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Huang S, Qi Z, Liu H, Long C, Fang L, Tan L, Yu Y. A large-scale survey of urinary parabens and triclocarban in the Chinese population as well as the influencing factors and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171799. [PMID: 38513850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Parabens and triclocarban are widely applied as antimicrobial preservatives in foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products. However, few studies have been conducted on large-scale biomonitoring of parabens and triclocarban in the Chinese general population. In the present study, there were 1157 urine samples collected from 26 Chinese provincial capitals for parabens and triclocarban measurement to evaluate the exposure levels, spatial distribution, and influencing factors, as well as associated health risks in the Chinese population. The median concentrations of Σparabens and triclocarban were 14.0 and 0.03 μg/L, respectively. Methyl paraben was the predominant compound. Subjects in western China were more exposed to parabens, possibly due to climate differences resulting in higher consumption of personal care products. Subjects who were female, aged 18-44 years, or had a higher education level were found to have higher paraben concentrations. The frequency of drinking bottled water was positively associated with paraben exposure. The assessment of health risk based on urinary paraben concentrations indicated that 0.8 % of the subjects had a hazard index exceeding one unit, while Monte Carlo analysis suggested that 3.6 % of the Chinese population exposure to parabens had a potential non-carcinogenic risk. This large-scale biomonitoring study will help to understand the exposure levels of parabens and triclocarban in the Chinese general population and provide supporting information for government decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaoyang Long
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510430, PR China
| | - Lei Fang
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510430, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Nakamura H, Matsui T, Shinozawa T. Triclocarban induces lipid droplet accumulation and oxidative stress responses by inhibiting mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in HepaRG cells. Toxicol Lett 2024; 396:11-18. [PMID: 38631510 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO) plays an important role in hepatic energy metabolism. Severe mtFAO injury leads to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver failure. Several drugs have been withdrawn owing to safety issues, such as induction of fatty liver disease through mtFAO disruption. For instance, the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC), an environmental contaminant that was removed from the market due to its unknown safety in humans, induces NAFLD in rats and promotes hepatic FAO in mice. Therefore, there are no consistent conclusions regarding the effects of TCC on FAO and lipid droplet accumulation. We hypothesized that TCC induces lipid droplet accumulation by inhibiting mtFAO in human hepatocytes. Here, we evaluated mitochondrial respiration in HepaRG cells to investigate the effects of TCC on fatty acid-driven oxidation in cells, electron transport chain parameters, lipid droplet accumulation, and antioxidant genes. The results suggest that TCC increases oxidative stress gene expression (GCLM, p62, HO-1, and NRF2) through lipid droplet accumulation via mtFAO inhibition in HepaRG cells. The results of the present study provide further insights into the effect of TCC on human NAFLD through mtFAO inhibition, and further in vivo studies could be used to validate the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakamura
- Global Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Toshikatsu Matsui
- Global Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
| | - Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Global Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.
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Sang M, Liu S, Yan H, Zhang B, Chen S, Wu B, Ma T, Jiang H, Zhao P, Sun G, Gao X, Zang H, Cheng Y, Li C. Synergistic detoxification efficiency and mechanism of triclocarban degradation by a bacterial consortium in the liver-gut-microbiota axis of zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134178. [PMID: 38608581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), an emerging organic contaminant, poses a potential threat to human health with long-term exposure. Here, Rhodococcus rhodochrous BX2 and Pseudomonas sp. LY-1 were utilized to degrade TCC at environmental related concentrations for enhancing TCC biodegradation and investigating whether the toxicity of intermediate metabolites is lower than that of the parent compound. The results demonstrated that the bacterial consortium could degrade TCC by 82.0% within 7 days. The calculated 96 h LC50 for TCC, as well as its main degradation product 3,4-Dichloroaniline (DCA) were 0.134 mg/L and 1.318 mg/L respectively. Biodegradation also alleviated histopathological lesions induced by TCC in zebrafish liver and gut tissues. Liver transcriptome analysis revealed that biodegradation weakened differential expression of genes involved in disrupted immune regulation and lipid metabolism caused by TCC, verified through RT-qPCR analysis and measurement of related enzyme activities and protein contents. 16 S rRNA sequencing indicated that exposure to TCC led to gut microbial dysbiosis, which was efficiently improved through TCC biodegradation, resulting in decreased relative abundances of major pathogens. Overall, this study evaluated potential environmental risks associated with biodegradation of TCC and explored possible biodetoxification mechanisms, providing a theoretical foundation for efficient and harmless bioremediation of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Sang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Resources Rights and Interests Investigation and Monitoring Institute, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tian Ma
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hanyi Jiang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peichao Zhao
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guanjun Sun
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyan Gao
- Heilongjiang Boneng Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hailian Zang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China.
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Peng T, Xu C, Yang B, Gu FL, Ying GG. Kinetics and mechanism of triclocarban degradation by the chlorination process: Theoretical calculation and experimental verification. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139551. [PMID: 37467851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used in many household and personal care products, and has been found persistent in the aquatic environment. Here we elucidate the kinetics and mechanism of TCC degradation during chlorination process by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental verification. Results showed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl)/hypochlorite (OCl-) reacted with TCC via Cl-substitution, OH-substitution and C-N bond cleavage pathways. The reactivity of OCl- (2.80 × 10-7 M-1 s-1) with TCC was extremely low and HOCl (1.96 M-1 s-1) played the dominant role in TCC chlorination process. The N site of TCC was the most reactive site for chlorination. The second-order rate constants, which are determined using density functional theory (DFT) (kTCC-chlorineC, 1.96 M-1 s-1), can be separated into reaction rate constants related to the reactions of HOCl and OCl- with different isomers of TCC (TCC2 and TCC6). The obtained kTCC-chlorineC was consistent with the experimental determined second-order rate constant (kTCC-chlorineE, 3.70 M-1 s-1) in chlorination process. Eight transformation products (TP348, TP382, TP127, TP161, TP195, TP330, TP204, and TP296) were experimentally detected for chlorination of TCC, which could also be predicted by DFT calculation. Explicit water molecules participated in the chlorination reaction by transmitting the proton and connecting with TCC, HOCl/OCl- and other H2O molecules, and obviously reduced the energy barrier of chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Xu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Feng-Long Gu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhang H, Li J, An Y, Wang D, Zhao J, Zhan M, Xu W, Lu L, Gao Y. Concentrations of bisphenols, benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in the paired urine and blood samples from young adults: Partitioning between urine and blood. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132563. [PMID: 34653480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs), benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-type UV filters), triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and commonly used in consumer and personal care products. In the present study, seven BPs, eight BP-type UV filters, TCS, and TCC were quantified in 196 paired urine and blood samples collected from young adults in South China. Benzophenone-7 and benzophenone-9 were not detected in all samples, while other target compounds were widely detected in 39%-96% of the urine and 14%-96% of the blood samples, and the median concentrations ranged from <0.02 (specific gravity adjusted: < 0.02) to 2.33 (2.05) ng/mL and <0.01-2.66 ng/mL in the urine and blood samples, respectively. Females had higher levels of most target analytes, and gender-related differences (p < 0.05) were found in the blood levels of benzophenone-2 (females vs. males: 0.84 vs. <0.01 ng/mL), ΣBP (sum of BP-type UV filters; 1.61 vs. 0.98 ng/mL), TCS (3.89 vs. 1.69 ng/mL), and ΣTC (sum of TCS and TCC; 5.77 vs. 3.02 ng/mL). We calculated the portioning of the target compounds between blood and urine (B/U ratios). The B/U ratios of bisphenol F, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-6, 4-hydroxy benzophenone, TCS, and TCC were higher than 1, showing that these analytes have higher enrichment capacities in human blood. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously analyze the concentrations of BPs, BP-type UV filters, TCS, and TCC in the paired urine and blood samples of young adults in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jingxia Li
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yulin An
