeting, enhance BNCT therapeutic effect and minimise radiotoxicity. It also describes the radiobiological mechanisms induced by BNCT, and the importance of the detection of biomarkers to monitor and predict the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of BNCT alone or combined with other strategies. Besides, there is a brief comment on the introduction of accelerator-based neutron sources in BNCT. These sources would expand the clinical BNCT services to more patients, and would help to make BNCT a standard treatment modality for various types of cancer. Radiobiological BNCT studies have been of utmost importance to make progress in BNCT, being essential to design novel, safe and effective clinical BNCT protocols.
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Dymova M, Dmitrieva M, Kuligina E, Richter V, Savinov S, Shchudlo I, Sycheva T, Taskaeva I, Taskaev S. Method of Measuring High-LET Particles Dose. Radiat Res 2021; 196:192-196. [PMID: 34019668 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In boron neutron capture therapy, the total absorbed dose is the sum of four dose components with different relative biological effectiveness (RBE): boron dose, "nitrogen" dose, fast neutron dose and γ-ray dose. We present a new approach for measuring the first three doses. In this work, we provide the details of this method of dose measurement and results when this proposed method is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dymova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria Dmitrieva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kuligina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Richter
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Savinov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Shchudlo
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Sycheva
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Iuliia Taskaeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Taskaev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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5
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Monti Hughes A, Longhino J, Boggio E, Medina VA, Martinel Lamas DJ, Garabalino MA, Heber EM, Pozzi ECC, Itoiz ME, Aromando RF, Nigg DW, Trivillin VA, Schwint AE. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) translational studies in the hamster cheek pouch model of oral cancer at the new "B2" configuration of the RA-6 nuclear reactor. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:377-387. [PMID: 28871389 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on selective accumulation of B-10 carriers in tumor followed by neutron irradiation. We demonstrated, in 2001, the therapeutic effect of BNCT mediated by BPA (boronophenylalanine) in the hamster cheek pouch model of oral cancer, at the RA-6 nuclear reactor. Between 2007 and 2011, the RA-6 was upgraded, leading to an improvement in the performance of the BNCT beam (B2 configuration). Our aim was to evaluate BPA-BNCT radiotoxicity and tumor control in the hamster cheek pouch model of oral cancer at the new "B2" configuration. We also evaluated, for the first time in the oral cancer model, the radioprotective effect of histamine against mucositis in precancerous tissue as the dose-limiting tissue. Cancerized pouches were exposed to: BPA-BNCT; BPA-BNCT + histamine; BO: Beam only; BO + histamine; CONTROL: cancerized, no-treatment. BNCT induced severe mucositis, with an incidence that was slightly higher than in "B1" experiments (86 vs 67%, respectively). BO induced low/moderate mucositis. Histamine slightly reduced the incidence of severe mucositis induced by BPA-BNCT (75 vs 86%) and prevented mucositis altogether in BO animals. Tumor overall response was significantly higher in BNCT (94-96%) than in control (16%) and BO groups (9-38%), and did not differ significantly from the "B1" results (91%). Histamine did not compromise BNCT therapeutic efficacy. BNCT radiotoxicity and therapeutic effect at the B1 and B2 configurations of RA-6 were consistent. Histamine slightly reduced mucositis in precancerous tissue even in this overly aggressive oral cancer model, without compromising tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monti Hughes
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Longhino
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Bariloche Atomic Center, CNEA, San Carlos de Bariloche, Province Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Esteban Boggio
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Bariloche Atomic Center, CNEA, San Carlos de Bariloche, Province Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Vanina A Medina
- National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Tumoral Biology and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA), Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Martinel Lamas
- National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Tumoral Biology and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA), Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Garabalino
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa M Heber
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliano C C Pozzi
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Itoiz
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina F Aromando
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, UBA, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Verónica A Trivillin
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amanda E Schwint
- Department of Radiobiology, Constituyentes Atomic Center, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Avenida General Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Okamoto E, Yamamoto T, Nakai K, Fumiyo Yoshida, Matsumura A. Detection of DNA double-strand breaks in boron neutron capture reaction. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 106:185-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sato A, Itoh T, Imamichi S, Kikuhara S, Fujimori H, Hirai T, Saito S, Sakurai Y, Tanaka H, Nakamura H, Suzuki M, Murakami Y, Baiseitov D, Berikkhanova K, Zhumadilov Z, Imahori Y, Itami J, Ono K, Masunaga S, Masutani M. Proteomic analysis of cellular response induced by boron neutron capture reaction in human squamous cell carcinoma SAS cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 106:213-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shi C, He Y, Feng X, Fu D. ε-Polylysine and next-generation dendrigraft poly-L-lysine: chemistry, activity, and applications in biopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 26:1343-56. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Fujimoto T, Andoh T, Sudo T, Fujita I, Fukase N, Takeuchi T, Sonobe H, Inoue M, Hirose T, Sakuma T, Moritake H, Sugimoto T, Kawamoto T, Fukumori Y, Yamamoto S, Atagi S, Sakurai Y, Kurosaka M, Ono K, Ichikawa H, Suzuki M. Potential of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 106:220-5. [PMID: 26278348 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are relatively rare neoplasms with poor prognosis. At present there is no effective treatment for MPNST other than surgical resection. Nonetheless, the anti-tumor effect of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was recently demonstrated in two patients with MPNST. Subsequently, tumor-bearing nude mice subcutaneously transplanted with a human MPNST cell line were injected with p-borono-L-phenylalanine (L-BPA) and subjected to BNCT. Pathological studies then revealed that the MPNST cells were selectively destroyed by BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimoto
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, Kitaouji 13-70, Akashi, Hyogo, 673-0021, Japan.