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Desheng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, PR China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Han M, Wang Y, Tang C, Fang H, Yang D, Wu J, Wang H, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Association of triclosan and triclocarban in urine with obesity risk in Chinese school children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106846. [PMID: 34455189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory studies have suggested that triclosan and triclocarban can influence energy metabolism by multiple mechanisms and are potential obesogens, but the effect on obesity risk has not been well investigated in human. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of triclosan and triclocarban in urine with childhood obesity. METHODS We investigated 458 school children aged 7-11 years who entered a dynamic cohort of children established in Shanghai in 2019 and 2020. Triclosan and triclocarban were determined in first morning urine by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were used to identify general overweight/obesity and central obesity, respectively. Logistic regression and linear models of generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to investigate the association between urinary triclosan and triclocarban with obesity prevalence. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, children with detectable triclocarban in urine had a higher proportion of general overweight/obesity (odds ratio (OR): 1.84; 95% confidential interval (95% CI): 1.19, 2.85) or central obesity (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.84). Compared to the low tertile, children in the median tertile of triclosan showed a higher proportion of central obesity (OR: 1.78; 95 %CI: 0.98, 3.24) and children in the high tertile of triclocarban had a higher proportion of general overweight/obesity (OR: 2.25; 95 %CI: 1.31, 3.88) and central obesity (OR: 2.08; 95 %CI: 1.12, 3.87). When the tertiles of triclocarban in urine were treated as a continuous variable, a positive exposure-response relationship was found with general overweight/obesity (OR: 1.50; 95 %CI: 1.15, 1.96) and central obesity (OR: 1.44; 95 %CI: 1.06, 1.95). Multiple linear regression showed a positive exposure-response relationship between triclocarban and BMI (β: 0.45; 95 %CI: 0.11, 0.80) values. CONCLUSION Exposure to triclosan and triclocarban was associated with increased risk of childhood obesity. Given the cross-sectional design, more studies are needed to interrogate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Han
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Hongji Fang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingui Wu
- Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhang H, Li J, Chen Y, Wang D, Xu W, Gao Y. Profiles of parabens, benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in paired urine and indoor dust samples from Chinese university students: Implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149275. [PMID: 34333440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, benzophenone (BP)-type UV filters, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are commonly used in personal care products. Human exposure to these compounds has received increasing concern because of their adverse health effects. However, the levels of these chemicals in paired urine and indoor samples have never been simultaneously measured. In this work, eight parabens, eight BP-type UV filters, TCS, and TCC were measured in paired urine and indoor dust samples collected from university students and their dormitories in South China. The target analytes were commonly measured in urine (71%-100%) and indoor dust (30%-98%), with median concentrations ranging from 0.16 ng/mL to 19.3 ng/mL in urine and from <0.01 ng/g to 3700 ng/g in indoor dust samples. Females had high levels of most of these target compounds, and gender-related differences were found in the levels of most target analytes. Positive correlations were found in the levels of methylparaben, ethyl paraben, benzophenone-3, and TCS between urine and indoor dust samples. This finding suggested that indoor dust is an important source for human exposure to these compounds. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of these analytes in paired samples was also evaluated. The median EDI-urine values of target analytes varied in the range of 4.02-59,280 ng/kg bw/day. Females had higher median EDI-urine values for most of target analytes than males. In addition, the median EDI-indoor dust values of most target analytes in dust from female dormitories were higher than those in dust from male dormitories. Indoor dust ingestion only had minor contribution (<0.5%) to the total exposure. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to simultaneously analyze the concentrations of parabens, BP-type UV filters, TCS, and TCC in the paired urine and indoor samples from university students in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, PR China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jingxia Li
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, PR China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Desheng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, PR China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, PR China.
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Wang Y, Li G, Zhu Q, Liao C. Occurrence of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in paired human urine and indoor dust from two typical cities in China and its implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147485. [PMID: 33975120 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals, which are commonly used in personal care products and household applications in daily life. Due to their adverse health effects, human exposure to these chemicals has been a public concern. Despite evidence showing different exposure pathways of these chemicals, few studies have examined contribution of certain exposure to total human exposure. In this study, we measured six parabens, TCS and TCC in 129 indoor dust samples and these chemicals plus four paraben metabolites in 203 urine samples from two different cities in China (Suizhou, a typical small city in central China and Beijing, the capital of China). The median concentrations of ∑6Parabens (1050 ng/g) and ∑TCS + TCC (565 ng/g) in dusts from Beijing were 1.9-3.3 times higher than those from Suizhou (∑6Parabens: 314, ∑TCS + TCC: 294 ng/g). The ∑6Parabens in urines from Suizhou and Beijing were in the range of 0.208-645 and 0.455-2300 μg/g Creatinine (Cr), respectively. The ∑TCS + TCC concentrations in urine were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those found for ∑6Parabens. Comparatively, women had relatively higher body burden of parabens than men, which was more noticeable when considering the use of skin care products. In this regard, relatively higher levels of parabens were also found in women in couples. Positive correlations were found between concentrations of methyl-paraben (MeP) and ethyl-paraben (PrP) in paired dust and urine samples (p < 0.05). Human exposure to such chemicals was evaluated. Based on the measured concentrations in paired human urine and indoor dust samples, our results provided direct evidence that the contribution of indoor dust ingestion to the total exposure was minor. These findings are essential for clarifying the sources and potential exposure routes of these chemicals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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He L, Chen Y, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wei J, Fan Z, Xu J, Peng M, Zhao K, Zhang H, Liu C. Evaluation of 3,4,4,9-trichlorocarbanilide to zebrafish developmental toxicity based on transcriptomics analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130349. [PMID: 33838424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), considered an endocrine-disrupting, persistent, and bioaccumulating organic matter, has attracted a great deal of attention for its pollution and health risks. However, studies on its toxicological mechanism, especially for embryo development are limited. This article explores the cardiac developmental toxicity induced in zebrafish embryos after exposure to different TCC concentrations. First, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used in detecting TCC in embryos in vivo after exposure to various TCC. Results showed that embryonic TCC content reached 9.23 ng after exposure to 300 μg/L TCC, the heart rates of the embryos markedly decreased, heart abnormalities significantly increased. In addition, obvious pericardial effusion was observed in the larvae. Through transcriptome sequencing, 200 differential gene expression (DGE) patterns were detected in the TCC (300 μg/L) experimental and control groups. The results of GO function analysis and KEGG pathway of DGE showed that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and cyp-related genes (cyp1a, cyp1b1 and cyp1c) were significantly up-regulated. these affected the normal development of zebrafish embryonic heart, tissue edema, and hemorrhage. TCC exhibited strong cardiac teratogenic effects and developmental toxicity, which is partly related to AhR activation. Transcriptome-based results are helpful in precisely determining the risk of TCC exposure. The potential mechanism between TCC and AhR should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting He
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Yuanyao Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Jiajing Wei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Sichuan, 610000, PR China
| | - Zunpan Fan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Jia Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Meilin Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
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10
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The Different Facets of Triclocarban: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092811. [PMID: 34068616 PMCID: PMC8126057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, it was discovered that the substitution on aromatic rings of hydrogen atoms with chlorine yielded a novel chemistry of antimicrobials. However, within a few years, many of these compounds and formulations showed adverse effects, including human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and unwanted environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, quickly leading to regulatory bans and phase-outs. Among these, the triclocarban, a polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobial agent, was employed as a major ingredient of toys, clothing, food packaging materials, food industry floors, medical supplies, and especially of personal care products, such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. Triclocarban has been widely used for over 50 years, but only recently some concerns were raised about its endocrine disruptive properties. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its use in over-the-counter hand and body washes because of its toxicity. The withdrawal of triclocarban has prompted the efforts to search for new antimicrobial compounds and several analogues of triclocarban have also been studied. In this review, an examination of different facets of triclocarban and its analogues will be analyzed.