| | - Tooru Andoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cooperative Research Center of Life Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sudo
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi 673-0021, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujita
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, Kitaouji 13-70, Akashi, Hyogo, 673-0021, Japan
| | - Naomasa Fukase
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, Kitaouji 13-70, Akashi, Hyogo, 673-0021, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Takeuchi
- Department of Immunopathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sonobe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chugoku Central Hospital, Fukuyama 720-0001, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Inoue
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tkanori Hirose
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi 673-0021, Japan
| | - Toshiko Sakuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi 673-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Moritake
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tohru Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Shiga Hospital, Ritto 520-3046, Japan
| | - Teruya Kawamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Fukumori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cooperative Research Center of Life Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Atagi
- Department of Internal medicine, Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai 591-8025, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Division of Radiation Life Science, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Sennan-gun 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Sennan-gun 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hideki Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cooperative Research Center of Life Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Sennan-gun 590-0494, Japan
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Monti Hughes A, Pozzi ECC, Thorp SI, Curotto P, Medina VA, Martinel Lamas DJ, Rivera ES, Garabalino MA, Farías RO, Gonzalez SJ, Heber EM, Itoiz ME, Aromando RF, Nigg DW, Trivillin VA, Schwint AE. Histamine reduces boron neutron capture therapy-induced mucositis in an oral precancer model. Oral Dis 2015; 21:770-7. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Monti Hughes
- Department of Radiobiology; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - ECC Pozzi
- Department of Research and Production Reactors; National Atomic Energy Commission; Ezeiza Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - SI Thorp
- Department of Instrumentation and Control; National Atomic Energy Commission; Ezeiza Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - P Curotto
- Department of Research and Production Reactors; National Atomic Energy Commission; Ezeiza Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - VA Medina
- Radioisotopes Laboratory; School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; School of Medical Sciences; Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA); Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA); Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - DJ Martinel Lamas
- Radioisotopes Laboratory; School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; School of Medical Sciences; Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA); Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - ES Rivera
- Radioisotopes Laboratory; School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - MA Garabalino
- Department of Radiobiology; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - RO Farías
- Department of Technology and Applications of Accelerators; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - SJ Gonzalez
- National Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Department of Technology and Applications of Accelerators; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - EM Heber
- Department of Radiobiology; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - ME Itoiz
- Department of Radiobiology; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
- Department of Oral Pathology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - RF Aromando
- Department of Oral Pathology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - DW Nigg
- Idaho National Laboratory; Idaho Falls ID USA
| | - VA Trivillin
- Department of Radiobiology; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - AE Schwint
- Department of Radiobiology; National Atomic Energy Commission; San Martin Province Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Faião-Flores F, Coelho PRP, Toledo Arruda-Neto JD, Maria-Engler SS, Tiago M, Capelozzi VL, Giorgi RR, Maria DA. Apoptosis through Bcl-2/Bax and cleaved caspase up-regulation in melanoma treated by boron neutron capture therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59639. [PMID: 23527236 PMCID: PMC3603877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary treatment involving selective accumulation of boron carriers in a tumor followed by irradiation with a thermal or epithermal neutron beam. The neutron capture reaction with a boron-10 nucleus yields high linear energy transfer (LET) particles, alpha and (7)Li, with a range of 5 to 9 µm. These particles can only travel very short distances and release their damaging energy directly into the cells containing the boron compound. We aimed to evaluate proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) modifications of B16F10 melanoma and normal human melanocytes after BNCT. The amounts of soluble collagen and Hsp47, indicating collagen synthesis in the ECM, as well as the cellular markers of apoptosis, were investigated. BNCT decreased proliferation, altered the ECM by decreasing collagen synthesis and induced apoptosis by regulating Bcl-2/Bax in melanoma. Additionally, BNCT also increased the levels of TNF receptor and the cleaved caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9 in melanoma. These results suggest that multiple pathways related to cell death and cell cycle arrest are involved in the treatment of melanoma by BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Dias Toledo Arruda-Neto
- Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- CEPESq/UniÍtalo – Italy-Brazilian University Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Rodrigues Giorgi
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM-25) School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Santo Amaro University UNISA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Durvanei Augusto Maria
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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