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11
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Zhu H, Chinthakindi S, Kannan K. A method for the analysis of 121 multi-class environmental chemicals in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1646:462146. [PMID: 33895641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human exposure to environmental chemicals has gained momentum in recent years. Biomonitoring methods often include analysis of a single class of chemicals with similar chemical properties. In this study, we describe a method that involves solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and capable of measuring 121 environmental chemicals comprising plasticizers (PMs; n = 45), environmental phenols (EPs; n = 45), and pesticides (n = 31) through a single extraction of urine. Urine samples were incubated with 20 µL of β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (4000 units/mL urine) (from Helix pomatia) buffered at pH 5.5 for 2 h at 37 °C for optimal deconjugation conditions. We compared two extraction methods, namely liquid-liquid extraction and SPE, and the latter with ABS Elut NEXUS® cartridges was optimized to yield best extraction efficiencies. For increased resolution and chromatographic separation, two methods involving Ultra AQ C18® and Betasil™ C18® columns were used. The MS/MS analyses were performed under both negative and positive ionization modes. The optimized method yielded excellent intra- and inter-day variabilities (relative standard deviation: 0.40-11%) and satisfactory recoveries (80-120%) for >95% of the analytes. The limits of detection were ≤ 0.1 ng/mL for 101 analytes and between 0.1 and 1.0 ng/mL for 18 analytes. The optimized SPE LC-MS/MS method was validated through the analysis of standard reference materials and proficiency test urine samples and further applied in the analysis of 21 real urine samples to demonstrate simultaneous determination of 121 environmental chemicals in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, MSB 6-698, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, MSB 6-698, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, MSB 6-698, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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12
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Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
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13
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Uche UI, King CC. Age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences in the association of triclocarban with adulthood obesity using NHANES 2013-2016. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 77:68-75. [PMID: 33256559 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1853016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between triclocarban and obesity among US adults and compared the pattern of this association across age, gender, and racial/ethnic groups. Study found triclocarban to be associated with obesity (OR: OR:1.123 95% CI: 1.046, 1.205) and this association remained among women (OR:1.14 95% CI: 1.031, 1.261). Study participants aged 60 years and older were more likely to be overweight (OR:1.131 95% CI: 1.022 1.251) and obese (OR:1.192 95% CI: 1.079, 1.317) when compared to other age groups. Likewise, non-Hispanic whites (OR:1.126 95% CI: 1.003, 1.263) and "other race including multi-racial" (OR:1.431 95% CI: 1.219, 1.679) were more likely to be obese when compared to other racial/ethnic groups. In conclusion, triclocarban is associated with obesity among US adults and there is evidence of gender, age, and racial/ethnicity differences in the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma Igara Uche
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher C King
- Center for Environmental Education and Training, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Ding ZM, Ahmad MJ, Meng F, Chen F, Wang YS, Zhao XZ, Zhang SX, Miao YL, Xiong JJ, Huo LJ. Triclocarban exposure affects mouse oocyte in vitro maturation through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114271. [PMID: 32135433 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a broad-spectrum lipophilic antibacterial agent, is the main ingredient of personal and health care products. Nonetheless, its ubiquitous presence in the environment has been established to negatively affect the reproduction in humans and animals. In this work, we studied the possible toxic effects of TCC on mouse oocytes maturation in vitro. Our findings revealed that TCC-treated immature mouse oocytes had a significantly reduced rate of polar body extrusion (PBE) compared to that of control. Further study demonstrated that the cell cycle progression and cytoskeletal dynamics were disrupted after TCC exposure, which resulted in the continuous activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Moreover, TCC-treated oocytes had mitochondrial damage, reduced ATP content, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, TCC exposure induced oxidative stress and subsequently triggered early apoptosis in mouse oocytes. Besides, the levels of histone methylation were also affected, as indicated by increased H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 levels. In summary, our results revealed that TCC exposure disrupted mouse oocytes maturation through affecting cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal dynamics, oxidative stress, early apoptosis, mitochondria function, and histone modifications in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Jamil Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong-Shang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shou-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Biochip Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jia-Jun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Province's Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China.
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15
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Waidyanatha S, Black SR, Patel PR, Watson SL, Snyder RW, Sutherland V, Stanko J, Fennell TR. Disposition and metabolism of antibacterial agent, triclocarban, in rodents; a species and route comparison. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1469-1482. [PMID: 32501182 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1779391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban is a residue-producing antibacterial agent used in a variety of consumer products. These studies investigated the disposition and metabolism of [14C]triclocarban. In male rats following a single gavage administration of 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg, excretion was primarily via feces (feces, 85-86%; urine, 3-6%) with no apparent dose-related effect. In male rats, 29% of the administered dose was excreted in bile suggesting some of the fecal excretion is from the absorbed dose which was excreted to the intestine via bile. The tissue retention of radioactivity was low in male rats (24 h, 3.9%; 72 h, 0.1%). Disposition pattern following gavage administration of 50 mg/kg in female rats and male and female mice were similar to male rats. Plasma elimination half-life of triclocarban in rats following gavage administration was shorter (∼2 h) compared to that based on total radioactivity (≥9 h) which included all products of triclocarban. Absorption following a single dermal application of 1.5 or 3% was low (≤3%) in rodents. Hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites of triclocarban predominated in bile. In hepatocytes, clearance of triclocarban in mouse and human was similar and was faster than in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sherry R Black
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott L Watson
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Vicki Sutherland
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jason Stanko
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- RTI International, Discovery Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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16
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Zhang H, Lu Y, Liang Y, Jiang L, Cai Z. Triclocarban-induced responses of endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism in human hepatic cells: Toxicity assessment based on nontargeted metabolomics approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122475. [PMID: 32208312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC) due to its widespread use in consumer and personal care products. However, there is a paucity of research on potential hepatotoxic risks of TCC exposure. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics approach was applied to simultaneously investigate TCC-induced perturbation of endogenous metabolites and generation of xenobiotic metabolites in human hepatic cells. In normal hepatocytes, TCC exposure induced cellular redox imbalance as evidenced by the decrease of glutathione metabolism and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Defective oxidative phosphorylation and increased purine metabolism were two potential sources of elevated ROS. However, in cancerous hepatocytes, TCC exposure enhanced glutathione metabolism, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis, which contributed to the cellular homeostasis of redox and energy status, as well as the progression of liver cancer. As a xenobiotic, metabolic activation of TCC through phase I hydroxylation was observed. The hepatic cytotoxicity follows the order of 6-OH-TCC > 2'-OH-TCC > 3'-OH-TCC > DHC, with EC50 values of 2.42, 3.38, 7.38, and 24.8 μM, respectively, in 48 h-treated normal cells. This study improves current understanding of TCC-triggered hepatotoxicity, and provides novel perspectives for evaluating the interaction of environmental pollutants with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yanshan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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17
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Costa NO, Forcato S, Cavichioli AM, Pereira MRF, Gerardin DCC. In utero and lactational exposure to triclocarban: Age-associated changes in reproductive parameters of male rat offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115077. [PMID: 32479917 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial compound, widely used in personal care products, such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. This agent is incompletely removed by wastewater treatment and represents an environmental contaminant. Studies show that TCC has been associated with some endocrine disruptions. In vitro, TCC demonstrated potent androgen-augmenting activity and aromatase inhibition. In this sense, exposure during critical periods of development (gestation and lactation) could lead to some adverse health outcomes in offspring. Therefore, the present study evaluated if maternal exposure to three different doses of TCC could interfere in the reproductive parameters of male offspring. Pregnant female Wistar rats were separated into four groups: vehicle Control (CTR); TCC 0.3 mg/kg (TCC 0.3); TCC 1.5 mg/kg (TCC 1.5); TCC 3.0 mg/kg (TCC 3.0). Dams were treated daily by oral gavage from gestational day 0 to lactational day 21. The males were evaluated in different timepoint: infancy (PND 21), puberty (PND 50) and adult life (PND 90-120). The histomorphometric analysis of testis and testosterone level were assessed on PND 21, 50, 120; sexual behavior and sperm parameters at adulthood. In the TCC 3.0 group, a decrease in the testis interstitial volume and an increase in testosterone levels were observed on PND 21. Moreover, there was a decrease in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules on PND 50, and a decrease in sexual competency in adulthood. These results suggest that exposure to a human relevant dose of TCC may interfere with reproduction and could have implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Orlandini Costa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-980, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Simone Forcato
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-980, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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18
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Vimalkumar K, Seethappan S, Pugazhendhi A. Fate of Triclocarban (TCC) in aquatic and terrestrial systems and human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:201-209. [PMID: 31103866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is considered as contaminant of emerging concern (CEC), and ranked in the top 10 CEC occurrence. TCC is a high production volume synthetic chemical used extensively in various personal care products. This chemical will be released into the environment via incomplete wastewater treatment and untreated wastewater discharge. TCC and its transformation products (4,4'-dichlorocarbilide (DCC),1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-phenylurea (MCC) and carbanilide (NCC),2'OH-TCC, 3'OH-TCC) were detected in the environmental matrices. Sediment organic carbon will influence TCC concentrations in suspended and bed sediments. TCC is an antimicrobial agent and also emerging endocrine disruptor that can cause immune dysfunction and affect human reproductive outcomes. Furthermore, TCC alters the expression of proteins related to binding and metabolism, skeletal muscle development and function, nervous system development and immune response. TCC has potential health risks in wildlife and humans. Several animal studies illustrate that it can cause various adverse effects, which can be monitored by antioxidant biomarkers (CAT, GST and LPO). Accumulation of TCC in organisms depends on the lipophilicity and bioavailability of TCC in sediment and water. TCC was continuously detected in aquatic system. TCC is a lipophilic compound, which can efficiently bind with lipid content. Women are more vulnerable to TCC due to substantially higher frequency and extended exposure to TCC. This review provides basic information of occurrence of TCC and the exposure levels in aquatic organisms. Several literature have shown the higher usage and human exposure levels of TCC, which provides useful information for the chemical management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthi Vimalkumar
- Ecotoxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangeetha Seethappan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Kamai EM, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy. Environ Health 2019; 18:43. [PMID: 31068204 PMCID: PMC6505101 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-persistent chemicals, such as phthalates, environmental phenols, organophosphate pesticides, and others, are challenging to study because of their ubiquity in the environment, diverse exposure routes, and high temporal variability of biomarkers. Nonetheless, there is interest in understanding how gestational exposure to these chemicals may affect fetal growth, as perturbations to normal fetal growth are related to a plethora of adverse health outcomes in childhood and adulthood. METHODS The purpose of this review is to describe the state of the science on this topic. We searched PubMed for studies that included both 1) biomarkers of non-persistent chemicals collected during pregnancy and 2) fetal growth outcomes measured at birth (e.g., birth weight) or by ultrasound in utero (e.g., estimated fetal weight). RESULTS The bulk of the literature we found uses biomarkers measured at a single time point in pregnancy and birth weight as the primary measure of fetal growth. There is a small, but growing, body of research that uses ultrasound measures to assess fetal growth during pregnancy. In addition to summarizing the findings of the publications we identified, we describe inconsistencies in methodology, areas for improvement, and gaps in existing knowledge that can be targeted for improvement in future work. This literature is characterized by variability in methodology, likely contributing to the inconsistency of results reported. We further discuss maternal, placental, and fetal pathways by which these classes of chemicals may affect fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS To improve understanding of how everyday chemical exposures affect fetal growth, and ultimately lifelong health outcomes, mechanisms of toxicant action should be considered alongside improved study designs for future hypothesis-driven research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Kamai
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Thomas F. McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
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Chen J, Meng XZ, Bergman A, Halden RU. Nationwide reconnaissance of five parabens, triclosan, triclocarban and its transformation products in sewage sludge from China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:502-510. [PMID: 30466048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
China's rapid growth of both population size and sanitation infrastructure have created a heightened need for responsible management of sewage sludge. We applied liquid chromatography in conjunction with isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry to measure multiple endocrine disrupting antimicrobials and their transformation products in 100 sewage sludge samples collected across 21 Chinese provinces/districts. Occurrences (detection frequencies) and concentrations (ng/g dry weight) were as follows: triclosan (99%; <4-4870), triclocarban (95%; <3-43,300), 2'-hydroxy-triclocarban (94%; <1-2340), 3'-hydroxy-triclocarban (91%; <1-1250), 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorocarbanilide (100%; 22-580), dichlorocarbanilide (94%; <2-23,890), monocarbanilide (92%; <2-120), carbanilide (90%; <3-1,340), and five parabens: methyl- (98%; <2-630), ethyl- (96%; <2-170), propyl- (99%; <2-27), butyl- (89%; <2-11) and benzyl-paraben (7%; <2-12). The transformation products of triclocarban were measured for the first time in Chinese wastewater system, and ratios of transformation products to parental triclocarban indicate ongoing triclocarban dechlorination during wastewater treatment. Contaminant profiles and concentrations differed by region, treatment capacity, and wastewater type. Extrapolation of collected data yielded an estimate for the total mass of 13 analytes sequestered in Chinese sewage sludge of 68 t/y with an upper bound of 400 t/y. This China-wide survey established baseline levels of selected antimicrobials in sludges whose current disposal is performed with little regulatory oversight and enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ake Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, Södertälje 15136, Sweden
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
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Zhou T, Wei J, Su Y, Hu Z, Li Y, Yuan H, Zhao K, Liu C, Zhang H. Triclocarban at environmentally relevant concentrations induces the endoplasmic reticulum stress in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:223-232. [PMID: 30592132 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antibacterial agent commonly found in environmental, wildlife, and human samples. However, with in-depth study of TCC, its negative effects are increasingly presented. Toxicological studies of TCC at environmentally relevant concentrations have been conducted in zebrafish embryos and indicated that TCC leads to deformity of development causes developmental deformities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of TCC in zebrafish embryos have not been entirely elucidated. We investigated whether exposure to TCC at environmentally relevant concentrations induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos were grown to 32 hours post fertilization and exposed to 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/L TCC and used in whole-mount in situ hybridization to visualize the expression of ER chaperone hspa5 and ER stress-related apoptosis factor chop. Zebrafish livers were exposed to different concentrations of TCC to elaborate the relationships between fatty degeneration and ER stress. Then, a human hepatic cell line (HL-7702) was used to test whether TCC induced ER stress in human livers similar to those of zebrafish. In zebrafish embryos, TCC induced high hspa5 expression, which could defend against external stimulations. Furthermore, hapa5, hsp90b1, and chop exhibited ectopic expressions in the neuromast, intestinal tract, and tail tip of zebrafish embryos. On the one hand, significant differences were observed in the mRNA and protein expressions of the ER stress molecular chaperone pPERK-pEIF2a-ATF4 and ATF6 pathways in HL-7702 cells exposed to TCC. On the other hand, lipid droplet accumulation slightly increased in zebrafish livers exposed to 10 μg/L TCC in vitro. These results demonstrate that TCC not only damages the development of zebrafish embryos and structure of zebrafish liver but also influences human hepatic cells by activating ER stress and the UPR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajing Wei
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Yufang Su
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Hongfang Yuan
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
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Hipwell AE, Kahn LG, Factor-Litvak P, Porucznik CA, Siegel EL, Fichorova RN, Hamman RF, Klein-Fedyshin M, Harley KG. Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 25:51-71. [PMID: 30307509 PMCID: PMC6295794 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products is ubiquitous and associated with endocrine-disrupting effects. These effects have been linked to infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes in some studies and could affect couple fecundability, i.e. the capacity to conceive a pregnancy, quantified as time to pregnancy (TTP). OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Few epidemiologic studies have examined the impact of non-persistent chemicals specifically on TTP, and the results of these studies have not been synthesized. We undertook a systematic review to summarize the strength of evidence for associations of common non-persistent chemicals with couple fecundability and to identify gaps and limitations in the literature, with the aim of informing policy decisions and future research. SEARCH METHODS We performed an electronic search of English language literature published between 1 January 2007 and 25 August 2017 in MEDLINE, EMBASE.com, Global Health, DART/TOXLINE, POPLINE and DESTAF. We included human retrospective and prospective cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies that examined phthalates, bisphenol A, triclosan, triclocarban, benzophenones, parabens and glycol ethers in consumer products, and considered TTP or fecundability as an outcome among women, men and couples conceiving without medical assistance. We excluded editorials, opinion pieces, introductions to special sections, articles that described only lifestyle (e.g. caffeine, stress) or clinical factors (e.g. semen parameters, IVF success). Standardized forms for screening, data extraction and study quality were developed using DistillerSR software and completed in duplicate. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess risk of bias and devised additional quality metrics based on specific methodological features of fecundability studies. OUTCOMES The search returned 3456 articles. There were 15 papers from 12 studies which met inclusion criteria, of which eight included biomarkers of chemical exposure. Studies varied widely in terms of exposure characterization, precluding a meta-analytic approach. Among the studies that measured exposure using biospecimens, results were equivocal for associations between either male or female phthalate exposure and TTP. There was preliminary support for associations of female exposure to some parabens and glycol ethers and of male exposure to benzophenone with longer TTP, but further research and replication of these results are needed. The results provided little to no indication that bisphenol A, triclocarban or triclosan exposure was associated with TTP. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Despite a growing literature on couple exposure to non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals and fecundability, evidence for associations between biologically measured exposures and TTP is limited. Equivocal results with different non-persistent chemical compounds and metabolites complicate the interpretation of our findings with respect to TTP, but do not preclude action, given the documented endocrine disrupting effects on other reproductive outcomes as well as fetal development. We therefore advocate for common-sense lifestyle changes in which both females and males seeking to conceive minimize their exposure to non-persistent chemicals. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018084304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Linda G Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina A Porucznik
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eva L Siegel
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard F Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michele Klein-Fedyshin
- Health Sciences Library System, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, University of California Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Berkley CA, USA
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Ashrap P, Watkins DJ, Calafat AM, Ye X, Rosario Z, Brown P, Vélez-Vega CM, Alshawabkeh A, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Elevated concentrations of urinary triclocarban, phenol and paraben among pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico: Predictors and trends. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:990-1002. [PMID: 30316544 PMCID: PMC6361519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding important sources and pathways of exposure to common chemicals known or suspected to impact human health is critical to eliminate or reduce the exposure. This is particularly important in areas such as Puerto Rico, where residents have higher exposures to numerous chemicals, as well as higher rates of many adverse health outcomes, compared to the mainland US. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess distributions, time trends, and predictors of urinary triclocarban, phenol, and paraben biomarkers measured at multiple times during pregnancy among women living in Northern Puerto Rico. METHODS We recruited 1003 pregnant women between years 2010 and 2016 from prenatal clinics and collected urine samples and questionnaire data on personal care product use at up to three separate visits, between 16 and 28 weeks gestation. Urine samples were analyzed for triclocarban, seven phenols and four parabens: 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, benzophenone-3, bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F, triclosan, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben. RESULTS Detectable triclocarban, phenol and paraben concentrations among pregnant women were prevalent and tended to be higher than levels measured in women of reproductive age from the general US population, especially triclocarban, which had a median concentration 37 times higher in Puerto Rico participants (2.6 vs 0.07 ng/mL). A decreasing temporal trend was statistically significant for urine concentrations of BPA during the study period, while the BPA substitute BPS showed an increasing temporal trend. Significant and positive associations were found between biomarker concentrations with the products use in the past 48-h (soap, sunscreen, lotion, cosmetics). There was an increasing trend of triclocarban/triclosan urinary concentrations with increased concentrations of triclocarban/triclosan listed as the active ingredient in the bar soap/liquid soap products reported being used. CONCLUSION Our results suggest several potential exposure sources to triclocarban, phenols, and parabens in this population and may help inform targeted approaches to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pahriya Ashrap
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zaira Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Phil Brown
- College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carmen M Vélez-Vega
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, UPR Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José F Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Dwivedi P, Zhou X, Powell TG, Calafat AM, Ye X. Impact of enzymatic hydrolysis on the quantification of total urinary concentrations of chemical biomarkers. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:256-262. [PMID: 29448192 PMCID: PMC5941949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to consumer and personal care products chemicals such as phenols, including parabens and other antimicrobial agents, can be assessed through biomonitoring by quantifying urinary concentrations of the parent chemical or its metabolites, often after hydrolysis of phase II conjugates. Developing suitable analytical methods for the concurrent quantification of multiple exposure biomarkers is challenging because optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of such conjugates (e.g., O-glucuronides, N-glucuronides, sulfates) may differ depending on the biomarker. We evaluated the effectiveness of seven commercial hydrolytic enzymes to simultaneously hydrolyze N-glucuronides (using the antibacterial triclocarban as example compound) and other conjugates (using select phenols and parabens as examples) by using on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. Incubation (30 min, 55 °C) with a genetically engineered β-glucuronidase (IMCS, ≥15 units/μL urine) hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban, but did not fully hydrolyze the conjugates of phenols and parabens. By contrast, incubation (4 h, 37 °C) with solid β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia, Type H-1, ≥30 units/μL urine) or liquid β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (Helix pomatia, 30 units/μL urine [i.e., 30 μL/100 μL urine]) in the presence of 100 μL methanol for 100 μL urine completely hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban and the conjugates of several phenols and parabens, without cleaving the ester bond of the parabens to form p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results highlight the relevance of method validation procedures that include optimizing the hydrolysis of phase II urinary conjugates (e.g., enzyme type and amount used, reaction time, temperature) to quantify accurately and concurrently multiple exposure biomarkers for biomonitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Dwivedi
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Xiaoliu Zhou
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tolar G Powell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F-53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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25
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Lozano N, Rice CP, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Fate of triclocarban in agricultural soils after biosolid applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:222-232. [PMID: 29027081 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban [N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea] (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent utilized in a variety of consumer products. It is commonly released into domestic wastewaters and upon treatment, it is known to accumulate in biosolids. This study examines the occurrence of TCC in biosolids and its long-term fate in biosolid-treated soils. TCC levels in the biosolids from a large waste water treatment plant (WWTP) over 2 years showed little variability at 18,800 ± 700 ng g-1 dry wt. (mean ± SEM). Surface soil samples (top 10 cm) were collected from 26 commercial farms located in northern VA, US that had received biosolid applications from the WWTP. Samples were grouped as farms receiving no biosolids, farms with a single biosolid application, and those receiving multiple biosolid applications from 1992 to 2006. Our results illustrate that TCC soil residues remained years after biosolid application. The two most important parameters controlling TCC topsoil concentrations were the biosolid application rate and the period since the last application. No TCC removal was observed in farms where the time since biosolid application was between 7 and 9 months. TCC concentration analyzed 7 and 8 years after biosolid applications were 45.8 ± 6.1 and 72.4 ± 15.3 ng g-1 dry wt., respectively, showing its persistence in soils and build-up upon multiple biosolid applications. A soil TCC half-life of 287.5 ± 45.5 days was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lozano
- Department of Water and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Cantabria, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, SASL, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, SASL, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DCWater, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC, 20032, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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26
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhu H, Fei Z, Cao J. Binding mechanism of triclocarban with human serum albumin: Effect on the conformation and activity of the model transport protein. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28865460 PMCID: PMC5581466 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer. Singly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances - many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts - may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Gray
- Department of Psychology and Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0246 USA
| | - Sharima Rasanayagam
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Connie Engel
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
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Halden RU, Lindeman AE, Aiello AE, Andrews D, Arnold WA, Fair P, Fuoco RE, Geer LA, Johnson PI, Lohmann R, McNeill K, Sacks VP, Schettler T, Weber R, Zoeller RT, Blum A. The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:064501. [PMID: 28632490 PMCID: PMC5644973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban documents a consensus of more than 200 scientists and medical professionals on the hazards of and lack of demonstrated benefit from common uses of triclosan and triclocarban. These chemicals may be used in thousands of personal care and consumer products as well as in building materials. Based on extensive peer-reviewed research, this statement concludes that triclosan and triclocarban are environmentally persistent endocrine disruptors that bioaccumulate in and are toxic to aquatic and other organisms. Evidence of other hazards to humans and ecosystems from triclosan and triclocarban is presented along with recommendations intended to prevent future harm from triclosan, triclocarban, and antimicrobial substances with similar properties and effects. Because antimicrobials can have unintended adverse health and environmental impacts, they should only be used when they provide an evidence-based health benefit. Greater transparency is needed in product formulations, and before an antimicrobial is incorporated into a product, the long-term health and ecological impacts should be evaluated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patricia Fair
- Medical University of South Carolina , Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fuoco
- Health Research Communication Strategies , Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura A Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health , Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health , Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography , Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
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29
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Lopardo L, Cummins A, Rydevik A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. New Analytical Framework for Verification of Biomarkers of Exposure to Chemicals Combining Human Biomonitoring and Water Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7232-7239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Andrew Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Axel Rydevik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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30
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Ye X, Wong LY, Dwivedi P, Zhou X, Jia T, Calafat AM. Urinary Concentrations of the Antibacterial Agent Triclocarban in United States Residents: 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13548-13554. [PMID: 27993070 PMCID: PMC5594736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban is widely used as an antibacterial agent in personal care products, and the potential for human exposure exists. We present here the first nationally representative assessment of exposure to triclocarban among Americans ≥6 years of age who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We detected triclocarban at concentrations above 0.1 μg/L in 36.9% of 2686 urine samples examined. Triclocarban was detected more frequently in adolescents and adults than in children, and in non-Hispanic black compared to other ethnic groups. In univariate analysis, log-creatinine, sex, age, race, and body surface area (BSA) were significantly associated with the likelihood of having triclocarban concentrations above the 95th percentile. In multiple regression models, persons with BSA at or above the median (≥1.86 m2) were 2.43 times more likely than others, and non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white were 3.71 times and 2.23 times more likely than "all Hispanic," respectively, to have urinary concentrations above the 95th percentile. We found no correlations between urinary concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan, another commonly used antibacterial agent. Observed differences among demographic groups examined may reflect differences in physiological factors (i.e., BSA) as well as use of personal care products containing triclocarban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ye
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 770-488-7502; (X.Y.)
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Yin J, Wei L, Shi Y, Zhang J, Wu Q, Shao B. Chinese population exposure to triclosan and triclocarban as measured via human urine and nails. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:1125-1135. [PMID: 26497189 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) exposures are highly concerned due to their suspected endocrine-disrupting effects. The present study investigated TCS and TCC exposure levels in the general Chinese population by biomonitoring human urine and nail samples. TCS (69-80 %) and TCC (99-100 %) were frequently detected, which demonstrates that the general Chinese population has extensive exposure to these chemicals. The geometric mean (GM) urinary concentrations were 0.40 μg/g creatinine (creat), 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.30-0.56, for TCS and 0.40 μg/g creat, 95 % CI 0.29-0.56, for TCC. On the other hand, the GM levels of TCS and TCC were 13.57 (5.67 μg/kg) and 84.66 μg/kg (41.50 μg/kg) in fingernail (toenail) samples, respectively, indicating that the levels in fingernails were approximately twice as high as those in toenails. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the urine and fingernail (toenail) samples were 0.715 (0.614) for TCS and 0.829 (0.812) for TCC. These data suggest that nail samples can be applied to the biomonitoring for TCS and TCC in the general population. We observed that the levels of both chemicals were higher in females than in males for urine and fingernail samples, but no significant differences were found between different genders for either compound in toenails. Nineteen- to 29-year-olds had the highest TCS levels in their nail samples, whereas TCC levels did not differ with regard to age. Region of residence significantly influenced TCS and TCC concentrations in the three biological matrices measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, 100013, China.
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Temporal Development of Gut Microbiota in Triclocarban Exposed Pregnant and Neonatal Rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33430. [PMID: 27646684 PMCID: PMC5028839 DOI: 10.1038/srep33430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of gut microbial colonization process may influence susceptibility of the newborn/infant to infectious and chronic disease. Infectious disease risk leads to widespread use of non-prescription antimicrobials in household products such as Triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial compound in personal care products. TCC concentrates in and is transferred through the milk to suckling offspring. TCC exposure during gestation and lactation significantly reduced phylogenetic diversity (PD) among exposed dams and neonates. Among dams using weighted UniFrac distances, TCC induced significant dysbiosis of gut microbiota by gestational day (GD) 18, a trend that continued after delivery. Similarly, an overall restructuring of gut microbiota occurred in neonates. By postnatal day (PND) 12, communities separated based on exposure status and became significantly different at PND 16. The ability of TCC to drive microbial dysbiosis warrants future investigation to evaluate the safety of non-prescription antimicrobial use, including TCC, during critical exposure windows.
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Wu Y, Beland FA, Fang JL. Effect of triclosan, triclocarban, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether, and bisphenol A on the iodide uptake, thyroid peroxidase activity, and expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:310-9. [PMID: 26827900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan, triclocarban, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), and bisphenol A (BPA) have been reported to disturb thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis. We have examined the effects of these chemicals on sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide uptake and the expression of genes involved in TH synthesis in rat thyroid follicular FRTL-5 cells, and on the activity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) using rat thyroid microsomes. All four chemicals inhibited NIS-mediated iodide uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. A decrease in the iodide uptake was also observed in the absence of sodium iodide. Kinetic studies showed that all four chemicals were non-competitive inhibitors of NIS, with the order of Ki values being triclosan<triclocarban<BDE-47<BPA. The transcriptional expression of three genes involved in TH synthesis, Slc5a5, Tpo, and Tgo, and three thyroid transcription factor genes, Pax8, Foxe1, and Nkx2-1, was examined using quantitative real-time PCR. No significant changes in the expression of any genes were observed with triclosan or triclocarban. BDE-47 decreased the level of Tpo, while BPA altered the expression of all six genes. Triclosan and triclocarban inhibited the activity of TPO at 166 and >300 μM, respectively. Neither BDE-47 nor BPA affected TPO activity. In conclusion, triclosan, triclocarban, BDE-47, and BPA inhibited iodide uptake, but had differential effects on the expression of TH synthesis-related genes and the activity of TPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Arbuckle TE, Weiss L, Fisher M, Hauser R, Dumas P, Bérubé R, Neisa A, LeBlanc A, Lang C, Ayotte P, Walker M, Feeley M, Koniecki D, Tawagi G. Maternal and infant exposure to environmental phenols as measured in multiple biological matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:575-584. [PMID: 25483107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results of recent national surveys have shown the high prevalence of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) among the general population; however biomonitoring data for pregnant women and infants are limited. METHODS Women (n=80) were recruited from early prenatal clinics and asked to collect urine samples multiple times during pregnancy and once 2-3 months post-partum. Samples of infant urine and meconium as well as breast milk and infant formula were also collected. Biospecimens were analyzed by GC-MS/MS for BPA, TCS and triclocarban (TCC). RESULTS Triclosan was detected in over 80% of the maternal urines (geometric mean (GM): 21.61 μg/L), 60% of the infant urines (GM: 2.8 μg/L), 46% of the breast milk and 80% of the meconium samples. Triclocarban was rarely detected in any of the biospecimens. Median total BPA concentrations were 1.21 and 0.24 μg/L in maternal and infant urines, respectively. Free BPA was detected in only 11% of infant urine samples. The meconium of female infants had significantly higher concentrations of total BPA and TCS than those of males, while no differences were observed in infant urine concentrations by sex. CONCLUSIONS We found widespread exposure among pregnant women and infants to environmental phenols, with large inter-individual variability in exposure to triclosan. These data will contribute to the risk assessment of these chemicals, especially in susceptible sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada.
| | - Lorelle Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - René Bérubé
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Angelica Neisa
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Alain LeBlanc
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Carly Lang
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, QC, Canada; Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Mark Feeley
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Diane Koniecki
- Consumer Product Safety Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Tawagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Andrade NA, Lozano N, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Rice CP, Ramirez M. Long-term trends of PBDEs, triclosan, and triclocarban in biosolids from a wastewater treatment plant in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:68-74. [PMID: 25282513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the US, land application of biosolids has been utilized in government-regulated programs to recycle valuable nutrients and organic carbon that would otherwise be incinerated or buried in landfills. While many benefits have been reported, there are concerns that these practices represent a source of organic micropollutants to the environment. In this study, biosolids samples from a wastewater treatment plant in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US were collected approximately every 2 months over a 7-year period and analyzed for brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209), triclosan, and triclocarban. During the collection period of 2005-2011, concentrations of the brominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47+BDE-99 decreased by 42%, triclocarban decreased by 47%, but BDE-209 and triclosan remained fairly constant. Observed reductions in contaminant concentrations could not be explained by different seasons or by volumetric changes of wastewaters arriving at the treatment plant and instead may be the result of the recent phaseout of BDE-47 and BDE-99 as well as potential reductions in the use of triclocarban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Nuria Lozano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Environmental Management and Byproduct Utilization Laboratory, BARC, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Environmental Management and Byproduct Utilization Laboratory, BARC, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DC Water, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20032, USA
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Yegambaram M, Manivannan B, Beach TG, Halden RU. Role of environmental contaminants in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease: a review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 12:116-46. [PMID: 25654508 PMCID: PMC4428475 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666150204121719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's dis ease (AD) is a leading cause of mortality in the developed world with 70% risk attributable to genetics. The remaining 30% of AD risk is hypothesized to include environmental factors and human lifestyle patterns. Environmental factors possibly include inorganic and organic hazards, exposure to toxic metals (aluminium, copper), pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides), industrial chemicals (flame retardants) and air pollutants (particulate matter). Long term exposures to these environmental contaminants together with bioaccumulation over an individual's life-time are speculated to induce neuroinflammation and neuropathology paving the way for developing AD. Epidemiologic associations between environmental contaminant exposures and AD are still limited. However, many in vitro and animal studies have identified toxic effects of environmental contaminants at the cellular level, revealing alterations of pathways and metabolisms associated with AD that warrant further investigations. This review provides an overview of in vitro, animal and epidemiological studies on the etiology of AD, highlighting available data supportive of the long hypothesized link between toxic environmental exposures and development of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 875904 Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Hong S, Kwon HJ, Choi WJ, Lim WR, Kim J, Kim K. Association between exposure to antimicrobial household products and allergic symptoms. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:e2014017. [PMID: 25420879 PMCID: PMC4243727 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2014017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial chemicals are used in a variety of household and personal care products. Exposure to antimicrobial household products has been hypothesized to lead to allergic diseases in children. METHODS We investigated antimicrobial household product exposure and allergic symptoms in Korean children. An antimicrobial exposure (AE) score was derived. To examine the symptoms of allergic diseases (current wheeze, current rhinitis, and current eczema) in the past 12 months, we used a questionnaire based on the core module of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children. Complete data for the analysis were available for 25,805 of the 35,590 (72.5%) children. RESULTS The prevalence of current allergic diseases was as follows: wheeze, 5.6%; allergic rhinitis, 32.6%; and eczema, 17.7%. The mean (standard deviation) AE score was 14.3 (9.3) (range: 0-40). Compared with subjects with a low AE score (reference), subjects with a high AE score (fourth quartile) were more likely to have symptoms of wheezing and allergic rhinitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for wheezing 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.45, p for trend=0.24; aOR for allergic rhinitis 1.30, 95% CI, 1.20-1.40, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that frequent use of antimicrobial household products was associated with current wheeze and current allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Hong
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Won-Jun Choi
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Wan Ryung Lim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - KyooSang Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Moos RK, Angerer J, Wittsiepe J, Wilhelm M, Brüning T, Koch HM. Rapid determination of nine parabens and seven other environmental phenols in urine samples of German children and adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:845-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jiménez-Díaz I, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A. Analytical methods for the determination of personal care products in human samples: An overview. Talanta 2014; 129:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Pycke BFG, Roll IB, Brownawell BJ, Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Halden RU. Transformation products and human metabolites of triclocarban and triclosan in sewage sludge across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 24932693 DOI: 10.1021/es50l06362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Removal of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) from wastewater is a function of adsorption, abiotic degradation, and microbial mineralization or transformation, reactions that are not currently controlled or optimized in the pollution control infrastructure of standard wastewater treatment. Here, we report on the levels of eight transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in raw and treated sewage sludge. Two sample sets were studied: samples collected once from 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing nine states, and multiple samples collected from one WWTP monitored for 12 months. Time-course analysis of significant mass fluxes (α=0.01) indicate that transformation of TCC (dechlorination) and TCS (methylation) occurred during sewage conveyance and treatment. Strong linear correlations were found between TCC and the human metabolite 2'-hydroxy-TCC (r=0.84), and between the TCC-dechlorination products dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) and monochlorocarbanilide (r=0.99). Mass ratios of DCC-to-TCC and of methyl-triclosan (MeTCS)-to-TCS, serving as indicators of transformation activity, revealed that transformation was widespread under different treatment regimes across the WWTPs sampled, though the degree of transformation varied significantly among study sites (α=0.01). The analysis of sludge sampled before and after different unit operation steps (i.e., anaerobic digestion, sludge heat treatment, and sludge drying) yielded insights into the extent and location of TCC and TCS transformation. Results showed anaerobic digestion to be important for MeTCS transformation (37-74%), whereas its contribution to partial TCC dechlorination was limited (0.4-2.1%). This longitudinal and nationwide survey is the first to report the occurrence of transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny F G Pycke
- Center for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense Systems Initiative, Arizona State University , 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Pycke BG, Roll IB, Brownawell BJ, Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Halden RU. Transformation products and human metabolites of triclocarban and triclosan in sewage sludge across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7881-90. [PMID: 24932693 PMCID: PMC4215897 DOI: 10.1021/es5006362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) from wastewater is a function of adsorption, abiotic degradation, and microbial mineralization or transformation, reactions that are not currently controlled or optimized in the pollution control infrastructure of standard wastewater treatment. Here, we report on the levels of eight transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in raw and treated sewage sludge. Two sample sets were studied: samples collected once from 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing nine states, and multiple samples collected from one WWTP monitored for 12 months. Time-course analysis of significant mass fluxes (α=0.01) indicate that transformation of TCC (dechlorination) and TCS (methylation) occurred during sewage conveyance and treatment. Strong linear correlations were found between TCC and the human metabolite 2'-hydroxy-TCC (r=0.84), and between the TCC-dechlorination products dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) and monochlorocarbanilide (r=0.99). Mass ratios of DCC-to-TCC and of methyl-triclosan (MeTCS)-to-TCS, serving as indicators of transformation activity, revealed that transformation was widespread under different treatment regimes across the WWTPs sampled, though the degree of transformation varied significantly among study sites (α=0.01). The analysis of sludge sampled before and after different unit operation steps (i.e., anaerobic digestion, sludge heat treatment, and sludge drying) yielded insights into the extent and location of TCC and TCS transformation. Results showed anaerobic digestion to be important for MeTCS transformation (37-74%), whereas its contribution to partial TCC dechlorination was limited (0.4-2.1%). This longitudinal and nationwide survey is the first to report the occurrence of transformation products, human metabolites, and manufacturing byproducts of TCC and TCS in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny
F. G. Pycke
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Isaac B. Roll
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bruce J. Brownawell
- School
of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony
Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Chad A. Kinney
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University-Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Denver Federal Center, P.O. Box 25585, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological
Survey, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52244, United States
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Center
for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Security and Defense
Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Road, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Phone: (480) 727-0893; e-mail:
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Huang H, Du G, Zhang W, Hu J, Wu D, Song L, Xia Y, Wang X. Thein Vitroestrogenic activities of triclosan and triclocarban. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Guizhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Jialei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Di. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 211166 China
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Halden RU. On the need and speed of regulating triclosan and triclocarban in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3603-11. [PMID: 24588513 PMCID: PMC3974611 DOI: 10.1021/es500495p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban are in widespread use for killing microorganisms indiscriminately, rapidly, and by nonspecific action. While their utility in healthcare settings is undisputed, benefits to users of antimicrobial personal care products are few to none. Yet, these latter, high-volume uses have caused widespread contamination of the environment, wildlife, and human populations. This feature article presents a timeline of scientific evidence and regulatory actions in the U.S. concerning persistent polychlorinated biocides, showing a potential path forward to judicious and sustainable uses of synthetic antimicrobials, including the design of greener and safer next-generation alternatives.
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Pycke BG, Geer LA, Dalloul M, Abulafia O, Jenck AM, Halden RU. Human fetal exposure to triclosan and triclocarban in an urban population from Brooklyn, New York. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8831-8. [PMID: 24971846 PMCID: PMC4123932 DOI: 10.1021/es501100w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents formulated in a wide variety of consumer products (including soaps, toothpaste, medical devices, plastics, and fabrics) that are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In late 2014, the FDA will consider regulating the use of both chemicals, which are under scrutiny regarding lack of effectiveness, potential for endocrine disruption, and potential contribution to bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Here, we report on body burdens of TCS and TCC resulting from real-world exposures during pregnancy. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we determined the concentrations of TCS, TCC, and its human metabolites (2'-hydroxy-TCC and 3'-hydroxy-TCC) as well as the manufacturing byproduct (3'-chloro-TCC) as total concentrations (Σ-) after conjugate hydrolysis in maternal urine and cord blood plasma from a cohort of 181 expecting mother/infant pairs in an urban multiethnic population from Brooklyn, NY recruited in 2007-09. TCS was detected in 100% of urine and 51% of cord blood samples after conjugate hydrolysis. The interquartile range (IQR) of detected TCS concentrations in urine was highly similar to the IQR reported previously for the age-matched population of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2004, but typically higher than the IQR reported previously for the general population (detection frequency = 74.6%). Urinary levels of TCC are reported here for the first time from real-world exposures during pregnancy, showing a median concentration of 0.21 μg/L. Urinary concentrations of TCC correlated well with its phase-I metabolite ∑-2'-hydroxy-TCC (r = 0.49) and the manufacturing byproduct ∑-3'-chloro-TCC C (r = 0.79), and ∑-2'-hydroxy-TCC correlated strongly with ∑-3'-hydroxy-TCC (r = 0.99). This human biomonitoring study presents the first body burden data for TCC from exposures occurring during pregnancy and provides additional data on composite exposure to TCS (i.e., from both consumer-product use and environmental sources) in the maternal-fetal unit for an urban population in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny
F. G. Pycke
- Center
for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
| | - Laura A. Geer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, State University of New
York, Downstate School of Public
Health, Box 43, 450 Clarkson
Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, United States
| | - Mudar Dalloul
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University
of New York Downstate Medical Center, 445 Lenox Road, Brooklyn, New York 11203, United
States
| | - Ovadia Abulafia
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University
of New York Downstate Medical Center, 445 Lenox Road, Brooklyn, New York 11203, United
States
| | - Alizee M. Jenck
- Center
for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Center
for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
- Phone: (480) 727-0893. E-mail:
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Frederiksen H, Aksglaede L, Sorensen K, Nielsen O, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, Andersson AM. Bisphenol A and other phenols in urine from Danish children and adolescents analyzed by isotope diluted TurboFlow-LC–MS/MS. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:710-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Analysis of triclosan and triclocarban in human nails using isotopic dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 934:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yusa V, Ye X, Calafat AM. Methods for the determination of biomarkers of exposure to emerging pollutants in human specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2012; 38:129-142. [PMID: 26705372 PMCID: PMC4687402 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring is a very useful tool for assessing human exposure to environmental pollutants. This review discusses recent methods for the quantitative measurement of biomarkers of exposure to different classes of chemicals used in personal-care products (e.g., musk fragrances, preservatives, UV filters, and insect repellents) and consumer products (e.g., organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate esters, perfluorinated compounds, and industrial phenols). The measurements are mainly taken in urine, blood, and breast milk. We also discuss the different procedures commonly used for sample-pretreatment, extraction, and clean up, and chromatographic techniques currently used to determine these compounds. Finally, we present data on the main biomarkers occurring in different human specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Yusa
- Public Health Research Center of Valencia (CSISP), Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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48
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Venkatesan AK, Pycke BF, Barber LB, Lee KE, Halden RU. Occurrence of triclosan, triclocarban, and its lesser chlorinated congeners in Minnesota freshwater sediments collected near wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 229-230:29-35. [PMID: 22742731 PMCID: PMC3401314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) and their associated transformation products are of increasing concern as environmental pollutants due to their potential adverse effects on humans and wildlife, including bioaccumulation and endocrine-disrupting activity. Analysis by tandem mass spectrometry of 24 paired freshwater bed sediment samples (top 10 cm) collected by the U.S. Geological Survey near 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Minnesota revealed TCS and TCC concentrations of up to 85 and 822 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Concentrations of TCS and TCC in bed sediments collected downstream of WWTPs were significantly greater than upstream concentrations in 58% and 42% of the sites, respectively. Dichloro- and non-chlorinated carbanilides (DCC and NCC) were detected in sediments collected at all sites at concentrations of up to 160 and 1.1 ng/g dw, respectively. Overall, antimicrobial concentrations were significantly higher in lakes than in rivers and creeks, with relative abundances decreasing from TCC>TCS>DCC>NCC. This is the first statewide report on the occurrence of TCS, TCC and TCC transformation products in freshwater sediments. Moreover, the results suggest biological or chemical TCC dechlorination products to be ubiquitous in freshwater environments of Minnesota, but whether this transformation occurs in the WWTP or bed sediment remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun K. Venkatesan
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Benny F.G. Pycke
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Larry B. Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Kathy E. Lee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Mounds View, MN 55112, USA
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Corresponding author phone: +1 (480) 727-0893; fax: +1 (480) 727-0889;
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Schebb NH, Ahn KC, Dong H, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Whole blood is the sample matrix of choice for monitoring systemic triclocarban levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:825-7. [PMID: 22273184 PMCID: PMC3538789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial triclocarban (TCC) concentrates in the cellular fraction of blood. Consequently, plasma levels are at least two-fold lower than the TCC amount present in blood. Utilizing whole blood sampling, a low but significant absorption of TCC from soap during showering is demonstrated for a small group of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute of Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Zhou X, Ye X, Calafat AM. Automated on-line column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of triclocarban and its oxidative metabolites in human urine and serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 881-882:27-33. [PMID: 22192874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
3,4,4'-Trichlorocarbanilide (triclocarban, TCC) is widely used as an antimicrobial agent in a variety of consumer and personal care products. Because of its widespread use, the potential for human exposure to TCC is high. Human exposure to TCC may be assessed by measuring the concentrations of conjugated or free species of TCC and its two oxidative metabolites, 2'-hydroxy-TCC (2'-OH-TCC) and 3'-hydroxy-TCC (3'-OH-TCC), in urine or serum. To assess human exposure to TCC, we developed a method that uses restricted access materials (RAM) on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry with peak focusing (HPLC-MS/MS). Sample clean-up by RAM relies on both size exclusion chromatography, to remove the high-molecular matrix components, and reversed phase partition, to extract and pre-concentrate the target analytes. TCC, 2'-OH-TCC and 3'-OH-TCC present in urine or serum were concentrated on the RAM SPE column, back-eluted from the SPE column, diluted through a mixing tee for peak focusing, separated by HPLC, and detected by isotope dilution-MS/MS. The method required a small amount of sample (50 μL) and minimal sample pretreatment. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/mL. The method was applied to measure TCC and its metabolites in 158 urine and 16 serum samples collected from adults with no known exposure to TCC. TCC was detected in 35.4% of the urine samples (range: <LOD to 401 ng/mL). This sensitive method is rugged as well as labor- and cost-effective, and allows for the analysis of a large number of samples for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliu Zhou
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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